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Social Sciences Directory Limited
Type of site
Social Sciences
Available inEnglish
URLwww.socialsciencesdirectory.com
CommercialNo

The Public Library of Science (PLOS, formerly PLoS[1]) is a nonprofit open access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. It launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003 and publishes seven journals, all peer reviewed, as of April 2012.[2]

History

The Open Access logo.
The first video published alongside a PLOS article: a model of how the human transferrin receptor assists transferrin in releasing iron.[3]

The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[4] The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals that did not make the full text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than 6 months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced they would start their own non-profit publishing operation.[5] In December 2002, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.[6][7]

The 2000/2001 petition also prompted action by established journals. Some, including BioMed Central journals, became open access journals, making the full text of papers freely available immediately upon publication. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and others became delayed open-access journals, making articles freely available some months after publication. Many others continue to rely on self-archiving.

The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal, along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific papers in the biological sciences in journals such as Genome Biology and the Journal of Biology since late 1999.

As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science officially launched its operation on 13 October 2003, with the publication of a peer-reviewed print and online scientific journal entitled PLOS Biology, and has since launched seven more peer-reviewed journals. One, PLOS Clinical Trials, has since been merged into PLOS ONE. Following the merger, the company started the PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLOS journal and relating to clinical trials.

The PLOS journals are what it describes as "open access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license. The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."

In 2011, the Public Library of Science became an official financial supporting organization of Healthcare Information For All by 2015,[8] a global initiative that advocates unrestricted access to medical knowledge, sponsoring the first HIFA2015 Webinar in 2012.[9]

In April 2013, PLOS announced their new initiative, the PLOS Text Mining Collection, to assist researchers in easily retrieving and extracting information from a digital text format.[10]

Business model

To fund the journals, PLOS charges a publication fee to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in group one countries are not charged a fee, and those in group two countries are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.) PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation.[11] PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering its operational costs itself.[12]

Impact

The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States have initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Society, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the Budapest Open Access Initiative).

Publications

  • PLOS Biology, ISSN 1544-9173; October 2003
  • PLOS Medicine, ISSN 1549-1676; October 2004
  • PLOS Computational Biology, ISSN 1553-7374; June 2005
  • PLOS Genetics, ISSN 1553-7404; July 2005
  • PLOS Pathogens, ISSN 1549-1676; September 2005
  • PLOS Clinical Trials ISSN 1555-5887; May 2006, later merged into PLOS ONE
  • PLOS ONE, ISSN 1817-101X; December 2006
  • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, ISSN 1935-2735; October 2007
  • PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials, third quarter 2007
  • PLOS Currents, ISSN 2157-3999; August 2009

Headquarters

PLOS has its main headquarters in Suite 100 in the Koshland East Building in Levi's Plaza in San Francisco.[13] The company was previously located in the China Basin Landing building in San Francisco, located across from the AT&T Park.[14] In June 2010, PLOS announced that it was moving to a new location in order to accommodate its rapid growth. The move to the Koshland East Building went into effect on 21 June 2010.[15]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ David Knutson (23 July 2012). "New PLOS look". PLOS BLOG. Public Library of Science. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  2. ^ "Journals". plos.org. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  3. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000051, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000051 instead.
  4. ^ "What Is PLOS? Early History". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  5. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve239, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 instead.
  6. ^ "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation". Retrieved December 17, 2002.
  7. ^ "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation". Retrieved May 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ "How organisations support HIFA2015". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  9. ^ "HIFA2015 Webinars". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  10. ^ "PLOS Text Mining Collection". 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  11. ^ Declan Butler (2006). "Open-access journal hits rocky times". Nature. 441 (7096): 914. doi:10.1038/441914a. PMID 16791161. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "2010 PLOS Progress Update | The Official PLOS Blog". Blogs.plos.org. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  13. ^ "Contact". PLoS. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  14. ^ "Contact". Internet Archive Wayback Machine. PLoS. 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  15. ^ Allen, Liz (2010-06-16). "PLoS San Francisco office is moving | The Official PLOS Blog". PLOS. Retrieved 2012-03-04.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Media from PLOS journals.
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