Talk:Entropy (energy dispersal)

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NPOV

Has nobody noticed that putting a particular theory on a separate page is completely in contradiction to NPOV? The only way to do something of the sort within the rules might be to link to an external source. It is really just the same as Origin of species (Biology) and origin of species (biblical). And the article itself is not exactly encylopedic standards. And, coming from outside a little, perhaps changing this title to entropy (teaching methods) and including several alternate ways of presenting it might solve the problem of how to do it. I understand the difficulty of presenting exact theory in beginning courses, since I have been facing the challenge of presenting entropy to beginning Library & Inf Sci students, totally lacking a scientific background of any sort. (I use analogies.) DGG 05:03, 13 October 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Yes – see Talk:Entropy#NPOV .. .dave souza, talk 10:47, 13 October 2006 (UTC)[reply]

This change is a work in progress. Entropy is a huge topic; the trend has been to use mini-articles with "links to main" on central page or to use "see also" and then put the rest on a separate page. --Sadi Carnot 12:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)[reply]

New page cleaning tasks

I have found this "dispersal" perspective used in Starr's Biology - the Unity and Diversity of Life textbook (1992), 6th Ed. and Atkins book The Second Law (1984). Either Atkins is the primary source of this perspective or there is someone else who started this concept; in either case it would be good to find the correct historical basis for this idea. I am going to make a short header article on the entropy page with a link to main.

One issue we will have to correct on this page is the book list. I have Ebbing's General Chemistry 3rd Ed. (1990) and Brown's Chemistry - the Central Science 9th Ed. (2003) and they both use the disorder perspective. I am going to assume that the newer additions use the dispersal perspective? Yet, I question this because I also have Sagan's book Into the Cool (2005) and it does talk about Frank L. Lambert (pgs. 82-84), but these four pages devoted to Lambert's ideas (out of 267 other authors cited in the book) talk about chemical kinetics, Murphy's law, and activation energy not about "energy dispersal"? This leads me to question the entire list on this page that was submitted by Frank Lambert; maybe it is just a list of books that mentions his work, but not necessarily energy dispersal? I will remove Sagan's book for now and we will have to clean the rest of the list to so to include only those books that mention energy dispersal specifically and cite the actual pages and reference sentences directly. Perhaps Lambert can aid in this task? I also don't like the words "teaching approach"...it doesn't make any sense. --Sadi Carnot 12:12, 27 October 2006 (UTC)[reply]

In order to support an assertion such as " a number of recent chemistry texts" blah blah, we cannot resort to compiling the list ourselves since that constitutes original research. The assertion is unsourced, and, as you already found, dubious. The only kind of reliable source would be a review of recent pedagogical approaches in recent P.chem texts in a peer-reviewed journal.98.109.238.95 (talk) 03:30, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Poor Boltzmann

Can pls somebody give a specific reference where Boltzmann used the term "Unordnung" (disorder). I don't have the complete works at hand but only the selected works in Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften Band 286, and I can't find it used. IMHO it's also completely out of his usual diction. Most often he is using "Permutabilzätsmaß", i.e. the number of microstates. --Pjacobi 17:21, 1 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Boltzmann used the term molar-ordered and molar-disordered (pg. 40) in his Gas Lectures (Dover reprint). Also, I know that Helmholtz used the term in 1882, i.e. from entropy (order and disorder), in 1882 Hermann von Helmholtz used the word "Unordnung" (disorder) to describe entropy.^[1]

^ Anderson, Greg (2005). Thermodynamics of Natural Systems. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521847729.

Later: --Sadi Carnot 04:50, 7 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Sadi, since you were thoughtful to mirror the Archives pertinent to Pjacobi's question, I thought you would include a lead to my extended discussion of Boltzmann and his innocent use of 'disorder' -- in the sense that he was speaking prior to detailed knowledge of molecular behavior, before quantization of energy, before the third law, and without knowledge of the "Boltzmann entropy equation". Thus came his unfortunate simplistic statement that then shaped conceptual thought for over a century -- on p. 443 after more than 400 pages (US translation) of still-powerful theory. Here's the lead: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Entropy/Archive2#Disorder, and here's the seminal paragraph:

“In order to explain the fact that the calculations based on this assumption correspond to actually observable processes, one must assume that an enormously complicated mechanical system represents a good picture of the world, and that all or at least most of the parts of it surrounding us are initially in a very ordered – and therefore very improbable – state. When this is the case, then whenever two of more small parts of it come into interaction with each other the system formed by these parts is also initially in an ordered state and when left to itself it rapidly proceeds to the disordered most probable state.” (Final paragraph of #87, p. 443.)

