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Potemkin village

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The Amazons Company, arranged by Potemkin for the occasion, salute Catherine II the Great in Crimea (1787)

The phrase "Potemkin village" (also "Potyomkin village", derived from the Russian: Потёмкинские деревни, Potyomkinskiye derevni) was originally used to describe a fake portable village, built only to impress. According to the story, Grigory Potemkin erected the fake portable settlement along the banks of the Dnieper River in order to fool Empress Catherine II during her journey to Crimea in 1787. The phrase is now used, typically in politics and economics, to describe any construction (literal or figurative) built solely to deceive others into thinking that some situation is better than it really is. Some modern historians claim the original story is exaggerated.

Origin

Grigory Potemkin was a favorite lover of the Russian Empress Catherine II. After the Russian takeover of modern Southern Ukraine and Crimea from the Ottoman Empire and liquidation of the Zaporizhian Sich (see New Russia), Potemkin became governor of the region. The region had been devastated by the Russian army during the war; Potemkin's major tasks were to rebuild it and bring in Russian settlers. In 1787, as a new war was about to break out between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, Catherine II with her court and several ambassadors made an unprecedented six-month trip to New Russia. The purpose of this trip was to impress Russia's allies prior to the war. To help accomplish this, Potemkin set up "mobile villages" on the banks of the Dnieper River. As soon as the barge carrying the Empress and ambassadors arrived, Potemkin's men, dressed as peasants, would populate the village. Once the barge left, the village was disassembled, then rebuilt downstream overnight.

Potemkin later led the Russian army in the Russo-Turkish War in 1787-1792.

Historical controversy

Modern historians are divided on the degree of truth behind the Potemkin village story, and some writers argue that the story is an exaggeration. Some historians dismiss it as malicious rumors spread by Potemkin's opponents. These historians argue that Potemkin did mount efforts to develop the Crimea and probably directed peasants to spruce up the riverfront in advance of the empress' arrival.

According to Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Potemkin's most comprehensive English-language biographer, the tale of elaborate, fake settlements with glowing fires designed to comfort the monarch and her entourage as they surveyed the barren territory at night, is largely fictional.[1]

Aleksandr Panchenko, an established specialist on 19th century Russia, used original correspondence and memoirs to conclude that the Potemkin villages are a myth. He writes: "Based on the above said we must conclude that the myth of 'Potemkin villages' is exactly a myth, and not an established fact."[2]

Panchenko writes that "Potyomkin indeed decorated cities and villages, but made no secret that this was a decoration".[3]

The close relationship between Potemkin and the empress would make it difficult for him to deceive her. Thus, the deception would have been mainly directed towards the foreign ambassadors accompanying the imperial party.[4] Regardless, Potemkin had supervised the building of fortresses, ships of the line, and thriving settlements, and the tour – which saw real and significant accomplishments – solidified his power.

So, although "Potemkin village" has come to mean, especially in a political context, any hollow or false construct, physical or figurative, meant to hide an undesirable or potentially damaging situation, it is possible that the phrase cannot be applied accurately to its own original historical inspiration. According to some historians, some of the buildings were real and others were constructed to show what the region would look like in the near future and at least Catherine and possibly also her foreign visitors knew which were which. According to these historians, the claims of deception were part of a defamation campaign against Potemkin.[5][6]

According to a legend, in 1787, when Catherine passed through Tula on her way back from the trip, the local governor Mikhail Krechetnikov indeed attempted a deception of that kind in order to hide the effects of a bad harvest.[7]

