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M-learning

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M-learning or mobile learning is defined as "learning across multiple contexts, through social and content interactions, using personal electronic devices.”[1]: page 4  A form of distance education, m-learners use mobile device educational technology at their time convenience.[2]

M-learning technologies include handheld computers, MP3 players, notebooks, mobile phones and tablets. M-learning focuses on the mobility of the learner, interacting with portable technologies. Using mobile tools for creating learning aids and materials becomes an important part of informal learning.[3]

M-learning is convenient in that it is accessible from virtually anywhere. Sharing is almost instantaneous among everyone using the same content, which leads to the reception of instant feedback and tips. This highly active process has proven to increase exam scores from the fiftieth to the seventieth percentile, and cut the dropout rate in technical fields by 22 percent.[4] M-learning also brings strong portability by replacing books and notes with small devices, filled with tailored learning contents.

Background

Mobile learning is the delivery of learning, education or learning support on mobile phones, PDAs or tablets. E-Learning has provided the ability for traditional learning to break out of the classroom setting and for students to learn at home. Mobile learning has enhanced upon e-learning by taking it a step further and allowing students to learn virtually anywhere a mobile signal is available.[5]

New mobile technology, such as hand-held based devices, is playing a large role in redefining how we receive information. The recent advances in mobile technology are changing the primary purpose of mobile devices from making or receiving calls to retrieving the latest information on any subject. "Numerous agencies including the Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Intelligence community, and law enforcement are utilizing mobile technology for information management." [6]

Approaches

The use of mobile learning in the military is becoming increasingly common due to low cost and high portability.

Classroom

Classroom applications combine the use of handheld computers, PDAs, smartphones or handheld voting systems (such as clickers) with traditional resources. (Tremblay 2010).

Class management

Mobile devices in the classroom can be used to enhance group collaboration among students through communication applications, interactive displays, and video features.[7]

  • Existing mobile technology can replace cumbersome resources such as textbooks, visual aids, and presentation technology.[8]
  • Interactive and multi-mode technology allows students to engage and manipulate information.
  • Mobile Device features with WIFI capabilities allow for on-demand access to information.[8]
  • Access to classroom activities and information on mobile devices provides a continuum for learning inside and outside the classroom.[9]

In a literature review conducted by FutureLab, researchers found that increased communication, collaboration, and understanding of concepts was a result of mobile technology applications.[9]

Class management

Mobile devices can be used in brick-and-mortar or online settings to enhance learning experiences.[10]

  • The mobile phone (through text SMS notices) can be used especially for distance education or with students whose courses require them to be highly mobile and in particular to communicate information regarding availability of assignment results, venue changes and cancellations, etc. It can also be of value to business people, e.g. sales representatives who do not wish to waste time away from their busy schedules to attend formal training events.
  • Mobile devices facilitate online interaction between instructor and student, and student to student.
  • Blended learning takes the classroom out of a traditional brick-and-mortar setting. Students become part of virtual communities used for collaboration. Blended learning transitions away from a traditional teaching environment to a customized and interactive web platform for the user [9]
Podcasting

Podcasting consists of listening to audio recordings of lectures. It can be used to review live lectures (Clark & Westcott 2007) and to provide opportunities for students to rehearse oral presentations. Podcasts may also provide supplemental information to enhance traditional lectures (McGarr 2009) (Steven & Teasley 2009).

Psychological research suggests that university students who download podcast lectures achieve substantially higher exam results than those who attend the lecture in person (only in cases in which students take notes) (Callaway & Ewen 2009).

Podcasts may be delivered using syndication, although this method of delivery is not always easily adopted (Lee, Miller & Newnham 2009).

