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J. C. Leyendecker

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J. C. Leyendecker
Leyendecker in 1895
Born
Joseph Christian Leyendecker

(1874-03-23)March 23, 1874
Montabaur, Germany
DiedJuly 25, 1951(1951-07-25) (aged 77)
New Rochelle, New York, USA
NationalityAmerican
EducationChicago Art Institute, Académie Julian
Known forIllustration, Painting

Joseph Christian Leyendecker (March 23, 1874 – July 25, 1951) was one of the pre-eminent American illustrators of the early 20th century. He is best known for his poster, book and advertising illustrations, the trade character known as The Arrow Collar Man, and his numerous covers for The Saturday Evening Post.[2] [3] Between 1896 and 1950, Leyendecker painted more than 400 magazine covers. During the Golden Age of American Illustration, for The Saturday Evening Post alone, J. C. Leyendecker produced 322 covers, as well as many advertisement illustrations for its interior pages. No other artist, until the arrival of Norman Rockwell two decades later, was so solidly identified with one publication.[4] Leyendecker "virtually invented the whole idea of modern magazine design."[5]

Early life

Joseph Christian Leyendecker ('J. C.' or 'Joe') was born on March 23, 1874, in Montabaur, Germany, to Peter Leyendecker (1838–1916) and Elizabeth Oreseifen Leyendecker (1845–1905). He had three siblings: an older brother, Adolph A. Leyendecker (1869–1938); an older sister, Augusta Mary Leyendecker (1872–1957); and a younger brother, Frank Xavier Leyendecker (1876–1924).

In 1882, the Leyendecker family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois, where Elizabeth's uncle had founded the successful McAvoy Brewing Company. After working in late adolescence for a Chicago engraving firm, J. Manz & Company, and completing his first commercial commission of 60 Bible illustrations for the Powers Brothers Company, J. C. sought formal artistic training at the school of the Chicago Art Institute.[6]

After studying drawing and anatomy under John H. Vanderpoel at the Chicago Art Institute, J. C. and younger brother Frank enrolled in the Académie Julian in Paris for a year, where they were exposed to the work of Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, and also Alphonse Mucha, a leader in the French Art Nouveau movement.[7][8]

Career

Illustration for Arrow Collar, 1907. J.C. Leyendecker.
Leyendecker's December 28, 1907 cover of The Saturday Evening Post.

In 1899, the Leyendecker brothers returned to America and set up residence in an apartment in Hyde Park, Illinois. They had a studio in Chicago's Fine Arts Building at 410 South Michigan Ave. On May 20 of that year, Joe received his first commission for a Saturday Evening Post cover – the beginning of his forty-four year association with the most popular magazine in the country. Ultimately he would produce 322 covers for the magazine, introducing many iconic visual images and traditions including the New Year's Baby, the pudgy red-garbed rendition of Santa Claus, flowers for Mother's Day, and firecrackers on the 4th of July.[9]

In 1900, Joe, Frank, and their sister Mary moved to New York City, then the center of the US commercial art, advertising and publishing industries. During the next decade, both brothers began lucrative long-term working relationships with apparel manufactures including Interwoven Socks, Hartmarx, B. Kuppenheimer & Co., and Cluett Peabody & Company. The latter resulted in Leyendecker's most important commission when he was hired to develop a series of images of the Arrow brand of shirt collars. Leyendecker's Arrow Collar Man, as well as the images he later created for Kuppenheimer Suits and Interwoven Socks, came to define the fashionable American male during the early decades of the twentieth century.[4] Leyendecker often used his favorite model and lover Charles Beach (1886–1952).[10][11]

Another important commission for Leyendecker was from Kellogg's, the breakfast food manufacturer. As part of a major advertising campaign, he created a series of twenty "Kellogg's Kids" to promote Kellogg's Corn Flakes.[12]

In 1914, the Leyendeckers, accompanied by Charles Beach, moved into a large home and art studio in New Rochelle, New York, an artist colony which was well-known for its unprecedented number of prominent American illustrators [13] (more than fifty percent of the illustrations in the country’s leading publications were done by artists from New Rochelle)[14]. During the first World War, in addition to his many commissions for magazine covers and men's fashion advertisements, J. C. also painted recruitment posters for the United States military and the war effort.

