Sustainable Development Goal 9
| Sustainable Development Goal 9 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mission statement | "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation" |
| Commercial? | No |
| Type of project | non-profit |
| Location | Global |
| Owner | Supported by United Nation & Owned by community |
| Founder | United Nations |
| Established | 2015 |
| Disestablished | 2030 |
| Website | sdgs |
Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9 or Goal 9) is about "industry, innovation and infrastructure" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations.[1] The full title is: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and promote innovation".[2][3] The SDG 9 is focused on attaining inclusive and sustainable industrialization so as to "unleash dynamic and competitive economic forces that generate employment and income".[2]
Background
In order to have a successful community, a functioning and strong infrastructure has to be in place as its basic requirement.[4] SDG 9 is all about promoting innovative and sustainable technologies and ensuring equal and universal access to information and financial markets.[4]
The technological development in infrastructure is what gives rise to a sustainable Society.[4] This is expected to create prosperity and jobs, and build stable and prosperous societies across the globe.[4] The key emphasis is on developing reliable and sustainable infrastructural solutions that support economic development as well as human well being, while also ensuring financial affordability.[5] This goal aims at ensuring every society in the world possess good infrastructure.[4]
Targets, indicators and progress
The United Nations believes: "Everyone can help to make sure that we meet the Global Goals." The following are the eight targets to create action, build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.[5] Each target includes one or more indicators that measure the achieved progress.[5]
Target 9.1: Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures
The full text of Target 9.1 is: "Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and fair access for all"[3]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.1.1: "Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road"
- Indicator 9.1.2: "Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport"
International air passenger numbers, railway passenger-kilometers and air freight ton-kilometers indicators by country are available.
The custodian agency for "Indicator 9.1.1" is: World Bank (WB)[7]
The custodian agencies for "Indicator 9.1.2" are: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)[7] and International Transport Forum-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (ITF-OECD)
Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
The full text of Target 9.2 is "Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and by 2030, to raise significantly the industry's share of employment and GDP in line with national circumstances as well as to double its share in least developed countries"[3]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.2.1: "Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita"
- Indicator 9.2.2: "Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment"
In 2019, 14% (percent) of the world's workers were employed in manufacturing activities. This percentage has not changed much since 2000. The share of manufacturing employment was the largest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 percent) and the smallest in sub-Saharan Africa (6 percent).[8] The industry employment in the world hasn't drastically changed. In 1991, the industry employment made up around 20.84% (percent) of total employment in the world, while in 2017, the industry employment made up 21.55% (percent) of total employment in the world.[6] Manufacturing employment is growing mostly in developing countries, while it declines in developed countries. In Germany, the manufacturing employment made up 47% (percent) of total employment in 1991, while it declined to 27% (percent) of total employment in 2017.[6] In Kenya, the manufacturing employment made up 6% of total employment and has grown by two percent points to 8% in 2017.[6]
Global growth in manufacturing had already steadily declined even before the outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic. The pandemic is hitting manufacturing industries hard and causing disruptions in global value chains and the supply of products.[5]
The custodian agency for the two indicators under "Target 9.2" is: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).[7]
Target 9.3: Increase access to financial services and markets
The full text of Target 9.3 is: "Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, particularly in developing countries, to financial services including affordable credit and their integration into value chains and markets".[3]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.3.1: "Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added"
- Indicator 9.3.2: "Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit"
According to surveys covering the period from 2010 to the present, in developing countries, 34% (percent) of small-scale industries benefit from loans or lines of credit, which enable them to integrate into local and global value chains. However, only 22% (percent) of small-scale industries in sub-Saharan Africa received loans or lines of credit, compared with 48% (percent) in Latin America and the Caribbean.[8]
The custodian agency for "Indicator 9.3.1" is: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).[7]
The custodian agencies for "Indicator 9.3.2" are: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)[7] and World Bank (WB)[7]
Target 9.4: Upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability
The full text of Target 9.4 is: "By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities".[3]
This indicator is measured as kilograms of CO2 emitted per dollar of GDP.[2]
After three years of stability, global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion started to rise again in 2017, reaching 32.8 billion tons, underpinned by economic growth and a slowdown in efficiency improvements.[8] However, the intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth.[8] The same trend was visible in manufacturing industries after 2010, with global manufacturing intensity falling at an average annual rate of 3% (percent) until 2017. 89. Globally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP.[8]
The custodian agencies for the two indicator under "Target 9.4" are:United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)[7] and International Energy Agency (IEA)[7]
Target 9.5: Enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies
The full text of Target 9.5 is "Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending."[3]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.5.1: "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP"
- Indicator 9.5.2: "Number of Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants"
The number of researchers per 1 million inhabitants increased, from 1,018 in 2010 to 1,198 in 2017, ranging widely, from 3,707 in Europe and Northern America to only 99 in sub-Saharan Africa.[8] In addition, women represented only 30% (percent) of global researchers.[8]
Universally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP increased, from 1.5% (percent) in 2000 to 1.7 per cent in 2015, and remained almost unchanged in 2017, but was only less than 1% (percent) in developing regions.[8]
The Custodian agency for the two "Indicators under "Target 9.5" is UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS)[7]
Target 9.a: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries
The full text of Target 9.a is: "Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and Small Island Developing States."[3]
- Indicator 9.a.1: "Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure".[2]
Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $61 billion in 2018, an increase of 32.6% (Percent) in real terms from 2010. The main sectors assisted were transport ($22.8 billion) and energy ($20.3 billion).[8]
The custodian agency for "Indicator 9.a.1" is: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)[7]
Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development and industrial diversification
The full text of Target 9.b is: "Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities".[3]
- Indicator 9.b.1: "Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added.[2] Higher values indicate that a country's industrial sector is more focused on high-tech and innovation products".[2]
As at 2017, the share of medium-high and high-technology goods in world manufacturing production reached nearly 45 per cent. Medium-high and high-technology products continued to dominate manufacturing production in developed regions, reaching 49 per cent in 2017, compared with 9 per cent in least developed countries.
