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Black Swan (film)

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Black Swan
The poster for the film shows Natalie Portman with white facial makeup, black-winged eye liner around bloodshot red eyes, and a jagged crystal tiara.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byDarren Aronofsky
Screenplay byMark Heyman
Andres Heinz
John McLaughlin
Story byAndres Heinz
Produced byScott Franklin
Mike Medavoy
Arnold Messer
Brian Oliver
StarringNatalie Portman
Vincent Cassel
Mila Kunis
CinematographyMatthew Libatique
Edited byAndrew Weisblum
Music byClint Mansell
Distributed byFox Searchlight Pictures
Release date
  • December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03)
Running time
108 minutes
CountryTemplate:Film US
LanguageEnglish
Budget$13,000,000[1]
Box office$62,030,121[2]

Black Swan is a 2010 American film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis. Variously described as a psychological thriller or a psychological horror film, its plot revolves around a production of Swan Lake by a prestigious New York City ballet company. The production requires a ballerina to play both the innocent White Swan and the sensual Black Swan. One dancer, Nina (Portman), is a perfect fit for the White Swan, while Lily (Kunis) has a personality that matches the Black Swan. When the two compete for the parts, Nina finds a dark side to herself.

Aronofsky conceived the premise by connecting his viewings of an actual production of Swan Lake with an unrealized screenplay about understudies and the notion of being haunted by a double, similar to the folklore surrounding doppelgängers. The director also considered Black Swan a companion piece to his 2008 film The Wrestler, with both films involving demanding performances for different kinds of art. He and Portman first discussed the project in 2000, and after a brief attachment to Universal Pictures, Black Swan was produced in New York City in 2009 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Portman and Kunis trained in ballet for several months prior to filming and notable figures from the ballet world helped with film production to shape the ballet presentation. The film premiered as the opening film for the 67th Venice International Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It had a limited release in the United States starting December 3, 2010 and a nationwide release on December 17.[2]

Plot

A New York City ballet company is preparing for the production of Swan Lake, choosing to cast a new lead to replace current star Beth MacIntyre (Winona Ryder) as the Swan Queen. However, the lead must maintain an adequate portrayal of both the White and Black Swans. Nina Sayers (Natalie Portman), a dancer, decides to compete for the part alongside several other young dancers, including newcomer Lily (Mila Kunis). Nina lives with her caring but overbearing mother Erica (Barbara Hershey), a failed dancer turned amateur artist who tries to control much of Nina's life.

The ballet director, Thomas Leroy (Vincent Cassel), is reluctant to cast Nina; he claims that she is the perfect White Swan, with perfect technique, but that she lacks the passion of the darkly sensual Black Swan. During a confrontation over the role, Thomas kisses her, and she bites his lip, surprising and exhilarating him; directly after, he casts her in the lead. He presents his new star in front of a crowd, including the now unstable Beth. After a heated exchange with Beth, Thomas and Nina leave the party. The next day, the dancers hear the news of an accident in which Beth was hit by a car. Thomas confesses to Nina that he believes she threw herself in front of traffic because of her self-destructive and unpredictable behavior.

Nina displays a number of psychotic symptoms, including strong delusions and elaborate visual hallucinations. She begins to feel paranoid that Lily, her understudy, is determined to take the lead away from her. Thomas, meanwhile, becomes increasingly critical of Nina's "frigid" dancing as the Black Swan, and tells her that she should stop being so perfect and simply lose herself in the Black Swan role.

One night, Lily appears at Nina's door and pressures Nina to go out on the town for a bit. Nina is first reluctant, but after her mother's pushiness to get rid of Lily, she quickly leaves to escape her controlling mother. At dinner, Lily offers her ecstasy, which Nina declines, but later Lily slips it into her drink when she goes to the restroom. After their night out, they return to Nina's apartment where they have sex. Nina wakes up alone and late the next morning, and rushes to rehearsal. When she enters the studio, she finds Lily dancing as the Swan Queen in her absence. Furious, Nina confronts Lily, and asks why she didn't wake her up in the morning. Lily states she spent the night with a man whom she met at the club, and teases Nina for fantasizing about her.