The 1920s were in many ways the apex of Leyendecker's career, with some of his most recognizable work being completed during this time. Modern advertising had come into its own, with Leyendecker widely regarded as among the pre-eminent American commercial artists. This popularity extended beyond the commercial, and into Leyendecker's personal life, where he and Charles Beach hosted large galas attended by people of consequence from all sectors. The parties they hosted at their New Rochelle home/studio were important social and celebrity making events.[15]

Leyendecker home on Mount Tom Road in New Rochelle, New York.

As the 1920s marked the apex of J. C. Leyendecker's career, so the 1930s marked the beginning of its decline. Around 1930-31, Cluett, Peabody, & Co. ceased using Leyendecker's illustrations in its advertisements, now for shirts and ties as the collar industry seriously declined after 1921. During this time, the always shy Leyendecker became more and more reclusive, rarely speaking with people outside of his sister Mary Augusta and Charles (Frank had died in 1924 as a result of an addiction-riddled lifestyle). Perhaps in reaction to his almost all-pervasive widespread popularity in the previous decade, or as a result of the new economic reality following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the number of commissions Leyendecker received steadily declined. In 1936, the editor at the Saturday Evening Post for all of Leyendecker's career up to that point, George Horace Lorimer, retired, and was replaced by Wesley Winans Stout (1937–1942) and then Ben Hibbs (1942–1962), both of whom rarely commissioned Leyendecker to illustrate covers.[16]

Leyendecker's last cover for the Saturday Evening Post was of a New Year Baby for January 2, 1943, thus ending the artist's most lucrative and celebrated string of commissions. New commissions continued to filter in, but slowly. Among the most prominent were posters for the United States Department of War, in which Leyendecker depicted commanding officers of the armed forces encouraging the purchases of bonds to support the nation's efforts in World War II. Leyendecker died on July 25, 1951, at his estate in New Rochelle of an acute coronary occlusion.[16]

Personal life

The grave of J.C. Leyendecker in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Many biographers have speculated on J. C. Leyendecker's sexuality, often attributing the apparent homoerotic aesthetic of his work to a homosexual identity. Without question, Leyendecker excelled at depicting male homosocial spaces (locker rooms, clubhouses, tailoring shops) and extraordinarily handsome young men in curious poses or exchanging glances. Moreover, Leyendecker never married, and he lived with another man, Charles Beach, for much of his adult life, who is assumed to have been his lover and who was the original model of the famous Arrow Collar Man.[17]

While Beach often organized the famous gala-like social gatherings that Leyendecker was known for in the 1920s, he apparently also contributed largely to Leyendecker's social isolation in his later years. Beach reportedly forbade outside contact with the artist in the last months of his life.[18]

Due to his fame as an illustrator, Leyendecker was able to indulge in a very luxurious lifestyle which in many ways embodied the decadence of the Roaring Twenties. However, when commissions began to wane in the 1930s, he was forced to curtail spending considerably. By the time of his death, Leyendecker had let all of the household staff at his New Rochelle estate go, with he and Beach attempting to maintain the extensive estate themselves. Leyendecker left a tidy estate equally split between his sister and Beach. Leyendecker is buried alongside parents and brother Frank at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York. Charles Beach died a few months after Leyendecker, and his burial location is unknown.[19]

Body of work

"Weapons for Liberty – U.S.A. Bonds." An appeal to youth to sell war bonds through in a scene of a Boy Scout lifting a sword toward Lady Liberty by Leyendecker

Leyendecker's influence

As the premier cover illustrator for the enormously popular Saturday Evening Post for much of the first half of the 20th century, Leyendecker's work both reflected and helped mold many of the visual aspects of the era's culture in America. The mainstream image of Santa Claus as a jolly fat man in a red fur-trimmed coat was popularized by Leyendecker, as was the image of the New Year Baby.[20] The tradition of giving flowers as a gift on Mother's Day was started by Leyendecker's May 30, 1914 Saturday Evening Post cover depicting a young bellhop carrying hyacinths. It was created as a commemoration of President Woodrow Wilson's declaration of Mother's Day as an official holiday that year.

Leyendecker was a chief influence upon, and friend of, Norman Rockwell, who was a pallbearer at Leyendecker's funeral. In particular, the early work of Norman Rockwell for the Saturday Evening Post bears a strong superficial resemblance to that of Leyendecker. While today it is generally accepted that Norman Rockwell established the best-known visual images of Americana, in many cases they are derivative of Leyendecker's work, or reinterpretations of visual themes established by Rockwell's idol.

