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Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise at a Yahoo! press conference in Sunnyvale, California on March 21, 2006.
BornJuly 3, 1962
Occupation(s)Actor and producer

Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV on July 3, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actor and film producer who has starred in a number of top-grossing movies and remains one of the most successful movie stars in Hollywood. His first leading role in a blockbuster movie was in 1983's Risky Business.[1] In the last couple of years, he has received additional media coverage regarding his support of Scientology (and his related criticism of psychiatry), rumors that he is a homosexual, and his relationship with Katie Holmes.

Early life

Cruise was born to Thomas Mapother III and Mary Lee Pfeiffer in Syracuse, New York.[2][3] Cruise has German ancestry from his paternal great-grandparents, William Reibert and Charlotta Louise Voelker; and Welsh ancestry from his all-paternal great-great-grandfather, Dylan Henry Mapother, who emigrated from Flint, Wales to Louisville, Kentucky in 1850.[4] [5] His maternal ancestry is half Irish and half German (including Alsatian). [6] Cruise had a transient existence as a child with his family residing throughout various locations in the United States and Canada. Cities where he lived included Ottawa, Canada, Louisville, Glen Ridge, New Jersey (where he graduated from Glen Ridge High School) and Wayne, New Jersey. In all, Cruise attended eight elementary schools and three high schools. He briefly attended a Franciscan seminary in Cincinnati and aspired to become a Catholic priest. It was recently brought forth that Cruise had suffered from child abuse when he was younger. He stated that when something went wrong, his father came down hard on him. He told Parade Magazine that his father was "a bully and a coward" and "a merchant of chaos". Cruise said he learned early on that his father was not to be trusted.[7]. Cruise became interested in acting after being sidelined from his high school's wrestling team due to a knee injury. While injured, he successfully auditioned for a lead role in his high school's production of Guys and Dolls and decided to become an actor after his success in the role.

Hollywood

Acting career

Cruise's first acting role came in 1981, where he had a small role in Endless Love, a drama/romance film starring Brooke Shields. He had a much larger role in a substantially bigger film, Taps, starring alongside George C. Scott, Timothy Hutton and Sean Penn. The film about miltary cadets was moderately successful. In 1983, he was one of many young teenage stars to appear in Francis Ford Coppola's The Outsiders. The cast for this film included Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, Patrick Swayze, and Ralph Macchio. That same year Cruise appeared in the teen comedy Losin' It with Shelley Long. Also on 1983, Risky Business was released, Risky Business is thought to be the film that propelled Cruise to stardom. One sequence in the film, featuring Cruise lip-syncing Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock and Roll" in his underwear, has become an iconic moment in film history. The film has been descried as "A Generation-X classic, and a career-maker for Tom Cruise".[7] A fourth film that was released in 1983 was the high-school football drama, All the Right Moves.

File:Tom Cruise Top Gun sunset.jpg
Cruise as Maverick in the 1986 blockbuster, Top Gun.

Cruise's next film was Ridley Scott's Legend. Cruise was picked as the first choice by big producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson for an upcoming American fighter pilot film. Cruise at first apparently turned down the project, but helped to alter the script he was given and developed the film. Afer being taken for a flight with the Blue Angels, Cruise changed his mind and signed on with the project. Top Gun opened in May of 1986 and became the highest grossing film of the year, taking in $353,816,701 in worldwide figures. He also starred in Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money that same year. In 1988 he starred in the light hearted drama, Cocktail, the film received mixed reviews and Cruise was subsequently nominated for a Razzie award in 1989. Later that year, Rain Man was released, which also starred Dustin Hoffman. The film was praised by critics and was nominated for four Academy Awards, and won all four.

Cruise was welcomed with similar success the following year when he received Academy Award nominations for Born on the Fourth of July. In 1990, Cruise starred as hot-shot Cole Trickle as a racing car driver in Days of Thunder. Days of Thunder is where Cruise first met Australian actress Nicole Kidman, who was his co-star. Cruises' next film was Far and Away where he again was starring with Nicole Kidman. Cruise starred in A Few Good Men with Jack Nicholson and Demi Moore, the well received military thriller earned Cruise Golden Globe and MTV nominations. The following year he starred in The Firm which won Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture at the People's Choice Awards.

