Ishtar (film)

Ishtar
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Elaine May
Written by	Elaine May
Produced by	Warren Beatty
Starring	Warren Beatty Dustin Hoffman Isabelle Adjani Charles Grodin
Cinematography	Vittorio Storaro
Edited by	Richard P. Cirincione William Reynolds Stephen A. Rotter
Music by	Bahjawa Dave Grusin
Production company	Columbia Pictures
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures
Release date	May 15, 1987 (1987-05-15)
Running time	107 minutes
Country	United States
Budget	$55 million
Box office	$14,375,181

Ishtar is a 1987 comedy film directed by Elaine May and starring Warren Beatty and Dustin Hoffman as "Rogers and Clarke", a duo of incredibly untalented lounge singers who travel to Morocco looking for work and stumble into a four-party Cold War standoff. It also starred Isabelle Adjani and Charles Grodin and was shot by Vittorio Storaro. The songs in the film were written by Paul Williams, with additional help from Hoffman and May.

Its production, on location in Morocco and in New York, drew media attention before its release for its lavish budget and cost overruns, even given its well-paid stars. May and many of the others involved with the production, particularly Beatty, clashed regularly to the point that longstanding friendships suffered. A change in studio management during post-production also led to interpersonal difficulties that affected the film.

The film was a notorious failure at the box office and received horrible reviews. As of 2010, it has yet to be released on DVD in North America, although it has been released in this format in Europe. A US Blu-ray release is scheduled for January 2011 It is often cited as having ended May's career.

Cast

• Warren Beatty as Lyle Rogers
• Dustin Hoffman as Chuck Clarke
• Isabelle Adjani as Shirra Assel
• Charles Grodin as Jim Harrison
• Jack Weston as Marty Freed
• Tess Harper as Willa
• Carol Kane as Carol
• Aharon Ipalé as Emir Yousef
• Fijad Hageb as Abdul (billed as Fuad Hageb)
• David Margulies as Mr. Clarke
• Rose Arrick as Mrs. Clarke
• Julie Garfield as Dorothy
• Bill Bailey as General Westlake
• Cristine Rose as Siri Darma (billed as Christine Rose)
• Robert V. Girolami as Bartender (billed as Bob Girolami)
• Abe Kroll as Mr. Thomopoulos
• Matt Frewer as a CIA agent

Production

Preproduction

Beatty felt indebted to May, who in addition to cowriting his 1978 hit Heaven Can Wait had done a major uncredited rewrite on the script of his Academy Award-winning Reds and helped immensely with its postproduction. He began looking for a project to do with her, one she could write and direct. She had never, he believed, had a sufficiently protective producer, and by starring and producing in her next film he could give her the chance to make the film he believed her to be creatively and commercially capable of making.

At a dinner with Beatty and Bert Fields, their agent, May said she would like to do a variant on the Road to... movies of Bing Crosby and Bob Hope, set in the Middle East. Her idea would feature Beatty and a costar as a mediocre singer-songwriter duo who would go to Morocco and get caught in the crossfire between the Central Intelligence Agency and a local left-wing guerrilla group. She thought it would be funny to cast Beatty against type as the Hope part, the bumbler of the duo, while the costar, possibly Dustin Hoffman, would play the self-assured ladies' man that Crosby usually took.

Hoffman, who was also indebted to May for her extensive uncredited rewrite on Tootsie, initially turned it down due to "misgivings". At Beatty's request, the two met with May and Hoffman's creative confidant, playwright Murray Schisgal. The latter two felt that the action plot in Morocco overwhelmed the rest of the film and that it "should not leave New York". Hoffman was finally persuaded by Beatty's assurances that he would provide May with the room she needed to work.

When May finished the script, Beatty, Hoffman, and some other friends including Charles Grodin, had a meeting and read-through at Beatty's house. All present agreed that the script needed work, but it was funny and could be a hit.

Beatty went to Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine, who years before had been his publicist, instructing Fields, "Bert, anything she wants. Period. That's my negotiating position." Despite the prospect of having two major stars on the same project with a well-regarded writer, McElwaine did not immediately greenlight it. He worried about the effects of having Beatty, Hoffman and May on the same set, since they were all known as perfectionists. May, in particular, had a reputation for shooting as much raw footage as Beatty himself or Stanley Kubrick. But McElwaine was also afraid the property could be a hit for another studio if Columbia passed, since Beatty had a solid record of commercial success in his four movies as producer and star.