Nina travels to the hospital to visit Beth, who is sitting silently in her room. Nina takes out a black bag and begins to place objects on the table, including makeup and a nail file, which she had taken from Beth's changing room after her departure. Beth has an outraged episode, grabbing the file and stabbing herself through the cheeks, seeking both to punish herself for her perceived worthlessness and to further torment Nina. Nina rushes out of the room and enters the elevator, but realizes that she is now holding the bloody file. Panicking, she drops the file.

The night before opening, Nina is rehearsing late and continues to experience strong visual hallucinations. When she returns home, she sees her mother's paintings speaking and mocking her. She also notices that the rash on her shoulder has worsened, with little black barbs poking through her skin. Nina pulls one of the barbs from her skin, and it appears to be a black feather. Nina's eyes appear to turn into reddish swan eyes and her legs violently contort into the shape of a swan's. As she tries to steady herself, she falls and knocks herself out on her bedpost.

Nina awakes the night of the opening performance locked in her bedroom with her mother. Nina's mother tells her that she called the company and informed them that Nina wasn't feeling well and won't be able to perform. After violently forcing her mother to let her leave, Nina arrives at the theater and immediately prepares herself as the White Swan.

The first act is a disaster; the Prince drops Nina while dancing onstage. Distraught, Nina returns to her dressing room and finds Lily there, dressed in the Black Swan costume. Nina shoves Lily into a full-length mirror, and during the ensuing scuffle, takes a shard of the mirror and stabs Lily, killing her. After hiding Lily's body, Nina returns to the stage and dances the Black Swan passionately and sensually, growing black feathers all over her body as she dances, her arms becoming black wings as she finally loses herself and transforms into a black swan; at the end of the act, she receives a standing ovation. A shot from the audience's perspective reveals that Nina is in fact unchanged, and that the feathers and wings are another of Nina's hallucinations, however her shadows on the backdrop show the outline of the wings she had imagined.

Back in her dressing room, she is interrupted by a knock at her door: it's Lily, who has come to congratulate her. Nina realizes the fight was another hallucination, but the mirror was shattered — she notices a wound on her body and realizes that she apparently stabbed herself as the Black Swan, not Lily. Back to the stage, Nina dances passionately and seamlessly in the final act as the White Swan. In the final moments of the ballet, when the Swan "dies" by jumping off a cliff on the stage (landing on a hidden mattress), the audience erupts in thunderous applause while the cast discovers Nina lying on the mattress. After Thomas enthusiastically congratulates her on her performance, he and the cast see she is apparently covered in blood. Though Nina lies wounded and likely dying, she feels happy that everything she went through helped her to perfect her performance. The film draws to a close with Nina reveling in the audience's applause as she whispers "I was perfect".

Cast

Mila Kunis poses in a white dress
Mila Kunis was first approached to perform in Black Swan in 2008. She and co-star Natalie Portman spent six months training and toning their bodies before filming began.

Aronofsky first discussed with Portman the possibility of a ballet film in 2000, and he found she was interested in playing a ballet dancer.[3] Portman explained being part of Black Swan, "I'm trying to find roles that demand more adulthood from me because you can get stuck in a very awful cute cycle as a woman in film, especially being such a small person."[4] Portman also introduced Aronofsky to Kunis, whom he knew from the 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall.[3] Kunis contrasted Lily with Nina, "My character is very loose... She's not as technically good as Natalie's character, but she has more passion, naturally. That's what [Nina] lacks."[5] The female characters are directed in the Swan Lake production by Thomas Leroy, played by Cassel. He compared his character to George Balanchine, who co-founded New York City Ballet and was "a control freak, a true artist using sexuality to direct his dancers".[6]

Portman and Kunis started training six months before the start of filming in order to attain a body type and muscular tone more similar to those of professional dancers.[7] Portman worked out for five hours a day, doing ballet, cross-training, and swimming. A few months closer to filming, she began choreography training.[8] Kunis engaged in cardio and Pilates. Kunis said, "I did ballet as a kid like every other kid does ballet. You wear a tutu and you stand on stage and you look cute and twirl. But this is very different because you can't fake it. You can't just stay in there and like pretend you know what you're doing. Your whole body has to be structured differently."[9] Georgina Parkinson, a ballet mistress from the American Ballet Theatre, coached the actors in ballet.[10] For certain scenes, American Ballet Theatre soloists Sarah Lane and Maria Riccetto were "dance doubles" for Portman and Kunis respectively.[11] Aronofsky said during filming about Portman's ballet performance, "She was able to pull it off. Except for the wide shots when she has to be en pointe for a real long time, it's Natalie on screen. I haven't used her double a lot."[7] Kunis, for the film "trained seven days a week, five hours, for five, six months total, and ... was put on a very strict diet of 1,200 calories a day." She lost 20 pounds from her normal weight of about 117 pounds, and reported that Portman "became smaller than I did."[12]