In 1994, Cruise starred in Interview with the Vampire, a drama/horror film that was also very well received. In 1996, Cruise starred in (as well as produced) Mission: Impossible. The film grossed $456,494,803 worldwide, and was the third highest grossing film that year. In 1996 he starred in Jerry Maguire. The film earned him an Academy Award Best Actor nomination as well as winning co-star Cuba Gooding Jr. an Academy Award, the film was in total, nominated for five Academy Awards. The film also saw the line "Show me the Money!" become part of popular culture. Jerry Maguire saw Tom Cruise become the first actor in history to star in five consecutive films that grossed at least $100 million in domestic release. Eyes Wide Shut (1999) which took two years to finish as director Stanley Kubrick's last film, alongside then spouse Nicole Kidman. Cruise also performed as a misogynistic male guru in Magnolia (1999), which netted him a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination.

In 2000, Cruise returned as Ethan Hunt in the Mission Impossible films, releasing Mission: Impossible II, the film continued the series' blockbuster success at the box office, taking in $545,902,562 in worldwide figures, like its predecessor, being the third highest grossing film of the year. The following year Cruise starred in the erotic thriller remake of 1997's Abre Los Ojos, Vanilla Sky. In 2002, Cruise starred in the dystopian thriller, Minority Report as well as The Last Samurai, which saw Cruise perform some of his own stunts, as he did in M:I-2.

In the 2004 action thriller film Collateral, Cruise combatted a good-guy stereotype which had been attributed to him. A number of Cruise's more well-known and popular movies have cast him in a similar role, one which has been half-jokingly referred to by movie fans (and some critics) as the "Generic Tom Cruise Character." In this role, Cruise portrays a character who, as the film begins, is seen as a cocky, stuck-up, self-centered egoist who cares for little other than himself. As the events of the movie unfold, his character learns to become more open-minded and altruistic, until by the time the climax has been reached, he has undergone a radical change and been transformed into a better human being. Collateral saw a surprising turn as a sociopathic gray-haired hitman with a killer smile, Vincent, who hijacks the cab to be transported to five hits on one night. His trademark smile and handling guns took a 180-degree turn for an unlikable character who is very organized and thoroughly nasty, as opposed to his popular good-guy characters.

File:Tripod in action.jpg
Cruise in War of the Worlds.

In 2005, Cruise starred in Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds. The events leading up to the release of the film, notably, Cruises' very public advocation of Scientology and anti-psychiatry statements, coupled with the criticism of his relationship with actress Katie Holmes, many expected the film to be a bomb at the boxoffice. In an ironic twist of events, the film earned $234,280,354 at the United States box office, becoming his most successful film in domestic figures (not taking inflation into account), and ultimately earning $591,416,316 in worldwide figures. He was however, the winner of three Razzie nominations at the end of the year.

Producing career

Cruise teamed with producer Paula Wagner to form Cruise/Wagner Productions, which has co-produced several of Cruise's films[8], the first being Mission: Impossible in 1996, Cruises' first work as a producer. He won a Nova Award (shared with Paula Wagner, Cruise's producing partner at Cruise/Wagner Productions) for Most Promising Producer in Theatrical Motion Pictures at the PGA Golden Laurel Awards in 1997 for his work as a producer on Mission Impossible.

His next project as a producer was the 1998 film, Without Limits, a film about famous runner Steve Prefontaine. Cruise returned to work as a produced in 2000, continuing work on the Mission Impossible sequel. He then served as an executive producer for The Others which starred Nicole Kidman, also that year, he again worked as actor/producer in Vanilla Sky. He subsequently worked on (but did not star in) Narc, Hitting It Hard and Shattered Glass, with Shattered Glass being particularly successful. His next project, which he also starred in, was The Last Samurai, he was jointly nominated for the Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award at the 2004 PGA Golden Laurel Awards. He then worked on Suspect Zero, Elizabethtown and Ask the Dusk. he reprised his role as actor/producer in the third 'Mission Impossible film.

Tom Cruise is noted as having negotiated some of the most lucrative movie deals in Hollywood, and was described in 2005 by Hollywood economist Edward Jay Epstein as "one of the most powerful - and richest - forces in Hollywood". Epstein argues that Cruise is one of the few producers (the others being George Lucas, Steven Spielberg and Jerry Bruckheimer) who are regarded as able to guarantee the success of a billion-dollar movie franchise. Epstein also contends that the public obsession with Cruise's tabloid controversies obscures full appreciation of Cruise's exceptional commercial prowess in the industry [8].