Work

M-learning in the context of work can embrace a variety of different forms of learning. It has been defined as the "processes of coming to know, and of being able to operate successfully in, and across, new and ever changing contexts, including learning for, at and through work, by means of mobile devices". ([11] drawing on[12])

  • M-learning for work
  • M-learning at and through work
  • Cross-contextual m-learning

Learning for work, which could be also described as 'just-in-case' learning, involves classic and formal education activities, such as training courses, that prepare learners for future work-related tasks. A typical, corporate application is the delivery of mobile compliance training, which can be seen as a viable means to reach geographically mobile employees, such as consultants[13] or staff in logistic and transport systems.[14] Another application is mobile simulations that prepare learners for future situations, for example real-time SMS-based simulations for disaster response training.[15]

Learning at and through work, which could be labelled as "just-in-time" mobile learning,[16] occurs in informal education settings at the workplace. Employees can use the mobile phone to solve problems via handheld devices in situ, for example by accessing informational resources (such as checklists and reference guides) prior to customer visits[17] or mobile decision support systems. The latter are popular in clinical settings where they support highly mobile medical staff through rule-based algorithms in the decision regarding more complex patient cases. Their application was associated with learning and in particular with practice improvement of medical staff.[18] Learning through work also occurs by interacting with distant peers via phone. "People tagging" is an approach whereby people assign topics they associate with co-workers. The aggregation of interests and experiences serves not only as a means to raise awareness but also to help find competent experts on demand,[19] for example with context-sensitive expert location systems.

Cross-contextual learning that bridges the gap between work settings and formal education formats has perhaps the biggest potential for work-based mobile learning,[11] especially with respect to tertiary education systems. This involves approaches in which learning in the workplace is facilitated and substantiated (for example through formative assessments,[20] reflective questions[21] or the documentation of personal achievements in multimedia learning diaries or portfolios[22] The so-created materials are later used in more formal educational formats, for example in the classroom or in the discussion with tutors. The value of these mobile phone-mediated learning practices lies in the integration and reconciliation of work-based learning and formal education experiences which otherwise tend to remain separated.

Lifelong learning and self-learning

Mobile technologies and approaches, i.e. Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL), are also used to assist in language learning. For instance handheld computers, cell phones, and podcasting (Horkoff & Kayes2008) have been used to help people acquire and develop language skills.

Other

  • Improving levels of literacy, numeracy, and participation in education amongst young adults.
  • Using the communication features of a mobile phone as part of a larger learning activity, e.g.: sending media or texts into a central portfolio, or exporting audio files from a learning platform to your phone.
  • Developing workforce skills and readiness among youth and young adults.[23]

Analysis

Value

The value of mobile learning[24]—Tutors who have used m-learning programs and techniques have made the following value statements in favor of m-learning.

  • It is important to bring new technology into the classroom.
  • Devices used are more lightweight than books and PCs.
  • Mobile learning can be used to diversify the types of learning activities students partake in (or a blended learning approach).
  • Mobile learning supports the learning process rather than being integral to it.
  • Mobile learning can be a useful add-on tool for students with special needs. However, for SMS and MMS this might be dependent on the students’ specific disabilities or difficulties involved.
  • Mobile learning can be used as a ‘hook’ to re-engage disaffected youth.

Benefits [2][25][26]

  • Relatively inexpensive opportunities, as the cost of mobile devices are significantly less than PCs and laptops
  • Multimedia content delivery and creation options
  • Continuous and situated learning support
  • Decrease in training costs
  • Potentially a more rewarding learning experience
  • New opportunities for traditional educational institutions
  • Readily available a/synchronous learning experience[27]

Challenges

Technical challenges include
  • Connectivity and battery life
  • Screen size and key size[28]
  • Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming
  • Number of file/asset formats supported by a specific device
  • Content security or copyright issue from authoring group
  • Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple operating systems
  • Reworking existing E-Learning materials for mobile platforms
  • Limited memory[29]
  • Risk of sudden obsolescence [30]
  • Security
  • Work/Life Balance
  • Cost of Investment[31]
Social and educational challenges include
  • Accessibility and cost barriers for end users: Digital divide.
  • How to assess learning outside the classroom
  • How to support learning across many contexts[32]
  • Content's security or pirating issues
  • Frequent changes in device models/technologies/functionality etc.
  • Developing an appropriate theory of learning for the mobile age
  • Conceptual differences between e-learning and m-learning
  • Design of technology to support a lifetime of learning[33][34]
  • Tracking of results and proper use of this information
  • No restriction on learning timetable
  • Personal and private information and content
  • No demographic boundary
  • Disruption of students' personal and academic lives[35]
  • Access to and use of the technology in developing countries[36]
  • Risk of distraction [2]