Benjamin Millepied, a principal dancer from New York City Ballet, debuted in Black Swan as both actor and choreographer.[7][13] In addition to the soloist performances, members of the Pennsylvania Ballet were cast as the corps de ballet, backdrop for the main actors' performances.[7] Also appearing in the film are Kristina Anapau,[14] Toby Hemingway,[15] Sebastian Stan,[16] and Janet Montgomery.[17]

Production

Conception

A photograph of a performance of Swan Lake during the third act, with the protagonist transformed into the Black Swan
Scene from the ballet Swan Lake in which the Black Swan (Odile) tricks and seduces the Prince

Darren Aronofsky first became interested in ballet when his sister studied dance at the High School of Performing Arts in New York City. The basic idea for the film started when he hired screenwriters to rework a screenplay called The Understudy, which was about off-Broadway actors and explored the notion of being haunted by a double. Aronofsky said the screenplay had elements of the film All About Eve, Roman Polanski's film The Tenant, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novella The Double. The director had also seen numerous productions of Swan Lake, and he connected the duality of the White Swan and the Black Swan to his script.[7] When researching for production of Black Swan, he found ballet to be "a very insular world" whose dancers were "not impressed by movies". Regardless, the director found active and inactive dancers to share their experiences with him. He also stood backstage to see the Bolshoi Ballet perform at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.[3]

Aronofsky called Black Swan a companion piece to his previous film The Wrestler, recalling one of his early projects about a love affair between a wrestler and a ballerina. He eventually separated the wrestling and the ballet worlds as "too much for one movie". He compared the two films: "Wrestling some consider the lowest art—if they would even call it art—and ballet some people consider the highest art. But what was amazing to me was how similar the performers in both of these worlds are. They both make incredible use of their bodies to express themselves."[3] About the psychological thriller nature of Black Swan, actress Natalie Portman compared the film's tone to Polanski's 1968 film Rosemary's Baby,[18] while Aronofsky said Polanski's Repulsion (1965) and The Tenant (1976) were "big influences" on the final film.[3] Actor Vincent Cassel also compared Black Swan to Polanski's early works and additionally compared it to David Cronenberg's early works.[19]

Development and filming

A three-quarters view of a large grey building—the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center
Filming took place at the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center

Aronofsky and Portman first discussed the ballet film in 2000, though the script was yet to be written.[3] He told her about the love scene between competing ballet dancers, and Portman recalled, "I thought that was very interesting because this movie is in so many ways an exploration of an artist's ego and that narcissistic sort of attraction to yourself and also repulsion with yourself."[20] On the decade's wait before production, she said, "The fact that I had spent so much time with the idea ... allowed it to marinate a little before we shot."[21] When Aronofsky proposed a detailed outline of Black Swan to Universal Pictures, the studio decided to fast-track development of the project in January 2007.[22] The project did not come together at the studio, and Aronofsky would go on to shoot The Wrestler instead. After finishing The Wrestler in 2008, he asked Mark Heyman, who had worked for him on the film, to write Black Swan.[3] By June 2009, Universal had placed the project in turnaround, generating attention from other studios and specialty divisions, particularly with actress Portman attached to star.[23] Black Swan began development under Protozoa Pictures and Overnight Productions, the latter financing the film. In July 2009, Kunis was cast.[24]

Fox Searchlight Pictures became the distributor for Black Swan. The film was given a production budget of $10–12 million, and principal photography began in New York City toward the end of 2009.[25] Aronofsky filmed Black Swan with a muted palette and a grainy style intended to be similar to The Wrestler.[26] Part of filming took place at the Performing Arts Center at State University of New York at Purchase.[7]