Popularity

In 1990, 1991 and 1997, People magazine rated him among the 50 most beautiful people in the world.[1] In 1995, Empire magazine ranked him among the 100 sexiest stars in film history.[1] Two years later, it ranked him among the top 5 movie stars of all time.[1] In 2002 and 2003, he was rated by Premiere among the top 20 in its annual Power 100 list.[1]

His frequent controversial outbursts promoting the Church of Scientology and his Scientology-based strong anti-psychiatry beliefs, combined with his unusually erratic behavior throughout 2005 (detailed below) may have led to a drop in his popularity. One survey for example, showed Cruise's popularity drop from 11th to 197th most liked celebrity over a six month period. [9] In 2006, Premiere magazine established Cruise as Hollywood's most powerful actor, as Cruise came in at number 13 on the magazines 2006 Power List, being the highest ranked actor.[9]

Relationships

Mimi Rogers

Cruise was married to Mimi Rogers (married on May 9, 1987, divorced February 4, 1990)[1]. Scientology took interest in the divorce because Rogers was disaffected from Scientology (although she introduced Cruise to the religion in the first place); in managing the divorce for Cruise, they were able to convince her to accept a relatively paltry $10 million for the settlement. [10].

Nicole Kidman

Cruise met Nicole Kidman on the set of their film Days of Thunder. The couple married on December 24, 1990 and divorced on August 8, 2001.[1] He and Kidman adopted two children, Isabella (born 1993) and Connor (born 1995).[1] Cruise left Kidman three months pregnant, just shy of their 11 year wedding anniversary; she lost the child[11]. Reportedly, Kidman refused to explore Scientology and remained Catholic during their marriage.

Penélope Cruz

Cruise was next romantically linked with Penélope Cruz, the lead actress in his film Vanilla Sky. In March 2004, he announced that his relationship with Penélope Cruz had ended in January. It was suggested that Scientology played a role in the relationship failing. [12]

Katie Holmes

Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes at a Yahoo! press conference in March 2006.

In April 2005, Cruise began dating Katie Holmes, before announcing on 17 June 2005 that he had proposed to her at the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. [13] She accepted his proposal, and the couple are expected to be married in the summer or fall of 2006. On April 18, 2006 Katie gave birth to a baby girl named Suri, whose name was chosen with its relation to Scientology, the Persian Rose and the birthplace.[10] It's the first child for Holmes and third for Cruise, who (as previously mentioned) has two adopted children with Nicole Kidman. [11] Coincidentally, Suri was born on the same day Grier Hammond was born to Brooke Shields, whom Cruise had criticized less than a year earlier for treating her postpartum depression with anti-depressants.

Controversy

Scientology

Cruise is arguably Hollywood's most outspoken member of the Church of Scientology. He became involved with the church in 1990 through his first wife, Mimi Rogers.[12] It has been claimed that Cruise belongs to one of the highest echelons of the Church of Scientology, known as "Operating Thetan Seven" or OT-VII [13], and it has been suggested that Cruise's increasing willingness to talk openly about Scientology may be a reflection of this. [14]

A controversy erupted in 2005 after he openly criticized actress Brooke Shields for using the drug Paxil, an anti-depressant, which Shields claims helped her recover from postpartum depression after the birth of her daughter in 2003. Cruise asserted, contrary to assertions in the medical field, that there is no such thing as a chemical imbalance, that psychiatry is a form of pseudoscience. This led to a heated argument with Matt Lauer on The Today Show on June 24, 2005.[15] Brooke Shields responded to Cruise's comments as "irresponsible and dangerous"[16]. (Coincidentally, Holmes and Shields both gave birth on April 18, 2006.)

Cruise has publicly said that Scientology, specifically the L. Ron Hubbard Scientology Study Tech, helped him overcome his dyslexia.[17] Cruise also claimed in an Entertainment Weekly interview that psychiatry "is a Nazi science" and that methadone was actually originally called Adolophine after Adolf Hitler, a myth well-known as an urban legend. [18] In an interview with Der Spiegel magazine, Cruise claimed that "In Scientology, we have the only successful drug rehabilitation program in the world. It's called Narconon... It's a statistically proven fact that there is only one successful drug rehabilitation program in the world. Period". While Narconon claims to have a success rate over 70% [19], the accuracy of this figure has been disputed. [20] It has been reported that Cruise adopted his anti-psychiatry philosophies from Dr. Thomas Szasz, a leading critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry. [21]

