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Wright Amendment

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Wright Amendment
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleAn Act to amend the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 in order to promote competition in international air transportation, provide greater opportunities for United States air carriers, establish goals for developing United States international aviation negotiating policy, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)IATCA
Enacted bythe 96th United States Congress
EffectiveFebruary 15, 1980
Citations
Public law96-192
Statutes at Large94 Stat. 35 aka 94 Stat. 48
Codification
Acts amendedFederal Aviation Act of 1958
Titles amended49 U.S.C.: Transportation
U.S.C. sections amended49 U.S.C. § 40102 aka § 1301
Legislative history

The Wright Amendment of 1979 was a United States federal law that governed traffic at Dallas Love Field, an airport in Dallas, Texas, with some provisions also applying to other mid-size airfields in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, including Meacham Field and Addison Airport.[citation needed] It originally limited most non-stop flights from Love Field to destinations within Texas and neighboring states in order to encourage airlines to use Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) so that the investment in that new airport could be recouped. Additional states were allowed in 1997 and 2005. The law was amended and partially repealed in 2006 and then fully repealed in 2014 because DFW was well established.

Background

In the early 1960s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) decided Love Field in Dallas and Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth, Texas could not handle future air traffic, and refused to continue federal funding for them. The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) then ordered Dallas and Fort Worth to find a new site for a regional airport. The result was Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), which opened to airlines in 1974. To make the new airport viable, each city had agreed to restrict its own passenger airports and all airlines at the old airports signed an agreement to relocate.

Southwest Airlines was founded after the agreement between the airlines and cities to relocate to DFW and was not a party to the agreement, and felt that their business model would be affected by a long drive to the new airport. Before DFW's opening, Southwest filed suit to remain at Love Field, claiming that no legal basis existed to close the airport to commercial service and that they were not bound by an agreement they did not sign. In 1973, a Federal District Court ruled that, so long as Love Field remained open, the City of Dallas could not preclude Southwest from operating there.[1] The ruling was in the regulated environment where the CAB did not have control of travel within a state, the only service Southwest then offered.

When DFW opened in 1974, every airline except Southwest moved to the new airport. With the drastic reduction in flights, Love Field closed most of its concourses.

Passage of the Wright Amendment

After the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, Southwest Airlines entered the larger passenger market with plans to start providing interstate service in 1979. This angered the City of Fort Worth, the governing board of DFW International Airport, and Braniff International Airways, all of which had invested heavily in the move to DFW International. To help protect the airlines' investment of resources into DFW International Airport, Jim Wright, member of the U.S. House of Representatives serving Fort Worth, sponsored and helped pass an amendment to the International Air Transportation Act of 1979 in Congress that restricted passenger air traffic out of Love Field in the following ways:

  • Passenger service flown with larger mainline jet aircraft could be provided from Love Field only to airports within Texas or to four neighboring U.S. states: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico and Oklahoma. At that time, all Southwest Airlines flights were operated between Love Field and those states or within the state of Texas, so the law had no immediate effect on Southwest.
  • Flights to states other than Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico or Oklahoma were allowed only on aircraft configured with 56 seats or fewer, in an attempt to prohibit mainline passenger service outside of the five-state region.

While the law deterred major airlines operating jets from starting (or resuming) service out of Love Field, Southwest continued to expand its Love Field operation. This had the effect of increasing local traffic to non-Wright Amendment-impacted airports such as Houston/Hobby Airport, El Paso International Airport, Albuquerque International Sunport, and the New Orleans airport.

Some people managed to work the system and get around the Wright Amendment's restrictions with a non-direct flight. A person could fly from Dallas to Houston or New Orleans, change planes, and then on a separate ticket fly to any city Southwest served. The Wright Amendment specifically barred airlines from issuing tickets that violated the law's provisions, or from informing customers that they could buy multiple tickets to do this.

Alterations and bypass efforts

In 1997, a law authored by Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama modified the Wright Amendment to allow flights to Alabama, Kansas, and Mississippi. Although Southwest started nonstop service to Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport from Love Field on March 11, 2007 and started nonstop service to Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport from Love Field on June 2, 2013, there is still yet to be service from Love Field to Mississippi. Southwest previously had flights to and from Jackson-Evers International Airport until Southwest pulled out of Jackson-Evers International Airport on June 7, 2014.

In 2000, Legend Airlines, a new start-up air carrier, attempted to bypass the Wright restrictions by reconfiguring several McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners to transport a maximum of 56 passengers. Legend operated scheduled passenger service nonstop from Love Field to Los Angeles (LAX), New York LaGuardia Airport (LGA), Las Vegas (LAS), and Washington, D.C. Dulles Airport (IAD).[2] American Airlines tried several times to force Legend to abandon this concept (and in a competitive move even operated the same type of nonstop service to Chicago O'Hare Airport (ORD), Los Angeles (LAX) and New York LaGuardia Airport (LGA) with Fokker 100 jets configured with 56 seats[3]) and Legend eventually folded in 2001. Many people who supported repealing the Wright Amendment blamed Legend's demise on American Airlines, DFW International Airport, and the city of Fort Worth.