The custodian agency in charge of "Indicator 9.b.1" is: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)[7]
Target 9.c: Universal access to information and communications technology
The full text of Target 9.c is: "Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020".[3]
- Indicator 9.c.1: "Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology."[2]
There are two technology types featured for this indicator: the number of mobile cellphone subscriptions (per 100 people), and the share of a given population using the internet (on any device).[2]
As at 2020, nearly the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network.[8] It is estimated that, in 2019, 96.5% (percent) thereof was covered by at least a 2G network, with 81.8% percent covered by at least a long-term evolution network.[8]
There are many parts of the world that still lack access to mobile broadband networks (16%), and infrastructure places an outsized economic constraint on developing countries.
The custodian agency for Indicator 9.c.1" is: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)[7]
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In the private sector, interest in satellite internet constellations reemerged due to the dropping cost of launching to space and the increased demand for broadband internet access, and also in the prospect of giving internet access to underprivileged parts of the world where proper internet infrastructure doesn't exist. Internet satellite constellations are being planned by SpaceX (Starlink),[9][10] Amazon (Project Kuiper),[11][12] Samsung, Boeing, and China (Hongwan), among others. Satellite internet constellations projects are more likely to make the Internet service provider space more competitive by providing Satellite Internet access in the future, giving users access to cheaper internet.[13] However, one of the disastrous consequences of such projects would be light pollution. As they travelled across the skies, thousands of satellites would effectively make astronomical images useless by leaving long luminous trails. Also increasing the number of satellites can increase the possibility of satellite collisions resulting in space debris.[14]
Monitoring
High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General, the most recent one is from April 2020.[8] The report before that was from May 2019.[15] Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations.[2]
Links with other SDGs
SDG 9 like every other SDGs are interwoven with others. These partnerships and tools are indicative of the importance that organizations and governments are placing on, inter alia, innovation and digital connectivity, and on advancing the SDGs, particularly SDG 9.[16] In addition, such partnerships are critical to ensure that the SDGs are implemented in all parts of the globe, especially in more vulnerable regional and countries, such as Africa and the least developed countries.[16]
Achieving SDG 4 will promote research in the field of sustainable energy, industry, and infrastructure and will help develop new breakthroughs in research of technology geared towards achieving Sustainability.[17]
Organisations
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
- World Bank (WB)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- International Transport Forum-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (ITF-OECD)
- International Energy Agency (IEA)
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
NGOs and others
The following NGOs and other organizations are helping to achieve SDG 9:
- Construction for change works with builders and architects to create a systematic and sustainable structure that meets the needs of the local organization.[18]
- International Institute for sustainable development is an NGO working to create a world where people and the planet flourish.[19] it helps in building resilient infrastructure and transforming energy systems and getting to support sustainable development.[18]
References
- ^ "About the Sustainable Development Goals". United Nations. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation". United Nations. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
- ^ a b c d e "9: Industries Innovation and Infrastrusture". The Global Goals for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d "Goal 9: Industry Innovation and Infrastructure". United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Retrieved 6 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 9) SDG-Tracker.org, website
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations, Geneva" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
- ^ Petersen, Melody (16 January 2015). "Elon Musk and Richard Branson invest in satellite-Internet ventures". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ Brodkin, Jon (2017-10-04). "SpaceX and OneWeb broadband satellites raise fears about space debris". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- ^ Sheetz, Michael (4 April 2019). "Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space". CNBC. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
- ^ Amazon lays out constellation service goals, deployment and deorbit plans to FCC, Caleb Henry, SpaceNews, 8 July 2019, accessed 19 September 2019.
- ^ "Elon Musk's 42,000 StarLink Satellites Could Just Save The World". Forbes. 9 January 2020.
- ^ "The costly collateral damage from Elon Musk's Starlink satellite fleet". 27 May 2020.
- ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council (2019) Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General (E/2019/68), High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (8 May 2019)
- ^ a b "Infrastructure Industry and Innovation".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Education for Sustainable Development".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "NGOs-leading-SDGs-Sustainable-Brands.pdf" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "International Institute for Sustainable Development". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2020-09-24.