The visual style of Leyendecker's art inspired the graphics in The Dagger of Amon Ra, a game for the PC. The museum in the game is named for Leyendecker, and the box art for the game is based on Leyendecker's cover for the March 18, 1905 issue of the Saturday Evening Post.[citation needed]

Leyendecker's drawing style was cited as a major influence on the character designs of Team Fortress 2, a first person shooter game for the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.[21]

Notable clients

See also

References

  1. ^ "Alex Ross Biography". alexrossart.com. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  2. ^ "The Haggin Museum Leyendecker Collection returns to public display May–December 2010". Haggin Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-09. He is best known for his cover work for Collier's magazine and the Saturday Evening Post, for which he produced more covers for than any other artist. His creation of the "Arrow Collar Man" in 1905, as well as the images he created for Kuppenheimer Suits, Interwoven Socks and the Cooper Underwear Company ... soon came to define the fashionable American male of the early 20th century.
  3. ^ "About The Saturday Evening Post". Saturday Evening Post. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Other notable cover illustrators include J.C. Leyendecker, N.C. Wyeth, Charles Livingston Bull, and John E. Sheridan.
  4. ^ a b "Joseph Christian Leyendecker". National Museum of American Illustration. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Between 1896 and 1950, J.C. Leyendecker painted more than four hundred magazine covers. During 'The Golden Age of American Illustration', the Saturday Evening Post alone commissioned J. C. Leyendecker to produce 323 covers as well as many advertisement illustrations for its interior pages. No other artist, until the arrival of Norman Rockwell two decades later, was so solidly identified with one publication.
  5. ^ "No longer is he the 'other illustrator'; J.C. Leyendecker was idolized by Norman Rockwell, not the other way around. Finally, an exhibit of more than 50 of his originals shows why". Los Angeles Times. September 20, 2007. Retrieved 2010-09-09. [Leyendecker] virtually invented the whole idea of modern magazine design in the early part of the century," says Fullerton Museum Center curator Richard Smith. "While Leyendecker's work is not that well known, people will walk away from the experience of seeing his originals thinking they know a little more about illustration and the master of it that Leyendecker was. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ zt wrfy w. r erywy [qertw456w qertw456w]. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Schau, Michael. J.C. Leyendecker. Watson-Guptill Publication. ISBN 0-8230-2757-0.
  8. ^ Steine, Kent. J.C. Leyendecker Collection, The. Collectors Press. ISBN 0-9635202-9-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Cutler, Laurence S.; Cutler, Judy Goffman. J.C. Leyendecker: American Imagist. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-9521-2.
  10. ^ Cooper, Emmanuel (1994). The Sexual Perspective: Homosexuality and Art in the Last 100 Years in the West. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 0-415-11100-5.
  11. ^ Smith, Patricia Juliana (2002). "Leyendecker, Joseph C." glbtq.com. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  12. ^ "J.C. Leyendecker (1874-1951)". Haggin Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Men's fashion was probably the most significant aspect of Leyendecker's advertising opus, but his artwork was also used to promote a host of other products, including soap, automobiles, and cigarettes. And starting in 1912, he captured the hearts of American mothers through his series of cherubic infants, winsome children and wholesome adolescents enjoying bowls of Kellogg's Corn Flakes. ...
  13. ^ Toast of the Town: Norman Rockwell and the Artists of New Rochelle
  14. ^ New Rochelle - Arts City
  15. ^ Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II. Routledge; London. 2002. ISBN 0-415-15983-0.
  16. ^ a b Meyer, Susan E. "J.C. Leyendecker." In America's Great Illustrators, 136-159. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1978.
  17. ^ Smith, Patricia Juliana. "Leyendecker, Joseph C." glbtq.com, 7 December 2002, accessed 29 May 2012.
  18. ^ Norman Rockwell, My Adventures as an Illustrator
  19. ^ Smith, Patricia Juliana. "Leyendecker, Joseph C." glbtq.com, 7 December 2002, accessed 29 May 2012.
  20. ^ Segal, Eric Jefferson. "Realizing Whiteness in U.S. Visual Culture: The Popular Illustration of J.C. Leyendecker, Norman Rockwell, and the Saturday Evening Post, 1917-1945." PhD Dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 2002.
  21. ^ Francke, Moby. Team Fortress 2 tc_hydro Developer Commentary, node 14.

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