The two bankable stars and May received $12.5 million ($36.7 million adjusted for inflation) in salaries before principal photography began. Beatty and Hoffman offered to defer theirs but Columbia declined; Fields says an agreement the studio had with HBO covered most of that cost. Beatty, Hoffman and May all had final cut input, as well (although Beatty denies this). The film's original budget was set at $27.5 million.

Other roles were cast through connections to the three. Grodin was a friend of May's and had starred in her successful directorial debut, the original version of The Heartbreak Kid. Isabelle Adjani, who played the female lead disguised as a boy for most of the film, was Beatty's girlfriend at the time. Original cinematographer Giuseppe Rotunno was replaced by Vittorio Storaro when he was unable to change his schedule to accommodate a delay in the shooting schedule.

The studio had wanted, if possible, to shoot the desert scenes in the Southwest in order to keep costs down and production under control. But Columbia's parent company at the time, Coca-Cola, had money in Morocco it could not repatriate, so the studio relented and allowed production to take place in the real Sahara Desert. It was expected that shooting in Morocco would take ten weeks, after which the New York scenes would be shot.

Principal photography

Ishtar began shooting in October 1985, amidst high political tensions in North Africa. Israeli warplanes had just bombed Palestinian Liberation Organization headquarters in Tunis, and 7 days later, the Palestine Liberation Front hijacked a cruise ship, the Achille Lauro, executing a wheelchair-bound elderly Jewish American, Leon Klinghoffer. The Moroccan military was fighting the Polisario Front guerrillas at the time as well. There were rumors Palestinian terrorists might try to kidnap Hoffman, and some locations had to be checked for land mines before shooting could begin.

There were also production difficulties. The filmmakers appreciated the Moroccans' hospitality and willingness to cooperate, but there was no one in the country with experience supporting a major Hollywood film production. Requests by the producers were sometimes unfulfilled, and calls for local extras led to thousands of people showing up.

Some of the movie's production woes have become Hollywood lore. The film's animal trainer went looking for a blue-eyed camel in the Marrakech market, and found one he considered perfect. But he chose not to buy it right away, expecting he could find others and use that knowledge to bargain with the first trader for a better price. He did not realize that blue-eyed camels were rare, and couldn't find another camel good enough. He returned to the first trader, who had since eaten the camel. Another frequently related incident, related by production designer Paul Sylbert but disputed by others on the film, concerns the dunes where scenes with Beatty and Hoffman lost in the desert would be shot. Sylbert had scouted dunes in the U.S. and Morocco but none seemed to fit the vision of May, who was very uncomfortable in the desert environment. She suffered from toothaches which she refused to have treated locally, and took extensive measures to shelter herself from the harsh sun, not only spending much of her time under a large parasol but wearing large sunglasses and wrapping her face in a white gauze veil, to the point that her appearance was compared to a Star Wars stormtrooper. After one unsuccessful search for dunes, Sylbert says, May suddenly announced she wanted a flat landscape instead. It took ten days to level an area of a square mile (2.6 km²).

May feuded with others on set as well. She and Storaro frequently differed over camera placements, since she was looking for the ideal comic effect while the cinematographer, who had little experience making comedies, sought the most ideal composition. Beatty often took his sides in disputes between him and May. "She probably felt ganged up on by the two of them," Hoffman observed later on. Eventually Beatty and May began quarreling, and Hoffman sometimes served as the mediator. He claims there were times when the two weren't speaking to each other. May also didn't get along with Adjani, which adversely affected the latter's relationship with Beatty.

The director remained aloof from the film's editing staff, taking copious notes during dailies but refusing to share them. As a result, the production began to run low on paper and pencils. As Columbia had feared, she shot lots of film as well, reportedly in one instance calling for 50 takes of vultures landing next to Beatty and Hoffman.