As of 2005, Tom Cruise has begun campaigning on behalf of the Church of Scientology before politicians and government officials around the world. Such advocacy does not go well in several European countries where this organization is considered to be a cult. As an example, on July 13th, 2005, after it was learned that he lobbied Nicolas Sarkozy and Jean-Claude Gaudin (the mayor of Marseille), the city council of Paris vowed "never to receive [before the council or the mayor] the actor Tom Cruise, spokesman for Scientology and self-declared militant for this organisation" [22][23]

He has also campaigned and raised donations for Downtown Medical, which he co-founded, to offer New York 9/11 rescue workers detoxification therapy based on the works of L. Ron Hubbard. This has drawn criticism from the medical profession[24], as well as firefighters.[25]

On March 13, 2006 (L. Ron Hubbard's birthday), Scientologist Isaac Hayes quit the television show South Park, reportedly because of a controversial episode that satirized Scientology. Dubbed "Closetgate" by the Los Angeles Times, the controversy continued as Comedy Central, the channel that broadcasts South Park in the U.S., pulled the "Trapped in the Closet" episode at the last minute from a scheduled repeat on March 15 2006. It was alleged that Cruise threatened Paramount with withdrawal from promotion of his latest film Mission Impossible 3 if the episode was broadcast. (This rumor later turned out to be false). Viacom owns both Paramount and Comedy Central. Paramount and Cruise's representatives denied any threats. Trey Parker and Matt Stone, in a typically satirical response, claimed to be "servants of Xenu" and declared that the "million-year war for Earth" had only just begun. The LA Times reported that, "For Stone and Parker, Closetgate will be the gift that keeps on giving." [26]

Concern has also been voiced about Holmes and her relationship to Scientology. Roger Friedman of the Fox News Channel claimed that Katie Holmes disappeared for sixteen days in April when even her own family did not know her whereabouts. [27] Allegedly, the last time she had been seen, Holmes had flown to meet with Tom Cruise for a possible role in Mission Impossible 3. When she re-appeared, Holmes stated she was in love with Tom Cruise and studying Scientology. The actress then fired her long-time manager and agent and acquired Jessica Rodriguez, a prominent member of the Church of Scientology. [28]

2005 Oprah appearance

File:Cruiseonoprah.jpg
Tom Cruise jumps ecstatically on Oprah's couch

Cruise has indulged in over-the-top media-friendly expressions of his deep love for Holmes, most notably the "couch incident" which took place on the popular talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show of May 23, 2005: Cruise — in the words of The New York Times — "jumped around the set, hopped onto a couch, fell rapturously to one knee and repeatedly professed his love for his new girlfriend." This scene has been parodied in numerous venues in film (Scary Movie 4) and TV (Family Guy) (the "couch incident" was voted #1 of 2005's "Most Surprising Television Moments" on a countdown on E! [29] ), and the Internet (including one reworking of the scene to make it look like Cruise kills Oprah with Sith lightning emanating from his hands).[30] Comedian Dane Cook parodied the incident a week later on Jimmy Kimmel, professing his love for Katie Holmes with a home-made tattoo on his back (A photograph affixed with tape) and going all the way to the female restroom to get her. In early 2006, when James Frey made his infamous appearance on Oprah, Best Week Ever released a mashup of Cruise's appearance and Frey's[31], in which Oprah appears to call Cruise a liar.

Litigation

  • The Daily Express newspaper — During his marriage to actress Nicole Kidman, the couple endured public speculation about their sex life and rumors that Cruise was gay. In 1998, he sued a British tabloid that alleged that the marriage was a sham designed to cover up his homosexuality.[32]
  • Chad Slater — In May 2001 he filed a lawsuit against gay porn actor Chad Slater (aka Kyle Bradford). Slater had allegedly told the celebrity magazine Actustar that he had engaged in an affair with Cruise. Both Slater and Cruise denied this, and in August 2001 Slater was ordered to pay $10 million to Cruise in damages.[33]
  • Michael Davis — He also sued Michael Davis, a magazine publisher, who alleged that he had photographs that would prove Tom Cruise was homosexual; this suit was dropped in exchange for a public statement by Davis that Tom Cruise was heterosexual.[34]

Wiretapping investigation

On March 17, 2006, the "Page Six" gossip column in the New York Post reported that Cruise's former wife Nicole Kidman was questioned by the FBI as part of the ongoing Pellicano wiretap investigation. Telephone voice recordings of Kidman speaking to Cruise were found when authorities first raided Pellicano's offices in 2002.