'Order to disorder' -- on this slight basis of "If the result is 'disordered', the initial state must have been 'ordered'". Even a genius can err if he does not have adequate data. FrankLambert 05:09, 9 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, thank you Frank, this is a good section; I'll add it to entropy (order and disorder). However, "theories on molecular behavior" go back farther than Boltzmann. In 1859, for example, Maxwell was writing about "variations in the velocities of atoms and molecules". In 1862, Clausius was speaking of "changes in the arrangements of the molecules" in terms of molecular disgregation. See also: History of the molecule (an article I recently wrote). Later: --Sadi Carnot 19:16, 13 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Student point of view

User:Dave souza keeps writing stuff in this article using the word "student" all over the place. This, by far, is not in line with WP:NPOV. Moreover, since this whole dispersal debate began, I have read several of the historical books on this dispersal approach, and they do not repeat the word "student" all over the place. Souza is obviously greatly influenced by Frank L. Lambert's websites. Wikipedia is supposed to be written so to be available to a world audience of all ages. I would suggest he clean this article accordingly. --Sadi Carnot 05:02, 7 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Good point, thanks for picking this up. As suggested, I've copyedited the article to make it more general and in line with the historical background now shown. .. dave souza, talk 09:47, 9 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Looks better, good work. I've found that the English chemical engineer Kenneth Denbigh, in his 1955 textbook The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, was the first to use the spreading and sharing of energy approach to entropy (although he doesn't use the word "dispersal" per se). Later: --Sadi Carnot 19:34, 13 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

"The world audience of all ages ..."

This concept of the audience is central to the whole concept of Wikipedia. We must be wary of it being dominated by academics of the wrong kind.

The article says in a condescending way - "By giving concrete examples, this approach is effective in explaining entropy to assist those who have great difficulty in grasping mathematical abstractions."

I would supplement this comment with - "Those who have a grasp of the mathematical abstraction and have no idea of (or don't care about) the concrete examples really have no understanding at all."

People such as Galileo, Newton, Kelvin, Maxwell, Einstein and so on were well aware of their concrete examples and followed up with the mathematical analysis. Read them and you will see what I mean.

Anyone who proclaims "I can follow the maths therefore I know all about it so I need know nothing of concrete examples" are fakes. They give academics a bad name. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.9.185.137 (talk) 03:40, 23 February 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Very Deeply Flawed Article

This article purports to discuss a scientific fact, but is entirely non-factual. It is nothing more than an opinion without basis in fact ... and it doesn't even uphold Wikipedia standards for discussing an opinion. It is little more than a long advertisement for the publications of the Lambert / Leff team.

As Daniel Moynihan was fond of saying, people are entitled to their own opinions, but they are not entitled to their own facts.

The content of this article is directly contradicted by other Wikipedia articles and by standard sources including well-esteemed textbooks. There is no way to convert this article to a neutral POV opinion without making it self-contradictory. There is no way to promote it from opinion to fact, because it directly contradicts immutable observable physical facts.

The argument that the "energy dispersal" approach has pedagogical advantages is without merit. There is no value in a convenient way of teaching wrong facts. --Jsd 08:43, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Not according to the sources. If you've sources contesting the usefulness of this approach, please present them. . dave souza, talk 09:58, 8 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Agree with dave souza. Many new textbooks shows your assertion, that this approach does not have pedagogical advantages, to be false. The article is well sourced. --Bduke (Discussion) 22:02, 8 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

The article is very poorly sourced indeed. Personal websites should not be used at all. Stray articles in a pedagogical journal are also not reliable. A review article on all the recent trends in entropy pedagogy would be the only possible reliable source, and I do not see that here.98.109.238.95 (talk) 03:37, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

It is always possible to find sources in support of an opinion. That does not however promote it from opinion to fact. The article remains grossly counterfactual. Finding grossly erroneous incorrect information in introductory chemistry texts is like finding sand at the beach. Correct factual information can be found in e.g.