Growth

Mobile learning is widely used in schools, workplaces, museums, cities and rural areas around the world.[37] In comparison to traditional classroom pedagogical approaches, mobile learning allows widened opportunies for timing, location, accessibility and context of learning.[5][38]

Current areas of growth include:

  • Testing, surveys, job aids and just-in-time (J.I.T.) learning
  • Location-based and contextual learning
  • Social-networked mobile learning
  • Mobile educational gaming
  • Delivering m-Learning to cellular phones using two way SMS messaging and voice-based CellCasting (podcasting to phones with interactive assessments) [37]
  • Cloud computer file storage[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Crompton, H. (2013). A historical overview of mobile learning: Toward learner-centered education. In Z. L. Berge & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (pp. 3–14). Florence, KY: Routledge.
  2. ^ a b c Crescente, Mary Louise; Lee, Doris (March 2011). "Critical issues of m-learning: design models, adoption processes, and future trends". Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers. 28 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1080/10170669.2010.548856.
  3. ^ Trentin G. & Repetto M. (Eds) (2013). Using Network and Mobile Technology to Bridge Formal and Informal Learning, Woodhead/Chandos Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 978-1-84334-699-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235929936_Using_Network_and_Mobile_Technology_to_Bridge_Formal_and_Informal_Learning/
  4. ^ Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1593157203.
  5. ^ a b Rick Oller. “The Future of Mobile Learning” (Research Bulletin). Louisville, CO: EDUCAUSE Center for Analysis and Research, May 1, 2012, available from http://www.educause.edu/ecar.
  6. ^ Chet Hosmer, Carlton Jeffcoat, Matthew Davis, Thomas McGibbon "Use of Mobile Technology for Information Collection and Dissemination", Data & Analysis Center for Software, March 2011
  7. ^ Murray, Orrin; Nicole Olcese (November–December 2011). "Teaching and Learning with iPads, Ready or Not?". TechTrends. 55 (6). doi:10.1007/s11528-011-0540-6.
  8. ^ a b "7 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOBILE APPS FOR LEARNING". EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. May 4, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c Naismith, Laura; Lonsdale, Peter; Vavoula, Giasemi; Sharples, Mike (2004). "Literature Review in Mobile Technologies and Learning". FutureLab Series (11).
  10. ^ Robinson, R. & Reinhart, J. (2014). Digital Thinking and Mobile Teaching: Communicating, Collaborating, and Constructing in an Access Age. Denmark: Bookboon.
  11. ^ a b Pachler, N., Pimmer, C., & Seipold, J. (Eds.). (2011). Work-Based Mobile Learning. Concepts and Cases. Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien: Peter-Lang.
  12. ^ Pachler, N., Bachmair, B., & Cook, J. (2010). Mobile Learning: Structures, Agency, Practices (Vol. 1). New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer
  13. ^ Swanson, K. (2008). Merrill Lynch: Bullish on Mobile Learning (Case Study). Chief Learning Officer magazine. Retrieved from http://clomedia.com/articles/view/merrill_lynch_bullish_on_mobile_learning
  14. ^ Stead, G., & Good, M. (2011). Mobile learning in vocational settings: lessons from the E-Ten BLOOM project. In N. Pachler, C. Pimmer, & J. Seipold (Eds.), Work-based mobile learning:concepts and cases. Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien: Peter-Lang
  15. ^ Cornelius, S., & Marston, P. (2011). Work-based simulations: using text messaging and the role of the virtual context. In N. Pachler, C. Pimmer, & J. Seipold (Eds.), Work-based mobile learning:concepts and cases. Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien: Peter-Lang
  16. ^ Pimmer, C., & Gröhbiel, U. (2008). Mobile Learning in corporate settings. Results from an Expert Survey. Paper presented at the mLearn2008. The Bridge From Text To Context, Telford.
  17. ^ Ahmad, N., & Orion, P. (2010). Smartphones Make IBM Smarter, But Not As Expected. Training & Development, 64(1), 46-50.