Modern uses

Examples of Potemkin villages

A view of the North Korean village Kijŏng-dong.
  • Following the Manchurian Incident, and China's referral of the Japanese occupation of Manchuria to the League of Nations in 1931, the League's representative was given a tour of the "truly Manchurian" parts of the region. It was meant to prove that the area was not under Japanese domination. Whether the farce succeeded is moot; Japan withdrew from the League the following year.[8]
  • The Nazi German Theresienstadt concentration camp, called "the Paradise Ghetto" in World War II, was designed as a concentration camp that could be shown to the Red Cross, but was really a Potemkin village: attractive at first, but deceptive and ultimately lethal, with high death rates from malnutrition and contagious diseases. It ultimately served as a way-station to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
  • Kijŏng-dong, built by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in the north half of the Korean Demilitarized Zone,[9] is a village built at great expense during the 1950s in a propaganda effort to encourage South Korean defection and to house the North Korean soldiers manning the extensive network of artillery positions, fortifications and underground marshalling bunkers that are in the border zone.
  • Before the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Mayor Richard J Daley had high wooden fences, painted green, installed along the Dan Ryan Expressway between the Loop and the Convention Center to mask slum housing from the commuting delegates.
  • In 1982, mayor Ed Koch of New York City, USA, covered the windows of abandoned buildings in the Bronx with decals of plants and Venetian blinds to hide the blight.[10]
  • In 1998, the energy services company Enron built and maintained a fake trading floor on the 6th story of its downtown Houston headquarters. The trading floor was used to impress Wall Street analysts attending Enron's annual shareholders meeting and even included rehearsals conducted by Enron executives Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling.[11]
  • According to journalist and author Rory Carroll, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez had routes in Caracas that would be visited by foreign dignitaries fixed up, with workers placing new paint on the streets and painting rocks and other fragments that were inside of potholes.[12]
  • In 2010, 22 vacant houses in a blighted part of Cleveland, USA, were disguised with fake doors and windows painted on the plywood panels used to close them up, so the houses looked occupied.[13] A similar program has been undertaken in Chicago[14] and in Detroit during the World Series [clarification needed] festivities in 1984[clarification needed].[15]
  • In preparation for hosting the July 2013 G8 summit in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, large photographs were put up in the windows of closed shops in the town so as to give the appearance of thriving businesses for visitors driving past them.[16]
  • In 2013 before Vladimir Putin's visit to Suzdal most of the old and ruined homes in the city center were covered with large posters with doors and windows printed on them.[17]
  • Sub-par accommodations in Sochi, ahead of the 2014 Winter Olympics held there, were described as "more Potemkin village than Olympic village": "The top-grade hotels [...appeared] splendid at first look, with gilt and brocade in chandeliered lobbies. But 15 minutes on the premises showed the feint behind the façade."[18]
  • Berlin's Frankfurter Allee, a street in the former East Berlin, has relatively extravagant decoration of the buildings' façades, given its geographical position and the consequent likelihood of being seen by foreign visitors.

The phrase "Potemkin village" is also often used by judges, especially members of a multiple-judge panel who dissent from the majority's opinion on a particular matter, to describe an inaccurate or tortured interpretation and/or application of a particular legal doctrine to the specific facts at issue. Use of the phrase is meant to imply that the reasons espoused by the panel's majority in support of its decision are not based on accurate or sound law, and their restrictive application is merely a masquerade for the court's desire to avoid a difficult decision.

Often, the dissent will attempt to reveal the majority's adherence to the restrictive principle at issue as being an inappropriate function for a court, reasoning that the decision transgresses the limits of traditional adjudication because the resolution of the case will effectively create an important and far-reaching policy decision, which the legislature would be the better equipped and more appropriate entity to address.

For example, in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey (1992), chief justice of the USA William Rehnquist wrote that Roe v. Wade "stands as a sort of judicial Potemkin Village, which may be pointed out to passers-by as a monument to the importance of adhering to precedent".[19]

The phrase "Potemkin court" implies that the court's reason to exist is being called into question; it differs from a kangaroo court in which the court's standard of justice is being impugned.

Other uses

Further information: Façade
Construction or not, motorists and pedestrians in Bothell, Washington, can see a forest-like view

Sometimes, instead of the full phrase, just "Potemkin" is used, as an adjective. For example, the use of a row of trees to screen a clearcut area from highway drivers has been called a "Potemkin forest".

Many of the newly constructed base areas at ski resorts are referred to as Potemkin villages. These create the illusion of a quaint mountain town, but are actually carefully planned theme shopping centers, hotels and restaurants designed for maximum revenue. Similarly, in The Geography of Nowhere, American writer James Howard Kunstler refers to contemporary suburban shopping centers as "Potemkin village shopping plazas".[20]

In the documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, Enron's trading floor, used to fool visiting analysts, is described as a "Potemkin village". Traders were thought to be engaged in dealing with outside clients, but were in fact conversing with people in the same building and each other.

