Sebaceous gland
Sebaceous gland | |
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![]() Schematic view of hair follicle and sebaceous gland. | |
![]() Cross-section of all skin layers. A hair follicle with associated structures. (Sebaceous glands labeled at center left.) | |
Details | |
Identifiers | |
Latin | glandula sebacea |
MeSH | D012627 |
TA98 | A16.0.00.030 A15.2.07.044 |
TA2 | 7082 |
FMA | 59160 |
Anatomical terminology |
The sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. In humans, they are found in the greatest number on the face and scalp, and are also found on all parts of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The type of secretion of the sebaceous glands is referred to as holocrine.
In the eyelids, meibomian glands, also called tarsal glands, are a type of sebaceous gland that secrete a special type of sebum into tears. Fordyce spots are ectopic (misplaced) sebaceous glands found usually on the lips, gums and inner cheeks. Areolar glands surround the female nipples. Preputial glands also known as Tyson's glands are found in the genitals of both sexes of mice and rats.
There are several related medical conditions, including acne, sebaceous cysts, hyperplasia and sebaceous adenoma. These are usually attributable to overactive sebaceous glands which produce an excess of sebum.
Structure
Location
The sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.[1] There are two types of sebaceous gland, those connected to hair follicles, in pilosebaceous units, and those that exist independently.[2]
Sebaceous glands are found in hair-covered areas, where they are connected to hair follicles. One or more glands may surround each hair follicle, and the glands themselves are surrounded by arrector pili muscles. The glands have an acinar structure (like a many-lobed berry), in which multiple glands branch off a central duct. The glands deposit sebum on the hairs, and bring it to the skin surface along the hair shaft. The structure consisting of hair, hair follicle, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous gland is an epidermal invagination known as a pilosebaceous unit.[2]
Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas (glabrous skin) of the eyelids, nose, penis, labia minora, the inner mucosal membrane of the cheek, and nipples (in the female).[2] Some sebaceous glands have unique names. Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek are known as Fordyce spots, and glands on the eyelids are known as meibomian glands. Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as Montgomery's glands.[3]
Development
Sebaceous glands are first visible from the 13th to the 16th week of fetal development, as bulgings off hair follicles.[4] Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin. Overexpression of the signalling factors Wnt, Myc and SHH all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence.[3]
The sebaceous glands of a human fetus secrete a substance called vernix caseosa, a waxy, translucent white substance coating the skin of newborns.[5] After birth, activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages 2–6 years, and then increases to a peak of activity during puberty, due to heightened levels of androgens.[4]
Function
Sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum (Latin: fat, tallow) that is made of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-producing cells.[6][7] Sebum waterproofs and lubricates the skin and hair of mammals.[8]Sebaceous secretions in conjunction with apocrine glands also play an important thermoregulatory role. In hot conditions, the secretions emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. This is of importance in delaying dehydration. In colder conditions, the nature of sebum is seen to become more lipid and in coating the hair and skin, rain is effectively repelled.[9][10]
Sebum is produced in a holocrine process, in which cells within the sebaceous gland rupture and disintegrate as they release the sebum and the cell remnants are secreted together with the sebum.[11][12] The cells are constantly replaced by mitosis at the base of the duct.[2]
Sebum
Sebum secreted by the sebaceous gland in humans, is primarily composed of tryglycerides (~41%), wax esters (~26%), squalene (~12%), and free fatty acids (~16%).[5][13] The composition of sebum varies across species.[13] Wax esters, like squalene, are unique to sebum and not produced anywhere else in the body.[3] Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans, and is implicated in the development of acne.[14]
Some hormones, including androgens such as testosterone and estrogen, as well as progesterone, increase the rate of sebum secretion.[15] Sebum is odorless, but its breakdown by bacteria can produce strong odors.[16]
Immune function and nutrition
Sebaceous glands are part of the body's integumentary system and serve to protect the body against germs. Sebaceous lipids make an important contribution in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier, and express both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.[17][9] Sebum may act as a delivery system for antioxidants, antimicrobial lipids, pheromones, and hydration of the stratum corneum.[18] The insoluble fatty acids contained within sebum have broad antimicrobial activity.[18][19] Additionally, sebaceous gland secretion provides vitamin E to the upper layers of facial skin.[20]
Unique sebaceous glands
During the last three months of fetal development, it is known that sebaceous glands of the fetus, produce vernix caseosa also referred to as vernix. This is a waxy white substance which coats the skin and serves to protect the skin of the fetus from amniotic fluid.[21]
The areolar glands are in the areola that surrounds the nipple in the female breast. These glands secrete an oily fluid which lubricates the nipple and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn. During pregnancy and lactation these glands, also called Montgomery's glands, become enlarged.[22]
Meibomian glands, in the eyelids, secrete a form of sebum called meibum onto the eye, that slows the evaporation of tears.[23] It also serves to create an airtight seal when the eyes are closed and its lipid quality also prevents the eyelids from sticking together. The meibomian glands are also known as tarsal glands, Zeis glands and palpebral glands.[24] They attach directly to the follicles of the eyelashes which are arranged vertically within the tarsal plates of the eyelids.