Soundtrack

Untitled

Black Swan: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack marks the fifth consecutive collaboration between Aronofsky and English composer Clint Mansell. Mansell attempted to score the film based on Tchaikovsky's ballet,[28] but with radical changes to the music.[29] Because of the use of Tchaikovsky's music, the score was deemed ineligible to be entered into the 2010 Academy Awards for Best Original Score.[30] The film also featured various new pieces of music by English production duo The Chemical Brothers, although they're not featured on the official soundtrack.[31]

No.TitleLength
1."Nina's Dream"2:48
2."Mother Me"1:06
3."The New Season"2:39
4."A Room of Her Own"1:56
5."A New Swan Queen"3:28
6."Lose Yourself"2:08
7."Cruel Mistress"3:29
8."Power, Seduction, Cries"1:42
9."The Double"2:20
10."Opposites Attract"3:45
11."Night of Terror"8:01
12."Stumbled Beginnings..."3:51
13."It's My Time"1:30
14."A Swan Is Born"1:38
15."Perfection"5:45
16."A Swan Song (For Nina)"6:23
Total length:52:38

Release

Natalie Portman looks to the camera's left, smiling
Portman at a premiere for the film at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival

Black Swan had its world premiere as the opening film at the 67th Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It received a standing ovation whose length Variety said made it "one of the strongest Venice openers in recent memory".[32] The festival's artistic director Marco Mueller had chosen Black Swan over The American (starring George Clooney) for opening film, saying, "[It] was just a better fit... Clooney is a wonderful actor, and he will always be welcome in Venice. But it was as simple as that."[33] Black Swan screened in competition and is the third consecutive film directed by Aronofsky to premiere at the festival, following The Fountain and The Wrestler.[34] In addition, Black Swan was one of seven films nominated for the Queer Lion prize, to be awarded to the best film with "homosexual themes or queer interests",[35] though En el futuro (In The Future) by Argentinian director Mauro Andrizzi won the prize.[36]

Black Swan was presented in a sneak screening at the Telluride Film Festival on September 5, 2010.[37] It also had a Gala screening at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival later in the month.[38][39] In October 2010, Black Swan was screened at the New Orleans Film Festival,[40] the Austin Film Festival,[41] and the BFI London Film Festival.[42] In November 2010, the film was screened at American Film Institute's AFI Fest in Los Angeles and the Denver Film Festival.[43]

The release of Black Swan in the United Kingdom was brought forward to 21st January. According to The Independent, the film is one of "the most highly anticipated" of late 2010. The newspaper compared it to the 1948 ballet film The Red Shoes in having "a nightmarish quality ... of a dancer consumed by her desire to dance".[44]

Reception

Box office

The film had a limited release in select cities in North America on December 3, 2010 in 18 theaters. The film took in a total of $415,822 on its opening day, averaging $23,101 per theater.[45] By the end of its opening weekend it grossed $1,443,809—$80,212 per theater. The per location average was the second highest for the opening weekend of 2010 behind The King's Speech.[46] The film has Fox Searchlight Pictures highest per-theater average gross ever, and it ranks 21st on the all-time list.[47] On its second weekend the film expanded to 90 theaters, and grossed $3.3 million, ranking it as the sixth film at the box-office.[48]

Critical reception

Scott Franklin, Mila Kunis, Vincent Cassel, Darren Aronofsky, and a moderator stand on a stage with a golden curtain backdrop wearing formal attire and discussing Black Swan
Black Swan cast and crew (from left to right: producer Scott Franklin, actress Mila Kunis, actor Vincent Cassel, director Darren Aronofsky) discuss the film with a moderator at the BFI London Film Festival, where the movie was nominated for Best Film

Black Swan has received widely favorable reviews from film critics.[49] Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% of 205 critics have given the film a positive review, holding an average score of 8.2/10 with particular praise for Portman's performance.[49] Among Rotten Tomatoes' Top Critics, which consists of notable critics from the media, the film holds an average rating of 87%, based on 38 reviews.[50] According to the website, the film's critical consensus is, "Bracingly intense, passionate, and wildly melodramatic, Black Swan glides on Darren Aronofsky's bold direction – and a bravura performance from Natalie Portman."[49] Review aggregate Metacritic has given the film a weighted score of 79, based on 41 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[51]

In September 2010, Entertainment Weekly reported that based on reviews from the film's screening at the Venice Film Festival, "[Black Swan] is already set to be one of the year’s most love-it-or-hate-it movies."[52] Reuters described the early response to the film as "largely positive" with Portman's performance being highly praised.[53] The Sydney Morning Herald reported, "The film divided critics. Some found its theatricality maddening, but most declared themselves 'swept away'."[54]

A line outside the entrance to the 2010 Venice International Film Festival with flags of several countries waving above the door
Black Swan opened at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, making it the third consecutive Aronofsky film to be screened at the ceremony. It was nominated for the Golden Lion and Mila Kunis won the Marcello Mastroianni Award.

