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Cerberus

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This article is about the mythical dog. For other uses, see Cerberus (disambiguation).
Cerberus
GroupingLegendary creature
Other name(s)Kérberos
CountryGreece, Italy
HabitatUnderworld
Cerberus outside the entrance to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

Cerberus /ˈsɜːrbərəs/,[1] or Kerberos, (Greek form: Κέρβερος, [ˈkerberos])[2] in Greek and Roman mythology, is a multi-headed (usually three-headed) dog, or "hellhound" [1][3][4] which guards the gates of the Underworld, to prevent those who have crossed the river Styx from ever escaping. Cerberus featured in many works of ancient Greek and Roman literature and in works of both ancient and modern art and architecture, although the depiction and background surrounding Cerberus often differed across various works by different authors of the era. The most notable difference is the number of its heads: Most sources describe or depict three heads; others show it with two or even just one; a smaller number of sources show a variable number, sometimes as many as 50 or even 100.

Mythology

Cerberus was the offspring of Echidna, a hybrid half-woman and half-serpent, and Typhon, a gigantic monster even the Greek gods feared. Its siblings are the Lernaean Hydra, a serpant woman; Orthus, a two-headed hellhound; and the Chimaera, a three-headed monster.[5] The common depiction of Cerberus in Greek mythology and art is as having three heads. In most works, the three heads each respectively see and represent the past, the present, and the future, while other sources suggest the heads represent birth, youth, and old age.[6] Each of Cerberus' heads is said to have an appetite only for live meat and thus allow only the spirits of the dead to freely enter the underworld, but allow none to leave.[7] Cerberus was always employed as Hades' loyal watchdog, and guarded the gates that granted access and exit to the underworld.[8]

The Twelfth Labor of Heracles

An ancient Etruscan vase from Caere (circa 525 BC) depicting Heracles presenting Cerberus to Eurystheus
Orthrus slain by Heracles.

Capturing Cerberus, without using weapons, was the final labour assigned to Heracles (Hercules) by King Eurystheus, in recompense for the killing of his own children by Megara after he was driven insane by Hera, and therefore was the most dangerous and difficult.

After having been given the task, Heracles went to Eleusis to be initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries so he could learn how to enter and exit the underworld alive, and in passing absolve himself for killing centaurs. He found the entrance to the underworld at Tanaerum, and Athena and Hermes helped him to traverse the entrance in each direction. He passed Charon with Hestia's assistance and his own heavy and fierce frowning.

Whilst in the underworld, Heracles met Theseus and Pirithous. The two companions had been imprisoned by Hades for attempting to kidnap Persephone. One tradition tells of snakes coiling around their legs then turning into stone; another tells that Hades feigned hospitality and prepared a feast inviting them to sit. They unknowingly sat in chairs of forgetfulness and were permanently ensnared. When Heracles had pulled Theseus first from his chair, some of his thigh stuck to it (this explains the supposedly lean thighs of Athenians), but the earth shook at the attempt to liberate Pirithous, whose desire to have the wife of a god for himself was so insulting, he was doomed to stay behind.

Heracles found Hades and asked permission to bring Cerberus to the surface, to which Hades agreed if Heracles could overpower the beast without using weapons. Heracles was able to overpower Cerberus and proceeded to sling the beast over his back, dragging it out of the underworld through a cavern entrance in the Peloponnese and bringing it to Eurystheus. The king was so frightened of the beast, he jumped into a pithos, and asked Heracles to return it to the underworld in return for releasing him from his labours.

Literature

Cerberus, as illustrated by Gustave Doré in Dante's Divine Comedy.

Cerberus featured in many prominent works of Greek and Roman literature, most famously in Virgil's Aeneid, Peisandros of Rhodes' epic poem the Labours of Hercules, the story of Orpheus in Plato's Symposium, and in Homer's Iliad, which is the only known reference to one of Heracles' labours which first appeared in a literary source.[9]

The depiction of Cerberus is relatively consistent between different works and authors, the common theme of the mane of serpents is kept across works, as is the serpent's tail, most literary works of the era describe Cerberus as having three heads with the only notable exception being Hesiod's Theogony in which he had 50 heads.[10]

Most occurrences in ancient literature revolve around the basis of the threat of Cerberus being overcome to allow a living being access to the underworld; in the Aeneid Cerberus was lulled to sleep after being tricked into eating drugged honeycakes and Orpheus put the creature to sleep with his music. Capturing Cerberus alive was the twelfth and final labour of Heracles. In Dante Alighieri's Inferno, Canto VI, the "great worm" Cerberus is found in the Third Circle of Hell, where he oversees and rends to pieces those who have succumbed to gluttony, one of the seven deadly sins.[11]

In the constellation Cerberus introduced by Johannes Hevelius in 1687, Cerberus is sometimes substituted for the "branch from the tree of the golden apples" fetched by Atlas from the garden of the Hesperides.[12] This branch is the literary source of the "golden bough" in the Aeneid by Virgil.