In 2005, Senator Kit Bond of Missouri attached an amendment to a transportation spending bill to exempt his state from the Wright restrictions. After the bill's passage, Southwest began nonstop flights from Love Field to St. Louis and Kansas City. At the same time, American Airlines offered competing flights to the Missouri destinations from Love Field - though low passenger loads would force American to downgrade these routes to 50 seat regional jets, and eventually discontinue the service entirely.

Repeal efforts

By the 1990s, DFW International Airport's annual air traffic had exceeded the airport's capacity. A 1996 study suggested repealing the Wright Amendment and opening Fort Worth Alliance Airport to passenger service to relieve congestion at DFW. But DFW's Airport Authority opposed both proposals, and the end result was the Shelby Amendment which added Kansas, Mississippi, and Alabama to the Wright zone.

In late 2004, Southwest Airlines announced its opposition to the Wright Amendment. Shortly thereafter, the company began trying to garner public support for the repeal of the Wright Amendment by launching a massive public relations campaign. Print media, the Internet, billboards, and TV spots were all used, directing the viewer or reader to visit the Set Love Free website, created by Southwest Airlines. In response, a group opposed to the repeal of the amendment, spearheaded by the DFW Airport Board and American Airlines, launched their own media campaign directing visitors to their Keep DFW Strong site (DFW Airport has even painted advertising on one of its water tanks on the north side of DFW).

Critics of the amendment asserted that the restrictions on long-haul travel from Dallas Love Field were anti-competitive. They asked for the "freedom to fly" from Love Field to any destination. They also argued that the restrictions on full use of Love Field artificially inflated fares at the DFW Airport. They believed that eliminating the amendment, and thus allowing any airline to fly long-haul service out of DAL, would allow the so-called "Southwest effect" to occur, where new, inexpensive capacity will increase traffic at both airports (assuming that the market effect of low fares on flights into and out of Love Field will serve to drive down fares on corresponding routes at DFW); these projections are based upon historic results in other air travel markets in which low-fare carriers, most frequently, Southwest, have initiated service. Wright opponents also argued that DFW's main tenant, American Airlines, could charge high prices out of DFW because, with AA controlling in excess of 80% of air carrier traffic at DFW, there is little competition on most routes, a problem that has recently been attributed to Delta Air Lines discontinuing its usage of DFW as a hub.

Supporters of the amendment said that DFW Airport is the economic engine of the metroplex area, and did not wish for a competing airport to either take traffic from DFW or drive the prices down there, although they did concede that American's fares are often higher than from other airports. What's more, DFW Airport recently completed construction of a $2.5-billion people mover system to transport passengers between terminal buildings. The DFW Airport Authority stated concerns that the financial burdens caused by such things as the people mover project and the recent pull down of Delta Air Lines' hub would hamper airport profitability and sustainability if a direct competitor to DFW were introduced into the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. A primary concern of many[who?] in the DFW area was that American is the largest employer in the North Texas area and many people associated with DFW and American Airlines were reluctant to put any jobs at risk, especially when considering the chronic financial difficulties that modern airlines, other than Southwest, face. Another concern of people in the immediate area of the airport was that of nuisance noise and traffic; the area near Love Field, especially the incorporated "Park Cities" (University Park and Highland Park) and the "Uptown" section of Dallas, has become high-value real estate, and developers and residents feared that increased air and street traffic into the airport, and increased fuel loads for interstate flights requiring higher takeoff throttles and lower rates of ascent, would lessen the desirability and thus land values of the area.

Repeal compromise

On June 15, 2006, it was announced that American, Southwest, DFW Airport and the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth had all agreed to seek full repeal of the Wright Amendment, with several conditions. Among them: The ban on nonstop flights outside the Wright zone would stay in place until 2014; through-ticketing to domestic and foreign airports (allowing connecting flights to long-haul destinations without requiring the previous workaround of buying separate tickets) would be allowed immediately; Love Field's maximum gate capacity would be lowered from 32 to 20 gates; and Love would handle only domestic flights non-stop.

The proposed compromise was opposed by JetBlue Airways and other low-fare carriers, who argued that the gate reductions at Love would harm their ability to begin service there, and by area congressmen who opposed provisions of the deal that they believed would restrict competition in passenger service at other airports within an 80-mile (130 km) radius of DFW and Love, including Collin County Regional Airport in the nearby city of McKinney. The compromise was also opposed by Love Field Terminal Partners, owners of the old Legend Airlines terminal. They claimed that the announcement of the compromise prevented them from selling the six gate terminal to Pinnacle Airlines who had shown interest in purchasing or leasing the gates and have several lawsuits to prevent the compromise's implementation.