Kurt Loder of Reason Magazine called the film "wonderfully creepy," and wrote that "it’s not entirely satisfying; but it’s infused with the director’s usual creative brio, and it has a great dark gleaming look."[55] Mike Goodridge from Screen Daily called Black Swan "alternately disturbing and exhilarating" and described the film as a hybrid of The Turning Point and Polanski's films Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby. Goodridge described Portman's performance, "[She] is captivating as Nina ... she captures the confusion of a repressed young woman thrown into a world of danger and temptation with frightening veracity." The critic also commended Cassel, Kunis, and Hershey in their supporting roles, particularly comparing Hershey to Ruth Gordon in the role of "the desperate, jealous mother". Goodridge praised Libatique's cinematography with the dance scenes and the psychologically "unnerving" scenes: "It's a mesmerising psychological ride that builds to a gloriously theatrical tragic finale as Nina attempts to deliver the perfect performance."[56]

Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review. He wrote, "[Black Swan] is an instant guilty pleasure, a gorgeously shot, visually complex film whose badness is what's so good about it. You might howl at the sheer audacity of mixing mental illness with the body-fatiguing, mind-numbing rigors of ballet, but its lurid imagery and a hellcat competition between two rival dancers is pretty irresistible." Honeycutt commended Millepied's "sumptuous" choreography and Libatique's "darting, weaving" camera work. The critic said of the thematic mashup, "Aronofsky ... never succeeds in wedding genre elements to the world of ballet ... White Swan/Black Swan dynamics almost work, but the horror-movie nonsense drags everything down the rabbit hole of preposterousness."[57]

The film appears on many critics' top 10 lists of 2010.[58] It was also featured on the American Film Institute's 10 Movies of the Year.[59]

The Canadian Press reported that some Canadian ballet dancers felt that the film depicted dancers negatively and exaggerated elements of their lives but gave Portman high marks for her dance technique.[60]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Black Swan

References

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  2. ^ a b "Black Swan (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
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  4. ^ Wigler, Josh (December 8, 2009). "Natalie Portman Joined Darren Aronofsky's 'Black Swan' To Explore Her Adulthood". MTV Movies Blog. MTV. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
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  9. ^ Wolf, Jeanne (September 3, 2009). "Mila Kunis: 'Who Wants To Be Normal?'". Parade. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  10. ^ Kisselgoff, Anna (December 19, 2009). "Georgina Parkinson, Star At Royal Ballet, Dies at 71". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  11. ^ Fuhrer, Margaret (2010). "Ballet All Over: Big Names in Black Swan". Pointe Magazine. Macfadden Performing Arts Media. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Stated by Kunis on Jimmy Kimmel Live, December 6, 2010.
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  19. ^ Buchanan, Kyle (August 26, 2010). "Vincent Cassel on Mesrine, Black Swan, and Acting". Movieline. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
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  31. ^ "Chemical Brothers pen new songs for "Black Swan"". British Music Guide. Retrieved 2010-12-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ Vivarelli, Nick (September 1, 2010). "Aronofsky flies 'Swan' at Venice". Variety. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
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  36. ^ Lyman, Eric J. (September 10, 2010). "'In the Future' wins Venice's Queer Lion". The Hollywood Reporter. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  38. ^ Knegt, Peter (July 27, 2010). "Toronto Sets Over 50 Titles For 2010 Fest". indiewire.com. Moviefone. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
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  41. ^ "'Black Swan,' '127 Hours' to Austin Fest". The Hollywood Reporter. September 21, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  43. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (October 13, 2010). "AFI Fest offers festival favorites, free tickets". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  52. ^ Markovitz, Adam (September 2, 2010). "Is Darren Aronofsky's 'Black Swan' a masterpiece? Early buzz from the Venice Film Festival". Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
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  59. ^ "AFI AWARDS 2010". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
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