Fordyce spots are also known as Fordyce granules, and these are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the lips, gums and mucosal cheek membrane. They show themselves as yellowish-white milia (milkspots).[25]
Earwax is partly composed of sebum produced by glands in the ear canal. These secretions are viscous and have a high lipid content which gives good lubrication properties.[26]
Clinical significance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Blausen_0811_SkinPores.png/220px-Blausen_0811_SkinPores.png)
Sebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris. In the skin pores, sebum and keratin can create a hyperkeratotic plug called a comedo.
Acne
Acne is a very common problem, particularly during puberty in teenagers, and is thought to relate to an increased production of sebum due to hormonal factors. The increased production of sebum can lead to a blockage of the sebaceous gland duct. A result of this is the appearance of a comedo, (commonly called a blackhead or a whitehead) which can then result in a propensity to infection, particularly by the bacteria propionibacterium acnes. This can inflame the comedones which then change into the characteristic acne lesions. Comedones generally occur on the areas with more sebaceous glands, particularly the face, shoulders, upper chest and back. Comedones may be 'black' or 'white' depending on whether the entire pilosebaceous unit, or just the sebaceous duct, is blocked.[15] Sebaceous filaments which are innocuous build-ups of sebum can often be mistaken for whiteheads.
There are many treatments available for acne from reducing sugars in the diet, to medications that include antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids and hormonal treatments.[15] Retinoids reduce the amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands.[27]Should the usual treatments fail, the presence of the Demodex mite could be looked for as the possible cause.[28]
Other
Other conditions that involve the sebaceous glands include:
- Seborrhoea refers to overactive sebaceous glands, a cause of oily skin [3] or hair.[16]
- Sebaceous hyperplasia, referring to excessive proliferation of the cells within the glands, and visible macroscopically as small papules on the skin, particularly on the forehead, nose and cheeks.[29]
- Seborrhoeic dermatitis, a chronic, usually mild form of dermatitis effected by changes in the sebaceous glands.[30]In newborn infants seborrhoea dermatitis can occur as cradle cap.
- Sebaceous adenoma, a benign slow-growing tumour which may however in rare cases be a precursor to a cancer syndrome known as Muir-Torre syndrome.[3]
- Sebaceous carcinoma, an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous tumour.[31]
- Sebaceous cyst is a term used to refer to both an epidermoid cyst and a pilar cyst, though neither of these contain sebum, only keratin and do not originate in the sebaceous gland and so are not true sebaceous cysts. A true sebaceous cyst is relatively rare and is known as a steatocystoma.[32]
History
The word sebaceous, meaning "consisting of sebum", was first termed in 1728 and comes from the Latin for tallow.[33] Sebaceous glands have been documented since at least 1746 by Jean Astruc, who defined them as "the glands which separate the fat".[34]: viii He describes them in the oral cavity, on the head, eyelids and ears, as "universally" acknowledged.[34]: 22–25 , viii Astruc describes them being blocked by "small animals" that are "implanted" in the excretory ducts,[34]: 64 and attributes their presence in the oral cavity to apthous ulcers, noting "these glands naturally [secrete] a viscous humour, which puts on various colours and consistencies... in its natural state is very mild, balsamic, and intended to wet and lubricate the mouth" [34]: 85–86 In The Principles of Physiology 1834, A. Combe noted that the glands were not present in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.[35]
Other animals
The preputial glands of mice and rats are large modified sebaceous glands that produce pheromones used for territorial marking.[3] These and the scent glands in the flanks of hamsters have a similar composition to human sebaceous glands, are androgen responsive, and have been used as a basis for study.[3]
Sebaceous adenitis is an autoimmune disease affecting the sebaceous gland, known mainly to occur in dogs, particularly poodles and akitas, where it is thought to be generally autosomal recessively inherited. It has also been described in cats, and one report describes this condition in a rabbit. In these animals, it is a cause of hair loss, although the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly.[36]
Additional images
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Base of pilosebaceous unit
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Insertion of sebaceous glands into hair shaft
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Sagittal section through the upper eyelid.
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A hair follicle with associated structures.
See also
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk M. (2006). Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ a b c d Deakin, Barbara Young ... ; drawings by Philip J.; et al. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed. ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 175–178, 413. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8.
{{cite book}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Smith, K. R.; Thiboutot, D. M. (2007). "Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Sebaceous Gland Lipids: Friend Or Foe?". Journal of Lipid Research. 49 (2): 271–281. doi:10.1194/jlr.R700015-JLR200. PMID 17975220.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference "SMITH2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Thiboutot, D (Jul 2004). "Regulation of human sebaceous glands". The Journal of investigative dermatology. 123 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1747.2004.t01-2-.x. PMID 15191536.