Expenses continued to grow. "This was the kind of film where nobody would say 'Sorry, we can't afford that,'" according to Mac Brown, who monitored the budget. When a replacement part was needed for a camera, it was sent over to Morocco with a New York-based location coordinator instead of just being shipped, out of fear it might get lost or held up at customs. The coordinator's airfare and a week's hotel stay were paid for by the production.

Privately, both Beatty and May began to confess they had made a mistake. "I was going to give this gift to Elaine, and it turned out to be the opposite," Hoffman recalls Beatty telling him. Matters came to a head when it came time to shoot the film's climactic battle scenes. They were far outside her background in improvisational theatre, and during a confrontation with Beatty, May said, "You want it done? You shoot it!" Many crewmembers said that, on any other film, the director would have been fired. Beatty knew that if he called the bluff, he would have had to finish directing the film himself, which would have been a major embarrassment given that his main objective in making the film was to give May the chance she had never had. He compromised by scaling back the battle scenes.

When the film returned to New York, Beatty told Fay Vincent, then Columbia's chief executive officer, that May couldn't direct. But he demurred another suggestion to fire her, citing his image as a liberal supportive of women's rights. Vincent said he would do it, but Beatty said if he did then he and Hoffman would leave the uncompleted film as well. He proposed instead that every scene be shot twice, his way and May's, effectively doubling the movie's cost.

The New York scenes were shot after a monthlong break, in early 1986, at Kaufman Astoria Studios and various locations. Due to union work rules, Storaro's Italian crew had to be doubled by a local standby crew, who were not needed much but drew full pay for the entire shoot. It was also necessary to stop production for several days so Beatty and Hoffman could rehearse their songs. In April 1986, a month after principal photography wrapped, Vincent fired McElwaine.

His replacement as head of production was David Puttnam, producer of Chariots of Fire and a longtime critic of Hollywood budgetary excesses. Among those films he had specifically criticized in the latter category was Reds, singling out Beatty in particular. He had also publicly criticized Hoffman for allegedly using his star power to force rewrites to the 1978 film Agatha, which had relocated his minor character to a lead. After quitting as a producer of that film, Puttnam called Hoffman "the most malevolent person I have ever worked with".

Post production

Due to his history with both stars, the new studio head promised to stay out of Ishtar's postproduction. But Beatty and Hoffman felt that was subtly intended to undermine the film, by suggesting it was a failure he wanted to avoid responsibility for. They worried it would hurt the film when it was released before Christmas 1986.

Paul Williams began working on the songs the lead duo would sing. "The real task was to write songs that were believably bad. It was one of the best jobs I've ever had in my life. I've never had more fun on a picture, but I've never worked harder." May preferred that Williams write whole songs, even if she intended to use only a few lines, and then teach them to the stars and have them perform them, necessitating more time and money.

Interpersonal difficulties from Morocco continued in postproduction. May was supposed to direct actors when they looped their lines in a recording studio, but sometimes left the job to Beatty or one of the editors. Most of those absences were in sessions with Adjani, who was required to lower her voice since her character had to pass as a boy for most of the film. This strained her relationship with Beatty even more.

The film's raw footage came to 108 hours, more than three times that typical for a comedy. Three teams of editors, one each for Beatty, Hoffman and May, worked almost continuously to produce cuts of the film to each principal's liking. Since McElwaine, whom he had tried to please as a friend, was no longer in charge, Beatty eventually relented to letting May cut the film her way, partly because he detested Puttnam and believed he was leaking negative information about Ishtar to the media. "Just tell the asshole to keep paying the bills", he is reported to have told another Columbia executive. The costs, which Puttnam had believed would come under control in postproduction, instead continued to mount.

Eventually it became clear the film would not be ready in time for Christmas. When the release date of late spring of 1987 was announced, later than that which had been expected, stories in the media about the film's troubles increased. Industry insiders began to refer to it as The Road to Ruin and Warrensgate, after the expensive 1981 flop Heaven's Gate. Beatty, who had kept the media off the set during production, took these gibes personally. He and May began to fight more frequently in the editing room.