Ludwig Boltzmann, Vorlesungen über Gastheorie 2 vol. (J.A. Barth, Leipzig; 1896 and 1898).
Enrico Fermi, Thermodynamics (1936)
Claude Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” Bell System Technical Journal (1948).
Richard Feynman, Statistical Mechanics (1972)
Kittel & Kroemer, Thermal Physics (1980)

Need I go on? --Jsd 00:25, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Could I remind you that wikipedia is not about facts. We do not decide whether something is true or false. We write about what is notable, i.e what has been noted by others and reported in reliable sources so it is verifiable. Lambert's proposal is notable because it has been noticed and it is now used in very many textbooks. Your texts may say something else, but that is not relevant to this article. I would also point out that they are all prior to the articles written about the diffusion of energy idea, so do not comment directly on it. If you have sources that directly criticize Lambert's ideas, then let us have them. The article should include what they say. That is what WP:NPOV is about. We report all views that are in reliable sources. If you want my thoughts as a scientist and educator, I do not think Lambert's ideas are counter factual or in opposition to what the "greats" of thermodynamics you quote say, but I do think that they are a better way of introducing entropy to students, particularly those in physical chemistry. I also respect Peter Atkins' judgment on this. He has authored one of the key textbooks in physical chemistry for several decades and 8 editions. He moved to this idea of dispersal of energy in the 8th edition. Other textbook authors have done the same, and I understand more are doing so for editions to be published soon. However, this is not the place to discuss the science, but the article.--Bduke (Discussion) 01:19, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Wikipedia is not about facts??? WTF? If there are facts, they can be backed up by reliable sources. Thus, you are contradicting yourself in what you are saying. Geez. Nageh (talk) 16:31, 11 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Bduke's line of reasoning is not applicable to this article, since the article has not found one reliable source for its assertions.98.109.238.95 (talk) 03:37, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

There is no problem with articles based on fiction, such as the Hogwarts article. The problem arises when somebody tries to pass off a fictional article as fact. NPOV standards require that when an opinion is controversial, the controversy should be examined, and conflicting opinions should be given fair treatment.

At the very least, the admonition that "Wikipedia is not about facts" should be prominently featured in the energy dispersal article.

It is unlikely that a scholarly article directly contradicting "energy dispersal" will ever be published, because the article would merely be a restatement of overwhelmingly well-tested conventional ideas. It would be like publishing an article contradicting the "earth is flat" opinion. And besides, what would it matter? In this discussion, nobody has even bothered to claim that the article is factual; the crux of the argument is that facts don't matter.

I just added a reliable source, I liked your source too but it's true that as a personal blog it is not a reliable source. A book published by World Scientific is, just barely, a reliable source. (I once saw a list of "predatory journals" and "predatory publishers" which included World Scientific!! But that is not fair. They do peer review a lot of their stuff, and are not predatory.)98.109.238.95 (talk) 03:37, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

So let's agree that facts don't matter, mark the article as non-factual, and move on. OK? --Jsd 01:37, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

No. First, "nobody has even bothered to claim that the article is factual". I claimed that it is not contrary to what the "greats" said. Second, "It is unlikely that a scholarly article directly contradicting "energy dispersal" will ever be published". Not so, since this approach is widely used in many textbooks, it is quite likely that a critical article will be written, if anybody agrees with you. Third, "somebody tries to pass off a fictional article as fact". Nobody is doing that. We are reporting on a notable approach to the teaching of entropy. Forth, "conflicting opinions should be given fair treatment". Of course they should, so find some sources for these opinions. We do not edit from original research. Finally, "the crux of the argument is that facts don't matter". No, we agree that they matter, but we do not decide them. We report what others say about them. --Bduke (Discussion) 01:48, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to talk about energy dispersal, fine, talk about energy dispersal. But you must not call it entropy. Call it the Flambert Function or some such if you wish. Entropy has a single conventional definition that is used in a dozen different fields and subfields of science and technology. The community simply will not permit you to redefine it.