- ^ a b Thody, A. J.; Shuster, S. (1989). "Control and Function of Sebaceous Glands". Physiological Reviews. 69 (2): 383–416. PMID 2648418.
- ^ "Exercise 15: Hair", VT.edu, 2008, webpage: Vetmed-lab15.
- ^ Lampe, M.A. (1983). "Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations". J. Lipid Res. 24: 120–130.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology (405 pages), Jo Ann Coers Eurell, Brian L. Frappier, 2006, p.29, weblink: Books-Google-RTOC.
- ^ a b Zouboulis, C. C. (2004). "Acne and Sebaceous Gland Function". Clinics in Dermatology. 22 (5): 360–366. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004. PMID 15556719.
- ^ "Why do we have apocrine and sebaceous glands?". 10 May 2011. PMC 1281456.
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(help) - ^ Victor Eroschenko, diFiore's Atlas of Histology with functional correlations, Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, 10th edition, 2005. p. 41
- ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 866. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
- ^ a b Cheng JB, Russell DW (September 2004). "Mammalian Wax Biosynthesis: II. EXPRESSION CLONING OF WAX SYNTHASE cDNAs ENCODING A MEMBER OF THE ACYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME FAMILY" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (36): 37798–807. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406226200. PMC 2743083. PMID 15220349.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Webster, Guy F.; Anthony V. Rawlings (2007). Acne and Its Therapy. Basic and clinical dermatology. Vol. 40. CRC Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-8247-2971-4.
- ^ a b c Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1267–1268. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Draelos, Zoe Diana (2005). Hair care : an illustrated dermatologic handbook. London ;New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84184-194-6.
- ^ Youn, S. W. (2010). "The Role of Facial Sebum Secretion in Acne Pathogenesis: Facts and Controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.011. PMID 20082943.
- ^ a b Mackenna, R. M. B.; Wheatley, V. R.; Wormall, A. (1950). "The Composition of the Surface Skin Fat ('Sebum') from the Human Forearm". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 15 (1): 33–47. doi:10.1038/jid.1950.69. PMID 14774573.
- ^ "Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface". 10 May 2011.
- ^ Thiele, Jens J.; Weber, Stefan U.; Packer, Lester (1999). "Sebaceous Gland Secretion is a Major Physiologic Route of Vitamin E Delivery to Skin". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 113 (6): 1006–1010. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00794.x. PMID 10594744.
- ^ Zouboulis, Christos C.; et al. , Jens Malte; et al. (2008). "Frontiers in Sebaceous Gland Biology and Pathology". Experimental Dermatology. 17 (6): 542–551. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00725.x. PMID 18474083.
- ^ Doucet, Sébastien; Soussignan, Robert; Sagot, Paul; Schaal, Benoist (2009). Hausberger, Martine (ed.). "The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates". PLoS ONE. 4 (10): e7579. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007579. PMC 2761488. PMID 19851461.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ McCulley, JP; Shine, WE (Mar 2004). "The lipid layer of tears: dependent on meibomian gland function". Experimental eye research. 78 (3): 361–5. doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00203-3. PMID 15106913.
- ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 781. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
- ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 802. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
- ^ Roeser, RJ; Ballachanda, BB (Dec 1997). "Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 391–400. PMID 9433685.
- ^ Farrell LN, Strauss JS, Stranieri AM (December 1980). "The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 3 (6): 602–11. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80074-0. PMID 6451637.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ya-e Zhao; et al. (2011). "Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study". Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B. 12 (8): 1008–1015. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1100179. PMC 3232434. PMID 22135150.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 662. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dessinioti, C.; Katsambas, A. (2013). "Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk factors, and treatments: facts and controversies". Clin Dermatol. 31 (4): 343–51. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001. PMID 23806151.
- ^ Nelson BR, Hamlet KR, Gillard M, Railan D, Johnson TM (July 1995). "Sebaceous carcinoma". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33 (1): 1–15, quiz 16–8. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(95)90001-2. PMID 7601925.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE. (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p. 31. ISBN 0-7216-9003-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Harper, Douglas. "Sebaceous". Etymology Online. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d Astruc, Jean (1746). A General and Compleat Treatise on All the Diseases Incident to Children. J. Nourse.
- ^ Rosenthal, Stanley A; Furnari, Domenica. "Slide Agglutination as a Presumptive Test in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida Albicans1". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 31 (5): 251–253. doi:10.1038/jid.1958.50.
- ^ Mecklenburg, edited by Lars; Linek, Monika; et al. (2009). Hair loss disorders in domestic animals. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. Chapter 4.8. Sebaceous adenitis. ISBN 9780813819341.
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External links
- Histology image: 08801loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Integument: scalp"
- Sebaceous+Glands at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)