Dvārakā

See Dwarka for the modern city. Not to be confused with the historical Dvaravati kingdom of Thailand.

Kesu Kalan and Miskin,
"Lord Krishna in the Golden City"
(Dwaraka), from the Harivamsha, ca. 1600, during Akbar's reign. Freer Gallery

Krishna's childhood friend, Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka.
ca 1775-1790 painting.

Dvārakā is also known as Dvāravatī, sometimes transcribed as Dwaraka and Dwaravati. Both names meaning in Sanskrit "the many-gated [city]". The city is described in the Mahabharata as a capital of the Anarta Kingdom. In the Harivamsa Purana the city lay in the Region of Sindhu. According to this Purana it was build on proposal of Garuda on request of Krishna by Vishvakarma, to secure the Yadava people. They left the city of Mathura for Dvārakā because of an attack of the two kings Kalayavana and Jarasandha before the great war of the Mahabharata at Kurukshetra.

Description of Dvārakā in the Harivamsa Purana

• In Harivamsa Purana Dvārakā is described as largely build on "submerged Land", "released by the ocean" (2.55.118 and 2.58.34).
• The city was the former "sporting ground of the King Raivataka" called "Dvāravāti", which "was squared like a chess board" (2.56.29).
• Nearby was the mountain range Raivataka (2.56.27), "the living place of the gods" (2.55.111).
• The City was measured by the Brahmanas; the foundations of the houses were laid and at least some of the houses were build by the Yadavas (2.58.9 - 15).
• It was build by Vishvakarma in one day (2.58.40) "mentaly" (2.58.41 and 44).
• It had surrounding walls (2.58.48 and 53) with four main gates (2.58.16).
• It's houses where arranged in lines (2.58.41) and the city got "high buildings" (2.58.50 and 54) "made in gold" (2.58.53), which "almost touched the sky" (2.58.50) and "could be seen everywhere like clouds" (2.58.48).
• It got a temple area with a palace for Krishna himself, which got a separate bathroom (2.58.43).
• It was a very rich city (2.58.47 - 66) and "the only city on earth, which was studded with gems" (2.58.49).

Dvārakā in the Mahabharata

Description

• A desert is mentioned to be present on the way from Indraprastha to Dwaraka (14-53,55)

Events

• Pandu's sons lived in Dwaraka during their exile to woods. Their servants headed by Indrasena lived there for one year (the 13th year) (4,72)
• Bala Rama mentioned about a sacrificial fire of Dwaraka, before he set for his pilgrimage over Sarasvati River (9,35)
• One should proceed with subdued senses and regulated diet to Dwaravati, where by bathing in Pindaraka, one obtaineth the fruit of the gift of gold in abundance (3,82)
• King Nriga in consequence of a single fault of his, had to dwell for a long time at Dwaravati and Krishna became the cause of his rescue from that miserable plight.(13,72)
• Sage Durvasa resided at Dwaravati for a long time (13,160)
• Arjuna visited Dwaravati during his military campaign after the Kurukshetra War (14,83)

Archaeological findings

Main article: Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay

On May 19, 2001, India's science and technology minister Murli Manohar Joshi announced the finding of ruins in the Gulf of Khambhat. The ruins, known as the Gulf of Khambhat Cultural Complex (GKCC), are located on the seabed of a nine-kilometer stretch off the coast of Gujarat province at a depth of about 40 m. The site was discovered by a team from the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) in December 2000 and investigated for six months with acoustic techniques.

A follow up investigation was conducted by the same institute in November 2001, which included dredging to recover artifacts. A round of further underwater explorations was made in the Gulf of Khambhat site by the NIOT team from 2003 to 2004, and the samples obtained of what was presumed to be pottery were sent to laboratories in Oxford, UK and Hannover, Germany, as well as several institutions within India, to be dated. In a 2003 paper A.S. Gaur and Sundaresh of National Institute of Oceanography concluded "The present excavation has thrown a light on the cultural sequence of Bet Dwarka Island. Around the 17th century B.C. Late Harappan people had established their settlement and they perhaps migrated from Nageshwar which is close by. They have exploited marine resources such as fish and conch shells. It appears that Late Harappans of Bet Dwarka island had interaction with the Saurashtra Harappans and they might be visiting ports on the coast of the northern Saurashtra region. The scanty habitational deposit suggests that the site was abandoned after a couple of centuries. The island was again inhabited during the 8th century B.C. on the southeastern coast of the island."

Inconclusive findings however, raised the possibility that the extremely old samples, as argued for many other artifacts recovered from the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay), are not man-made artifacts or potsherds, but rather geofacts and related objects of natural origin.

Michael Witzel argues that the "ruins" are either natural rock formations or the result of faulty remote sensing equipment and that the "artifacts" recovered are either geofacts or foreign objects introduced to the site by the very strong tidal currents in the Gulf of Cambay. The side scan sonar equipment used to image the bottom of the Gulf may have been faulty, and the claimed supporting evidence is purely circumstantial.

One of the main controversies is a piece of wood that was carbon dated to around 7500 BCE, a date which is used in arguments for a very early date for a city here. Dr. D.P. Agrawal, chairman of the Paleoclimate Group and founder of Carbon-14 testing facilities in India stated in an article in Frontline Magazine that the piece was dated twice, at separate laboratories. The NGRI in Hyderabad returned a date of 7190 BC and the BSIP in Hannover returned a date of 7545-7490 BC. Some archeologists, Agrawal in particular, contend that the discovery of an ancient piece of wood does not imply the discovery of an ancient civilization. Agrawal argues that the wood piece is a common find, given that 20,000 years ago the Arabian Sea was 100 meters lower than its current level, and that the gradual sea level rise submerged entire forests.

See also

• Marine archeology in the Gulf of Khambhat
• Dvaravati sila
• Kamboja-Dvaravati Route
• Lost lands