The claim that the article is "not contrary to what the greats said" is false. The well-validated classic references define entropy one way, while the article attempts to define it in another way. The two definitions are not equivalent. The Flambert Function is not the same as entropy ... not conceptually the same and not numerically equal. It takes only a moment to think up situations where the degree of energy dispersal is decreasing while the entropy is increasing. Therefore in this article, every sentence that uses the word "entropy" contradicts all standard references on the subject. --Jsd 07:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

I'm still waiting for somebody to claim that the article is factual. --Jsd 02:15, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

I think you are really misunderstanding what this is about. Who are you, BTW, to commit the community to "The community simply will not permit you to redefine it"? Anyway, this does not redefine entropy. It explains it in a different way, and in a way that is better for teaching entropy to people who do not have a strong background in physics, such as many chemists. Have you read Peter Atkins' "Physical Chemistry"? Atkins is a very rigorous physical chemist who has used the traditional approach in 7 editions of his book. He had a good reason to change the approach in the 8th. Several other texts have done the same. That approach deserves an article on wikipedia. If you think they should not be doing that, then write an article in something like "The Journal of Chemical Education" and try to convince them. Wikipedia is not the place to have that argument. --Bduke (Discussion) 08:36, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

The article is factual, it states that this is a method of introducing entropy to students which is in use in a number of respected textbooks. Jed's confusion may have arisen from the non-standard way that the introductory paragraph of the lead was written, I've revised it in a way that should fully meet Jed's objections. All written descriptions of entropy are analogies, and Jed's personal preference for older analogies is irrelevant to Wikipedia where verification of different views on a subject is required. . dave souza, talk 08:56, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

This claim is unsourced. I just flagged it as needing a reliable source.98.109.238.95 (talk) 03:37, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

The changes to the lead paragraph do not fully meet my objections. They do not address my objections at all.

Please do not muddy the waters with remarks about my "personal preference for older analogies". The authoritative references I cited do not offer older analogies; they offer facts, or rather fact singular, since the definition of entropy has not changed in many many decades. Personal preference has got nothing to do with it. Facts are facts, whether they are "preferred" or not. Analogies and models do not have equal status with facts. Everybody is entitled to their own opinions, but they are not entitled to their own facts. The failure of this article to distinguish fact from opinion is central to this discussion.

If you want a moderately detailed citable explanation of why "energy dispersal" is not equivalent to entropy, see Misconceptions about Spreading

Could you give us some information about this link? It does not look anywhere near to being a reliable source that verifies anything. It just looks like an attempt by one person to describe entropy and s/he sees it. Who wrote it? --Bduke (Discussion) 23:05, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

The suggestion that the article merely presents a factual arm's-length description of a fallacious pedagogical model, without itself partaking of the fallacy, is intriguing but insufficient. The article does not in fact maintain arm's length, and does not uphold a neutral point of view. To do so it would need to discuss the pros and the cons of the model.

For starters, one must wonder why the "energy dispersal" article includes a long discussion of "disorder" as a model for entropy. This is the lamest of straw-man arguments. Yes, "disorder" is a poor model, but so what? As the saying goes, there is no glory in outstripping donkeys. A properly neutral article would compare "energy dispersal" to all the competing models, not just the lamest one.

Even the article's title is evidence against the suggestion that this is an arm's-length review of a pedagogical model. It purports to be an article about entropy, but it is not. So at best the title is misleading. If somebody were to write an article called "Entropy/Pedagogical Models" that made a good-faith effort toward even-handed review of the available models, many of the present objections would not apply.

