Jump to content

Hapa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Pendrop9 (talk | contribs) at 12:26, 4 September 2013 (Added sentence to lead about Hawaiian lang. origins; Clarified API def. prior to 2000 Cen.; Added sentence referring to difference in usage between local Hawaiians and other groups - hopefully that will ease the edit war. Discussion welcome on talk page.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A hapa is a person of mixed ethnic heritage.[1][2][3] The term originates in Hawaii from the Hawaiian word for "part" or "mixed".[4][5] The term is used by Hawaiian locals to describe all people of mixed race heritage.[6][7] More recently the term has been used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander descent.[8][9][10][11][12][13][nb 1] Some see the use of the term as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture.[15][16][17][18]

Etymology

The term hapa comes from a Hawaiian Pidgin word that denotes a part or fragment of something, itself a loan from the English word half. When applied to people, this denotes that such people are of mixed descent. Mary Pukui and Samuel Ebert's Hawaiian Dictionary define hapa as: "of mixed blood, person of mixed blood as in hapa Hawaiʻi, part Hawaiian."[19]

Used without qualification, hapa is often taken to mean "part White," and is shorthand for hapa haole. The term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. Examples of this include:

Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner". Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole.[22] In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese were traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.[23]

Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune and styling are typically Hawaiian, but the lyrics are in English or mostly in English.[24]

Further reading

  • Fulbeck, Kip (2006). Part Asian, 100% Hapa. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811849593.

In 2001, artist Kip Fulbeck began traveling the United States to find and interview hapa participants for The Hapa Project. The accompanying book consists of hundreds Americans who are of varying ages and genders and mixed races, presumably of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. The participants have similar mugshot or passport type pictures which are expressionless, without make-up, and showing only the face from the shoulders up. Under each photograph is a hand-written response which uniquely answers the question, "What are you?"[25][26]

See also

{{{inline}}}

References

  1. ^ Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53-54
  2. ^ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (Spring 2007). "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  3. ^ Grant Barrett. "Dictionary definition of hapa". Double Tongued Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  4. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 2
  5. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723
  6. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."
  7. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use Hapa to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."
  8. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 2: "Today, the term is commonly used to describe Asian Pacific Islanders of mixed race heritage."; p. 14: "As well, in contemporary discourse, hapa is used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander heritage, not limited to part White heritage."
  9. ^ Huynh-Hohnbaum (2009), p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."
  10. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Today, Hapa is used to describe any person of mixed Asian Pacific American descent."
  11. ^ Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53-54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi and Heidenreich, 2005)."
  12. ^ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (Spring 2007). "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 4 September 2013. "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American."
  13. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 135: "In California, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."
  14. ^ Office of Management and Budget (30 October 1997), Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, US Government, retrieved 4 September 2013
  15. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 138: "Prominent figures in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other “inappropriate” uses of the term."
  16. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723
  17. ^ Dariotis (2007)
  18. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 11
  19. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of hapa". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  20. ^ Easley (1995), p. 76: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""
  21. ^ "Hapa Haole". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  22. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of haole". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  23. ^ Gerrit Parmele Judd IV (1961). Hawaii: an informal history. Collier Books. p. 136.
  24. ^ Kanahele, George S.; Berger, John, eds. (2012) [1979]. Hawaiian Music & Musicians (2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781566479677. OCLC 808415079. {{cite book}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ http://www.union.edu/Resources/Campus/mandeville/exhibits/past/Hapa-Project-08/index.php
  26. ^ http://www.janm.org/exhibits/kipfulbeck/home/

Notes

  1. ^ "Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a US Census classification prior to the 2000 US Census subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".[14]

Sources

Books
  • Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T. (2009). "Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders". In Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. Vol. 1. Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443. ISBN 978-0313347511. {{cite book}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |author-name-separator=, |laysource=, |layurl=, |trans_title=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |author-separator=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
Journal articles
Articles
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapa&oldid=571504250"