The tapes were allegedly made in 2001, shortly after Kidman and former husband Cruise announced they were separating. Cruise used lawyer Dennis Wasser to negotiate his separation, and Wasser regularly retained Pellicano's services. Although he has not been charged in the case, Wasser has been told by the FBI he is a "person of interest."[14][15]

Cruise's personal attorney Bertram Fields has also been repeatedly connected to the same wiretapping investigation.

Publicist

Cruise's more open attitude to Scientology has been attributed to the departure of his publicist of 14 years, Pat Kingsley, in March 2004. He replaced her with his sister, fellow Scientologist Lee Anne DeVette, who served in that role until November 2005 [16]. He then demoted his sister and replaced her with veteran publicist Paul Bloch, from the publicity firm Rogers and Cowan. Such restructuring is seen as a move to curtail publicity about his Scientology views, as well as the hard-sell of the Tom/Kat relationship backfiring with the public [17], [18]. DeVette explained that it was her decision to work on philanthropic projects rather than publicity[19].

Miscellaneous

In April 2005, Cruise began dating Katie Holmes. This very public love affair took a dramatic turn when Cruise and Holmes got engaged in Paris [20] while on a world publicity tour for their two most recent movies (War of the Worlds for Cruise, and Batman Begins for Holmes). War of the Worlds director Steven Spielberg indicated that he was frustrated by media coverage of Cruise's relationship during promotion of the film, though he believed it to be genuine. [21] On October 5, 2005, it was reported by People magazine that Holmes was pregnant. Cruise came under fire from various medical professionals after he bought a sonogram machine to monitor his baby. The American College of Radiology claims that overuse or misuse of the medical equipment is unnecessary and could be harmful to the baby's health, and that it may be illegal to own. [22] On May 4, 2006 the California Assembly passed a bill to ban distribution of ultrasound machines to non-licensed practitioners, though the law must still go through the Senate.[35] On April 18, 2006 Holmes gave birth to a baby girl named Suri, the first child for both Holmes and Cruise although the latter has two adopted children: Connor Antony (born January 17 1995) and Isabella Jane (born December 22 1992) from his marriage to Nicole Kidman.[1]

Cruise's behavior in recent interviews and his very public romance with Katie Holmes led him to become the butt of numerous jokes on late night television shows such as Late Night with Conan O'Brien. [23] The jokes commonly referred to Cruise being insane or parody the Lauer interview.

In February 2006 an article in Life & Style magazine reported that Cruise and Holmes were splitting up, but keeping up a public pretense until the Spring (when the birth of their child will roughly coincide with the release of Mission Impossible 3, Cruise's next film). Arnold Robinson, a publicist for the couple, denied there being any truth to the story. A representative for Life & Style magazine responded, "We stand 100 percent behind our story", and claimed it had been verified by two anonymous friends of Cruise. [24]

In an April 2006 interview with GQ magazine taken while Holmes was pregnant, Cruise jokingly suggested that he might eat her placenta after birth - a health practice known as placentophagy. He was quoted as saying "I'm gonna eat the placenta. I thought that would be good. Very nutritious. I'm gonna eat the cord and the placenta right there." But when the interviewer said it would be a big meal, Cruise replied: "OK, maybe I won't." In a later interview with Diane Sawyer, Cruise joked about the comments and said he wasn't really going to eat it. [25][26][27]

During the London premiere of War of the Worlds, Cruise was on one of his familiar walkabouts when much to his surprise he was squirted with a water pistol (disguised as a microphone) by a performer working on a TV programme for the Channel Four Station in the UK, in which various famous people were targeted for practical jokes. While maintaining his composure, the actor called the perpetrator a "jerk" and said he was "incredibly rude". Police later made arrests after the incident, but no charges were later brought[28]. The programme in question was entitled Balls of Steel.

All salaries are reported by IMDb source. They do not account for inflation.