The suggestion that the article does not "redefine" entropy is similarly intriguing but insufficient. In some places the article dodges the issue by using weasel words such as "exposited" in lieu of "defined". But weasel words are by themselves contrary to Wikipedia standards. Also restating the second law is tantamount to redefining entropy, whether you call it a redefinition or not. --Jsd 10:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

The maths remains the same, the lame but regrettably common disorder analogy is discarded. The facts remain the same. If you've got a source reviewing different teaching models, work up a new article, but that doesn't affect the legitimacy of this article. Your arguments fail WP:TALK and unless you present properly sourced detailed proposals these discussions should be archived. . dave souza, talk 22:21, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

The assertion that "the maths remains the same" is both OR and error. A source has been cited that explains in simple terms why energy-spreading is not the same as entropy. Besides, whatever happened to the reminder that "Wikipedia is not about facts"? Are you now arguing that the article gives a mathematically factual account of entropy? --Jsd 22:56, 9 April 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jsd (talk • contribs)

Frank Lambert all over the place

All the external links pointing to one single place? Is this appropriate? DVdm (talk) 11:40, 16 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]

POV tag added

I've added a {{POV}} tag, because I share the concerns raised in the two discussion sections immediately above (also DGG's comments further up about WP:POVFORK). The article at the moment sees extremely one-sided and unbalanced, boosterish and uncritical throughout, with energy dispersal assertively presented as "the solution" to the pedagogical question.

The article in my view should be more cautious.

The reason that "energy dispersal" is useful is that, in everyday circumstances, the number of ways to distribute the energy around is much the largest significant contribution to the entropy. That's an important point, very valuable, and well justifies the existence of this article. But the article should also caution that, in and of itself, energy dispersal is not the fundamental meaning of entropy. A couple of examples may help to make this more concrete:

Zero-point configurational entropy. -- A real stretch to discuss this as shuffling energy around, as we're at an energy minimum; plus the state in which what zero-point energy there is is most dispersed is not necessarily the state with the lowest (configurational) entropy.
Entropy of black holes -- Here the entropy is actually higher when the energy is less dispersed. Concentrating the energy in the black hole makes more black hole quantum states accessible, far outweighing the parallel reduction of the number of states in free space.

There is also to my mind a danger with too closely associating entropy with energy, because this raises a barrier to the more fundamental, more general notion of entropy as more properly a dimensionless quantity, as reflected in information theory.

To be fair, we do briefly touch on the idea of configuration entropy and entropy of mixing; but then only to uncritically retail Frank Lambert's material from his CalPoly talk (a talk which to me reads more like a desperate attempt to bale out a boat holed below the waterline).

There's no doubt that the "energy dispersal" has been a valuable and significant contribution to the language for introducing and discussing the idea of entropy -- as witnessed by its wide uptake. An article here is certainly appropriate. But it is an article that also needs to be appropriately judicious, detached and neutral; and must consider the limitations, as well as the value, of such language. Jheald (talk) 11:46, 3 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]

One further issue is that, reading the article, the reader may be led to think that what ultimately matters is the number of different local states the energy is dispersed over. It would be good if the reader would be led to see that the reason this is important is that under everyday circumstances, this spatial spreading is what leads to the number of different available global states to be greatest (per the demonstration given early on in most books on statistical mechanics.

A section limitations of the energy-dispersal picture might be a good addition, to present this idea, and then introduce ideas like non-energy configuration entropy, and entropy increase of things (and energy) falling into black holes. Jheald (talk) 00:59, 6 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I've never found the need for this description of entropy in chemical thermodynamics, where it is supposed to clarify 'entropy'. It does seem to apply to the glass of melting ice-water, in the article entropy. That's because the equilibrium transformation occurs at a constant temperature, which is generally not the case. Chemical thermodynamics is a theory: the classical thermodynamics of chemical phenomena: it would be nice if both definitions and descriptions remain within the theory, which has been cast in a deductive form.