  18. ^ Grad, R. M., Pluye, P., Meng, Y., Segal, B., & Tamblyn, R. (2005). Assessing the impact of clinical information retrieval technology in a family practice residency. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 11(6), 576-586.
  19. ^ Cook, J., & Pachler, N. (2012). Online people tagging: Social (mobile) network (ing) services and work‐based learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5), 711-725
  20. ^ Coulby, C., Hennessey, S., Davies, N., & Fuller, R. (2009). The use of mobile technology for work-based assessment: the student experience. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42, 251-265.
  21. ^ Pirttiaho, P., Holm, J.-M., Paalanen, H., & Thorström, T. (2007). Etaitava - Mobile Tool for On-the-Job Learning Paper presented at the Iadis, International Conference Mobile Learning, Lisbon, Portugal
  22. ^ Chan, S. (2011). Becoming a baker: using mobile phones to compile e-portfolios. In N. Pachler, C. Pimmer, & J. Seipold (Eds.), Work-based mobile learning:Concepts and cases (pp. 91-117). Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien: Peter-Lang.
  23. ^ "Youth Unemployment: Can Mobile Technology Improve Employability?". Global Development Professionals Network. The Guardian. February 26, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  24. ^ Mobile learning in Practice: Piloting a Mobile Learning Teachers’ Toolkit in Further Education Colleges. C. Savil-Smith et al. (2006), p. 8
  25. ^ a b Elias, Tanya (February 2011). "Universal Instructional Design Principles for Mobile Learning". International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 12 (2): 143–156.
  26. ^ Using Mobile Devices to Integrate Economics Simulations in Teaching Approaches Based on Direct Instruction on: International Teacher Education Conference 2014 01.10.2014.
  27. ^ Rudestam, K., & Schoenholtz-Read (2009). Handbook of online learning, 2nd ed. London: Sage.
  28. ^ Maniar, N.; Bennett, E.; Hand, S.; Allan, G (2008). "The effect of mobile phone screen size on video based learning". Journal of Software. 3 (4): 51–61. doi:10.4304/jsw.3.4.51-61.
  29. ^ Elias, Tanya (February 2011). "Universal Instructional Design Principles for Mobile Learning". International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 12 (2).
  30. ^ Crescente, Mary Louise; Lee, Doris (March 2011). "Critical issues of m-learning: design models, adoption processes, and future trends". Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers. 28 (2).
  31. ^ Cordock, R. P. (2010). The future of mobile learning. Training Journal, , 63-67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/763160208?accountid=10868
  32. ^ "What's Holding Back Mobile Phones for Education?". Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog. Stanford Social Innovation Review. February 11, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  33. ^ Sharples, M. (2000). "The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning". Computers & Education. 34 (3–4): 177–193. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(99)00044-5.
  34. ^ Moore, J. (2009). "A portable document search engine to support off-line mobile learning". Proceedings of IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning. Barcelona, Spain. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Masters, K.; Ng'ambi D. (2007). "After the broadcast: disrupting health sciences' students' lives with SMS". Proceedings of IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning. Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 171–175. ISBN 978-972-8924-36-2. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Masters, K. (2005). "Low-key m-learning: a realistic introduction of m-learning to developing countries". Seeing, Understanding, Learning in the Mobile Age. Budapest, Hungary, April 2005. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  37. ^ a b Singh, Mandeep (2010). "M-learning: A New Approach to Learn Better". International Journal of Education and Allied Sciences. 2 (2): 65–72.
  38. ^ Feser, J. (2010, April). mLearning is not eLearning on a Mobile Device
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