On July 25, 2006, a leaked memorandum from an employee of the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division raised concerns about airline competition in North Texas and urged legislators to force a renegotiation of the deal. It also stated that the removal of gates and a cap of 20 gates for the airport would violate federal anti-trust legislation. This capping of gates would affect the other airlines that might be attracted to getting gates at Dallas Love Field airport.[4]

Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison responded to the memorandum by stating "They [Justice] are not taking a position at all on the legislation... That memo did not go through the channels. And it probably was one person's view, but it's not the Justice Department's."

Judiciary Committee Chairman James Sensenbrenner also had some complaints about the anti-trust issues that he thought would arise from the proposed legislation since Southwest will be able to operate from 16 gates, American 2 gates, and Continental 2 gates without further gates available for other carriers.

After extensive negotiations with the House and Senate Judiciary Committees, the compromise bill passed both Houses of Congress on Friday, September 29, 2006, just before the 109th Congress adjourned for the November elections. Hutchison led the effort to pass the bill in the Senate while Rep. Kay Granger led a bipartisan Texas House coalition to see the bill through to a successful conclusion in the House. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on October 13, 2006, including the 20-gate cap.[5] Southwest and American airlines then required approval from the Federal Aviation Administration to begin one-stop flights from Love Field to destinations outside the Wright limits.[6]

Even though non-stop flights were restricted until October 16, 2014,[7] Southwest Airlines announced on October 17, 2006 that it would begin direct flight (same plane with one stop) and connecting service between Love Field and 25 destinations outside the Wright zone on October 19, 2006.[8] American Airlines also made indirect connecting travel between Love Field and locations outside the Wright zone available by October 18, 2006.[9]

Full repeal

On October 13, 2014, the amendment was repealed, allowing airlines to fly from Love Field to any city in America.[10]

Text of amendment

The original text of the Wright Amendment (from International Air Transportation Competition Act):

(a) Except as provided in subsection (c), notwithstanding any other provision of law, neither the Secretary of Transportation, the Civil Aeronautics Board, nor any other officer or employee of the United States shall issue, reissue, amend, revise, or otherwise modify (either by action or inaction) any certificate or other authority to permit or otherwise authorize any person to provide the transportation of individuals, by air, as a common carrier for compensation or hire between Love Field, Texas, and one or more points outside the State of Texas, except (1) charter air transportation not to exceed ten flights per month, and (2) air transportation provided by commuter airlines operating aircraft with a passenger capacity of 56 passengers or less.
(b) Except as provided in subsections (a) and (c), notwithstanding any other provision of law, or any certificate or other authority heretofore or hereafter issued thereunder, no person shall provide or offer to provide the transportation of individuals, by air, for compensation or hire as a common carrier between Love Field, Texas, and one or more points outside the State of Texas, except that a person providing service to a point outside of Texas from Love Field on November 1, 1979 may continue to provide service to such point.
(c) Subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply with respect to, and it is found consistent with the public convenience and necessity to authorize, transportation of individuals, by air, on a flight between Love Field, Texas, and one or more points within the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas by an air carrier, if (1) such air carrier does not offer or provide any through service or ticketing with another air carrier or foreign air carrier, and (2) such air carrier does not offer for sale transportation to or from, and the flight or aircraft does not serve, any point which is outside any such State. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to give authority not otherwise provided by law to the Secretary of Transportation, the Civil Aeronautics Board, any other officer or employee of the United States, or any other person.
(d) This section shall not take effect if enacted after the enactment of the Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979.

References

  1. ^ http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/371/1015/2133770/
  2. ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Sept. 6, 2000 Legend Airlines route map
  3. ^ http://www.departedflights.com, July 2, 2001 American Airlines system timetable, Dallas Love Field flight schedules
  4. ^ "Wright Deal Raises Antitrust Questions," Dallas Morning News, July 25, 2006
  5. ^ Amendment Repeal Bill, S. 3661, information on THOMAS (Library of Congress)
  6. ^ "Wright repeal has one step left," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Oct. 14, 2006
  7. ^ https://www.cnbc.com/id/43714139
  8. ^ "Wright Amendment Reform Act of 2006 Enacted Into Law; Southwest Airlines Offers Customers $99 One-Way Fares and Increased Travel Options From Dallas Love Field" (Press release). Southwest Airlines. 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
  9. ^ Banstetter, Trebor (2006-10-17). "Love's new menu: 25 new cities". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
  10. ^ Salazar, Daniel (2014-10-17). "Expiration of Wright Amendment means big airline changes for Southwest cities". McClatchy. Retrieved 2018-10-27. Before Monday, Southwest planes flying from Love Field had to land at an airport in a Wright-sanctioned state before continuing on to larger cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago or Washington.
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