In my little applications to geology, the definition of entropy is the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy divided by a variable T, as the state travels an equilibrium path. Temperature varies. My personal description of entropy is analogous to the buffering capacity of the system's energy with respect to changes in its temperature. If 'energy dispersion' could be either defined or described within the theory of classical thermodynamics, I could better judge its validity and value: its POV. -Geologist 209.218.108.22 (talk) 02:37, 19 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]

I agree that this boosterish article should simply be deleted. F. Lambert's website is not a reliable source. A few stray papers supporting his concepts does not add up to a reliable source either. As far as I can tell, the assertions about "many new textbooks" are unsupported. When I looked randomly through google books, most of them were print-on-demand books from "publishers" without any reputation for peer review, so, none of those texts count as a reliable source. The Eighth Ed. of Atkins is the one exception, but even so: giving a minority point of view representation out of all proportion to its acceptance in the science community as a whole is biassed. Furthermore, when I look at the google snippet views of the 8th edn of Atkins's book, I see that the description by the editors in this article are a gross misrepresentation of the book. The discussions of lambda phase transitions are full of references to order and disorder transitions. And such phase transitions are an important application of entropy, and very much cutting edge research today. 98.109.238.95 (talk) 00:47, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Furthermore, the use of the "dispersal of energy" intuition seems to constantly lead to its own misunderstandings. For example, and this from a published article, "Entropy increase involves an increase in the number of accessible microstates among which the energy of a system can be distributed. Thus, there is only one kind of entropy change in a system: the spreading of energy among a changed number of accessible microstates" Now look at that carefully. The author essentially needs to switch away from the idea of dispersion to the idea of "number of accessible microstates" which is approximately Boltzmann's W, the thermodynamic probability. And the rest of the article does indeed use only the number of accessible microstates, abandoning the idea of dispersion. But the idea that energy of the system can be "dispersed" among different microstates is the typical confusion that Lambert's idea leads to. The energy of an assembly can be distributed or dispersed between different systems in the Gibbsian assembly. The energy of a system can be distributed or dispersed between the components of that system, as in Boltzmann. But energy can never be distributed between different microstates. I have seen this error in the partisans of the "dispersal of energy" pov over and over. In fact, I believe one of the editors of this page had to have it pointed out to them in archived talk pages by someone arguing for the deletion of a similar article elsewhere. Thank goodness that error is no longer perpetrated here, but it goes to show the dangers of this pedagogical approach. 98.109.238.95 (talk) 04:10, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

/* Solution: entropy as energy dispersal */ unsourced assertion, dubious

I have never seen an objective survey of the recent textbooks' treatment of entropy. This dubious unsourced assertion needs to be buttressed or removed. Note: providing a list of such texts is original research. This assertion needs a citation to a pedagogical survey article that supports this assertion. And, "publication" by a print-on-demand service such as Cenpage or alphascript does not count.98.109.238.95 (talk) 02:38, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

I agree that Lambert's survey is not independent, but he does list the textbooks and you can look at them to test whether his assertion that they now talk about energy dispersal is correct. Whether energy dispersal is a correct way of talking about thermodynamics or not, there is no doubt that many chemistry textbooks (in particular) see it as a good way to introduce entropy to chemistry students. I have followed Atkins' "Physical Chemistry" since the first edition and used many of the editions to teach physical chemistry to chemistry students. He has certainly changed his approach over the years and the later editions certainly use energy dispersal. One problem is that people do not write papers comparing different textbooks. --Bduke (Discussion) 07:24, 29 June 2013 (UTC)No digestion routine selected by BogLdR[reply]

You are seriously mistaken on both main counts. The characterisation of atkins's new edition was a gross distortion of that textbook, I edited it, but that shows how reliable the editors's assertions are. Secondly, they do indeed write reviews of textbooks, and usually of four or five at a time. There are also reviews of pedagogical approaches as a whole. But more importantly, Wikipedia policy is perfectly explicit about sourcing. It is irrelevant whether Lambet'´s personal website is objective or independent or not. It is a personal website and so cannot be used to support an assertion on Wikipedia. Policy is also fairly explicit about use of stray scholarly articles. Such articles in isolation do not constitute a reliable source since they do not show what level of acceptance by the general scholarly community in that field obtains for the assertion at hand. The paragraphs which are little more than digests of Lambert's own website, and with no other source than his posts on that website, should be removed as soon as possible. The paragraphs which rely on only a few papers should also eventually be removed. 98.109.238.95 (talk) 14:08, 29 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

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