Hardcore punk band Propagandhi released an album in 2005 called Potemkin City Limits. The cover depicts kids playing in a city which is drawn on the ground, a façade city.[21] Their 2009 album Supporting Caste has a song called "Potemkin City Limits", about the statue of Francis the pig, in Alberta, Canada.[22][23][24]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Straight Dope: Did "Potemkin villages" really exist?".
  2. ^ Aleksandr Panchenko, "Potyomkin villages as a cultural myth", (rus) in Panchenko, O russkoi istorii i kul´ture (Saint-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000), 416. "В связи с вышесказанным должно сделать заключение, что миф о «потемкинских деревнях» - именно миф, а не достоверно установленный факт."
  3. ^ Aleksandr Panchenko, "Potemkinskie derevni' kak kul´turnyi mif", in Panchenko, O russkoi istorii i kul´ture (Saint-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000), 416. "Потемкин действительно декорировал города и селения, но никогда не скрывал, что это декорации."
  4. ^ Davies, Norman. Europe: A history, London, Pimlico, 1997, p. 658.
  5. ^ http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2479/did-potemkin-villages-really-exist
  6. ^ http://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article12607459/An-Fuerst-Potemkin-war-alles-echt-Auch-die-Doerfer.html (in German)
  7. ^ "Русский литературный анекдот XVIII-XIX вв". fershal.narod.ru. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  8. ^ Haruo Tohmatsu and H. P. Wilmott. A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific, 1921–1942. Lanham, Maryland, USA, SR Books, 2004. Pp 38–39.
  9. ^ Tran, Mark (2008-06-06). "Travelling into Korea's demilitarised zone: Run DMZ". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  10. ^ "Magazine Features - Bronx Tales". www.artnet.com. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  11. ^ http://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/feb/21/corporatefraud.enron1
  12. ^ Carroll, Rory (5 March 2013). "In the End, an Awful Manager". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  13. ^ Livingston, Sandra (25 August 2010). "Program uses decorative boards to try to blend vacant homes into Cleveland neighborhoods". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Advance Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  14. ^ Boyer, Mark (2010-11-17). "Painting Fake Windows on Vacant, Boarded-Up Buildings". Curbed Chicago. Chicago.
  15. ^ http://www.keepcincinnatibeautiful.org/index.php/main/show/futureblooms[dead link]
  16. ^ Crossan, Andrea. ": Northern Ireland Town Fakes Prosperity for G8 Summit". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  17. ^ Нарисуй для Путина
  18. ^ Patt Morrison (6 February 2014). "For media in Sochi, it's more Potemkin village than Olympic village". Los Angeles Times.
  19. ^ Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 966 (1992-06-29) ("Roe v. Wade stands as a sort of judicial Potemkin Village, which may be pointed out to passers-by as a monument to the importance of adhering to precedent. But behind the façade, an entirely new method of analysis, without any roots in constitutional law, is imported to decide the constitutionality of state laws regulating abortion.").
  20. ^ Kunstler, James Howard (1993). The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York, Touchstone.
  21. ^ Propagandhi's discography, containing the album cover, at their official website.
  22. ^ "Supporting Caste" lyrics, official Propagandhi website, see track 7.
  23. ^ "Supporting Caste" release news, which briefly describes the track.
  24. ^ For further information on Francis, see i.e. "Alberta's greatest animal stories". Canada.com. CanWest MediaWorks Publications. 5 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

References

  • Chen Jo-hsi. (1978). The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-12475-1
  • EircomTribunal, "2003 Potemkin Village Award," EircomTribunal.com, "ET - 2003 Potemkin Village Award". Eircomtribunal.com. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  • Goldberg, Jonah. "Potemkin Village in Cuba: Let's make one of our own", National Review, April 19, 2000."www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg041900.html".
  • Katchanovski, Ivan and La Porte, Todd. "Cyberdemocracy or Potemkin E-Villages? Electronic Governments in OECD and Post-Communist Countries," International Journal of Public Administration, Volume 28, Number 7-8, July 2005. [verification needed]
  • Ledeen, Michael. "Potemkin WMDs? Really?", National Review, February 2, 2004 "Michael Ledeen on WMDs & Iraq on National Review Online". Nationalreview.com. 2004-02-02. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  • Smith, Douglas (ed. and trans). Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin ISBN 0-87580-324-5
  • Potemkin Court as a description of The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (from the Washington Post)
  • Potemkin Parliament as a description of the European Parliament (New Statesman, Sept 20 2004)
  • Sullivan, Kevin. "Borderline Absurdity", Washington Post, January 11, 1998.
  • Buchan, James. "Potemkin democracy" as a description of Russia. "New Statesman", July 17, 2006.
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