Foghorn
- For other meanings see Foghorn (disambiguation).
A foghorn or fog signal or fog bell is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of hazards (or of the presence of other vehicles) in foggy conditions. The term is most often used in relation to marine transport. When visual navigation aids such as lighthouses are obscured, foghorns provide an audible warning of rocks, shoals, headlands, or other dangers to shipping.
History
Early fog signals
Audible fog signals have been used in one form or another for hundreds of years, initially simply bells or gongs struck manually.
At some lighthouses, a small cannon was let off periodically to warn away ships, but this had the obvious disadvantage of having to be fired manually throughout the whole period the fog persisted (which could be for several days). In the United States, whistles were also used where a source of steam power was available, though Trinity House, the British Lighthouse Authority, did not employ them, preferring an explosive signal.
Throughout the 19th century efforts were made to automate the signalling process. Trinity House eventually developed a system (the "Signal, Fog, Mk I") for firing a gun-cotton charge electrically. However, the charge had to be manually replaced after each signal. At Portland Bill, for example, which had a 5-minute interval between fog-signals, this meant the horns had to be lowered, the 2 new charges inserted, and the horns raised again every 5 minutes during foggy periods. Clockwork systems were also developed for striking bells.[1]
Captain James William Newton claimed to have been the inventor of the fog signalling technique using loud and low notes.[2]
Robert Foulis, the Daboll Trumpet
The first automated steam-powered foghorn was invented by Robert Foulis, a Scotsman who emigrated to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Foulis is said to have heard his daughter playing the piano in the distance on a foggy night, and noticed the low notes were more audible than the higher notes: he then designed a device to produce a low-frequency sound, as well as a code system for use with it. After repeated representations to the New Brunswick legislature, Foulis's fog signal was installed on Partridge Island in 1859 by a T. T. Vernon-Smith; Foulis himself was involved in legal battles over his invention for the remainder of his life.[3]
The development of fog signal technology continued apace at the end of the 19th Century.[4] During the same period an inventor, Celadon Leeds Daboll, developed a coal-powered foghorn called the Daboll trumpet for the American lighthouse service, though it was not universally adopted.[5] A few Daboll trumpets remained in use until the mid 20th century.
All foghorns use a vibrating column of air to create an audible tone, but the method of setting up this vibration differs. Some horns, like the Daboll trumpet, used vibrating plates or metal reeds, a similar principle to a modern electric car horn. Others utilised air forced through holes in a revolving cylinder or disk, in the same manner as a siren. Semi-automatic operation of foghorns was achieved by using a clockwork mechanism (or 'coder') to open the valves admitting air to the horns; each horn was given its own characteristics to help mariners identify their position.[6]
One of the first automated fog bells was the Stevens Automatic Bell Striker.[7]
Some later fog bells were placed under water,particularly in especially dangerous areas, so that their sound (which would be a predictable set, such as the number "23") would be carried further and reverberate through the ship's hull. See, White Shoal Light (Michigan).[8][9] This was an earlier precursor to RACON.
In the United Kingdom, experiments to develop more effective foghorns were carried out by John Tyndall and Lord Rayleigh, amongst others. The latter's ongoing research for Trinity House culminated in a design for a siren with a large trumpet designed to achieve maximum sound propagation, installed in Trevose Head Lighthouse, Cornwall in 1913.
The diaphone
From the early 20th century a device called the diaphone, invented by John Northey of Toronto, became the standard foghorn apparatus for new installations. Diaphones were powered by compressed air and could emit extremely powerful low-frequency notes.
In 1982, the Dutch broadcaster VPRO aired a live foghorn concert on national radio, relaying the sound of the foghorns in Emden, Calais, Nieuwpoort, Scheveningen, Den Helder, Lelystad, Urk, Marken and Kornwerderzand. [10]
Replacement of foghorns
Since automation of lighthouses became common in the 1960s and 1970s, most older foghorn installations have been removed to avoid the need to run the complex machinery associated with them, and have been replaced with electrically-powered diaphragm or compressed air horns. Activation is completely automated: a laser or photo beam is shot out to sea, and if the beam reflects back to the source (i.e., the laser beam is visible due to the fog), the sensor tells a computer to activate the foghorn. In many cases, modern navigational aids have rendered large, long-range foghorns completely unnecessary, according to the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.[11]
Railway fog signals
Fog signals have also been used on railway lines since the middle of the 19th century to indicate to the driver of a moving train that a broken down train, a work party or some other unforeseen hazard is on the line ahead. They are small explosive detonators or torpedoes which are placed on the track and detonated by the pressure of the wheels of the oncoming train. The loud report of the explosion provides the indication to the driver that in most cases requires the train to be stopped immediately. During World War II these devices were modified to detonate demolition charges during railroad sabotage operations.
See also
References
- ^ Pepper, T. Stevens Fog Bell Apparatus, Seeing the Light
- ^ "James William Newton". Jesmond Old Cemetery.
Captain Newton also claimed to be the inventor of fog signalling by the interchange and repitition [sic] of loud and low notes.
- ^ Famous Glaswegians - Robert Foulis, JR, accessed 05-09-08
- ^ Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, "Diaphones".
- ^ Holland, F. R. America's Lighthouses, Dover, 1988, ISBN 978048625576, p. 204
- ^ See for example Fox, F. Siren, Point of Ayre Lighthouse, accessed 08-09-2008
- ^ Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Stevens Automated Bell Striker.
- ^ Putnam, George R. (1913). "Beacons of the Seas: Lighting the Coasts of the United States". National Geographic Magazine. XXIV (1): 19. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Terry Pepper, Seeing The Light, White Shoal Light.
- ^ [1], retrieved July 26, 2010. Contains an audio file of the complete broadcast.
- ^ Noble, D. L. Lighthouses and Keepers, Naval Institute Press, 2004, ISBN 9781591146261, p.169
External links
- Listen to Golden Gate Bridge foghorn
- a list of foghorn clips from San Pedro, CA.- Foghorn 1 is a good example of a diaphone.
- Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, "Fog Signal Technology."
- Location of foghorns that can still be heard in UK