Selected filmography

Year Title Role Other notes Salaries
1981 Endless Love Billy
1981 Taps Cadet Captain David Shawn
1983 The Outsiders Steve Randle
1983 Losin' It Woody
1983 Risky Business Joel Goodson $75,000
1983 All the Right Moves Stef
1985 Legend Jack O' The Green
1986 Top Gun Lt. Pete 'Maverick' Mitchell $1,000,000
1986 The Color of Money Vincent Lauria
1988 Cocktail Brian Flanagan
1988 Young Guns Cowboy uncredited cameo
1988 Rain Man Charlie Babbitt $3,000,000 + % of gross
1989 Born on the Fourth of July Ron Kovic Academy Award Nomination - Best Actor
1990 Days of Thunder Cole Trickle
1992 Far and Away Joseph Donnelly $13,000,000
1992 A Few Good Men Lt. Daniel Kaffee
1993 The Firm Mitch McDeere
1994 Interview with the Vampire Lestat de Lioncourt $15,000,000
1996 Mission: Impossible Ethan Hunt $70,000,000 (gross participation)
1996 Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire Academy Award Nomination - Best Actor $20,000,000 against 15%
1999 Eyes Wide Shut Bill Harford $20,000,000
1999 Magnolia Frank T.J. Mackey Academy Award Nomination - Best Supporting Actor
2000 Mission: Impossible II Ethan Hunt $75,000,000 (gross participation)
2001 Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures Narrator
2001 Vanilla Sky David Aames also producer $20,000,000 + 30% of profits
2002 Space Station 3D Narrator
2002 Minority Report John Anderton $25,000,000+
2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Himself cameo
2003 The Last Samurai Nathan Algren also producer $25,000,000 + % of profits
2004 Collateral Vincent
2005 War of the Worlds Ray Ferrier Razzie Nomination - Worst Actor 20% profit participation ($118,283,263.20)
2006 Mission: Impossible III Ethan Hunt also producer $75,000,000

Worldwide film grosses

These figures do not account for inflation.
Year Title Gross
2005 War of the Worlds $591,416,316
2000 Mission: Impossible II $545,902,562
2003 The Last Samurai $456,758,981
1996 Mission: Impossible $456,494,833
2002 Minority Report $358,372,926
1988 Rain Man $354,825,435
1986 Top Gun $353,816,701
1996 Jerry Maguire $273,552,592
1993 The Firm $270,248,367
1992 A Few Good Men $243,240,178

See boxofficemojo.com. Figures are subject to minor adjustments (usually upwards) when studios release revised official figures, which sometimes occurs years after first release.

Other work

Tom Cruise co-hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway with Oprah Winfrey in 2004.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tom Cruise at IMDb
  2. ^ Template:Nndb name
  3. ^ IMDB, "Cruise's Family Tree Treat"
  4. ^ Ancestry of Tom Cruise: Fourth Generation
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ Dreyfous-Kahrs-Thomas-Hamilton Family
  7. ^ CNN report about Parade Magazine article
  8. ^ Template:Imdb company
  9. ^ "Tom Cruise named Hollywood's most powerful actor". indobase.com. Retrieved 12 May. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ [2]
  11. ^ Katie Holmes & Tom Cruise Have a Girl! People.com. April 18, 2006.
  12. ^ Cruise lobbies over Scientology BBC News
  13. ^ Tom Cruise - Involvement in Scientology Scientology Lies
  14. ^ Tom Cruise and the Church of Scientology Spiegel
  15. ^ "In tense moment, Cruise calls Lauer 'glib'" MSNBC.COM. (June 28, 2005)
  16. ^ Brooke & Tom's War of the Words E online
  17. ^ Cruise credits Scientology for his success MSNBC
  18. ^ CRUISE TRIPPED UP BY MAGAZINE OVER SCIENTOLOGY CLAIMS contactmusic.com
  19. ^ NARCONON: A NEW LIFE FOR DRUG ADDICTS Scientology web site
  20. ^ Narconon's success rates Operation Clambake
  21. ^ American University Mental Health Expert Can Discuss Tom Cruise and “War of the Words” American University News
  22. ^ Paris snubs Scientology 'militant' Cruise Irish Examiner
  23. ^ Tom Cruise ne sera pas citoyen d'honneur de Paris (In French)
  24. ^ Scientologist's Treatments Lure Firefighters, Michelle O'Donnell, NY Times, 4 October, 2003
  25. ^ Cruise Blasted by 9/11 Firefighters, World Entertainment News Network, 14 December, 2005
  26. ^ South Park declares war on Tom Cruise The Independent
  27. ^ [3]
  28. ^ [4]
  29. ^ [5]
  30. ^ [6]
  31. ^ Best Week Ever: Tom Cruise On Oprah, The Way It Should Have Been
  32. ^ Cruise and Kidman win libel case - BBC News
  33. ^ Cruise wins 'gay' claims legal battle - BBC News
  34. ^ Cruise gay claims dropped - BBS News
  35. ^ Law concerning ultrasound machines Chigago Tribune

References

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