In Paradise Lost 11.65, Cerberean hounds are mentioned in Hell: "A cry of Hell Hounds never ceasing bark'd With wide Cerberean mouths full loud".

Art

In this vase painting, Heracles leads a two-headed Cerberus out of Hades.

Numerous references to Cerberus have appeared in ancient Greek and Roman art,[13] found in archaeological ruins and often including in statues and architecture, inspired by the mythology of the creature. Cerberus' depiction in ancient art is not as definitive as in literature; the poets and linguists of ancient Greece and Rome mostly agreed on the physical appearance (with the notable exception in Hesiod's Theogony in which he had 50 heads).[10] His depiction in classical art mostly shows the recurring motif of serpents, but the number of heads differs.[14] A statue in the Galleria Borghese depicts Cerberus with three heads sitting by the side of Hades, while a bronze sculpture depicting Heracles' twelfth labour shows the demi-god leading a two-headed Cerberus from the underworld. The majority of vases depicting the twelfth task also show Cerberus as having two heads.[15] Classical critics have identified one of the earliest works of Cerberus as "the most imaginative," that being a Laconian vase created around 560 BC in which Cerberus is shown with three-heads and with rows of serpents covering his body and heads.[16]

Etymology

The name "Cerberus" is a Latinised version of the Greek Kerberos, which may be related to the Sanskrit word सर्वरा "sarvarā", used as an epithet of one of the dogs of Yama, from a Proto-Indo-European word *ḱerberos, meaning "spotted"[17] (This etymology suffers from the fact that it includes a reconstructed *b, which is extremely rare in Proto-Indo-European. Yet according to Pokorny it is well distributed, with additional apparent cognates in Slavic, British and Lithuanian).[18] The use of a dog is uncertain,[19][20] although mythologists have speculated that the association was first made in the city of Trikarenos in Phliasia.[21]

Another etymology is offered by Bruce Lincoln.[22] He brings together Cerberus and the Norse mythological dog Garmr, deriving both names from a Proto-Indo-European root *ger- "to growl" (perhaps with the suffixes -*m/*b and -*r).

Explanations

There have been many attempts to explain the depiction of Cerberus. A 2nd century CE Greek known as Heraclitus the paradoxographer--- not to be confused with the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus--- claimed Euhemeristically that Cerberus had two pups which were never away from their father, as such Cerberus was in fact a normal (however very large) dog but artists incorporating the two pups into their work made it appear as if his two children were in fact extra heads.[23] Classical historians have dismissed Heraclitus the paradoxographer's explanation as "feeble".[21] Mythologers have speculated that if Cerberus was given his name in Trikarenos it could be interpreted as "three karenos".[21] Certain experts believe that the monster was inspired by the golden jackal.[24]

As of July 2nd 2013 Kerberos officially became the name of one of Plutos moons, formerly known as "P4". Pluto's previously known moons are also named for Greek and Roman mythological characters. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). [25]

References

  1. ^ a b "Cerberus". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  2. ^ Κέρβερος, Wiktionary (This version)
  3. ^ "Yahoo! Deducation".
  4. ^ Cerberus definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Hercules' Twelfth Labor: Cerberus". Perseus Project. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  6. ^ Bloomfield, Maurice (2003). Cerberus the Dog of Hades. Kessinger Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 0-7661-3020-7.
  7. ^ Allardice, Pamela (1991). Myths, Gods & Fantasy. ABC-CLIO. p. 52. ISBN 0-87436-660-7.
  8. ^ Guerber, Helene (2003). Myths of Greece and Rome. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-4856-4.
  9. ^ Homer. "8". Iliad. p. 366–369.
  10. ^ a b Hesiod. Theogony. p. 310.
  11. ^ Dante. Divine Comedy Inferno, canto VI
  12. ^ "Ian Ridpath, "Star Tales"". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  13. ^ Hegeler, Edward (1904). The Monist. Hegeler Institute. p. 524.
  14. ^ Bloomfield, Maurice (2003). "Cerberus in Classical Art". Cerberus the Dog of Hades. Kessinger Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-7661-3020-7.
  15. ^ Bloomfield, Maurice (2003). "Cerberus in Classical Art". Cerberus the Dog of Hades. Kessinger Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 0-7661-3020-7.
  16. ^ Lenardon, Robert (1997). A Companion to Classical Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514725-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 411. ISBN 0199287910. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "?".
  19. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Cerberus". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  20. ^ "Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary". University of Chicago Library. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  21. ^ a b c Bloomfield, Maurice (2003). Cerberus the Dog of Hades. Kessinger Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0766130207. Cite error: The named reference "maurice-7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Lincoln, Bruce (1991). Death, war, and sacrifice: studies in ideology and practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780226481999.
  23. ^ Heraclitus. Περὶ ἀπίστων. p. 331.
  24. ^ "Golden Jackal" (PDF). Canids.org. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  25. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23146454
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