Finally, with the new release date looming, Bert Fields was called in to mediate between the director and stars. Beatty denies this, but Fields and others say he was actually present in the editing room. The agent has been described as having final cut, although he claims that was May's. Tensions continued as Beatty was trying to placate Adjani and lobbied for more footage of her. When they were finished, the editors were furious as no one had gone over the complete film. Beatty refused to show Puttnam the final cut.

Reception

Three previews went well. Beatty described one in Toronto as the best he'd ever had, and he and the studio considered striking more prints. Those discussions ended after the opening weekend, May 22, 1987. Ishtar, on more than a thousand screens across the country, took in $4.2 million ($11.3 million in contemporary dollars) in receipts, winning the weekend and #1 at the box office. But it beat The Gate, a low-budget horror film with no stars, by only $100,000. Ultimately it grossed only $14.3 million in North American box office receipts against its $55 million budget .

Negative buzz about Ishtar and its outrageous budget was widespread in the press long before the film ever reached theaters, despite three successful previews. In an interview with Elaine May, Mike Nichols describes the bomb as "the prime example that I know of in Hollywood of studio suicide", implying that Puttnam sandbagged the project by leaking negative anecdotes to the media because of his grudges against Beatty and Hoffman.

Chicago Reader critic Jonathan Rosenbaum surmised that the media was eager to torpedo Ishtar in retaliation for instances of Beatty's perceived "high-handed way with members of the press". The film had been completely closed to the media, with no reporters at all permitted on set during production, a restriction greater than Beatty's previous productions.

The film was nominated for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay in the 1987 Golden Raspberry Awards, winning one for Worst Director. The movie received overwhelmingly negative reviews, and holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Ishtar has since become synonymous with "box office flop".

However, not all critics were hostile. Vincent Canby of The New York Times listed it as a runner up to his top films of 1987.

Warren Beatty, who tried to defend the film despite all the severe trouble and misery he went through making it, is quoted as saying "There was almost no review that didn't in the first paragraph deal with the cost of the movie. That was an eye-opener — about the business, and the relationship of the entertainment press to business. Ishtar is a very good, not very big, comedy, made by a brilliant woman. And I think it's funny." Dustin Hoffman, who also tried to defend, stated that he would "do it again in a second."

Aftermath

As a result of the losses it suffered from the film and negative publicity, Coca-Cola re-evaluated its decision to enter the business. It spun off its entertainment holdings into a separate company called Columbia Pictures Entertainment, with Coca-Cola holding 49% of the stock. Two years later, it sold Columbia to Sony.

Luckily, the film's failure didn't affect the friendship between Beatty and Hoffman, who both liked the final cut of the film; Beatty later cast his former Ishtar co-star in the more successful Dick Tracy.

Beatty and May barely spoke for two years afterwards, and friends of hers say she remains slightly bitter about the experience. It was nine years before she took another screenwriting credit (for The Birdcage). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Primary Colors, but has not directed another film since Ishtar.

Legacy

Though notorious as a box office flop, Ishtar has acquired a cult following. In one of Gary Larson's The Far Side comic strips, captioned "Hell's Video Store", the entire store is stocked with nothing but copies of the movie Ishtar. Larson later apologized, saying "When I drew the above cartoon, I had not actually seen Ishtar. ... Years later, I saw it on an airplane, and was stunned at what was happening to me: I was actually being entertained. Sure, maybe it's not the greatest film ever made, but my cartoon was way off the mark. There are so many cartoons for which I should probably write an apology, but this is the only one which compels me to do so."

Directors Quentin Tarantino and Edgar Wright have both gone on record as stating that they liked the film.

On 20th December 2010, Dustin Hoffman appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman alongside Robert De Niro. When Letterman asked De Niro if there are any films in his oeuvre that make him "wince", Hoffman answered that he, "speaks on behalf of De Niro" in saying that he (De Niro) regrets "Ishtar", obviously referring to himself.

Home video

Sony confirmed a DVD and Blu-Ray remastering of Ishtar planned for an early 2011 release.

Further reading

• Parish, James Robert (2006). Fiasco - A History of Hollywood’s Iconic Flops. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 359 pages. ISBN 978-0-471-69159-4.

External links

• Ishtar at IMDb
• IshtarTheMovie.com: Fans' tribute to a movie Hollywood hated
• Turner Classic Movies profile