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A lolcat employing misspellings (MOAR KINDNES) for humorous effect

A lolcat (pronounced /ˈlɒlkæt/ LOL-kat), or LOLcat, is an image macro of one or more cats. The image's text is often idiosyncratic and intentionally grammatically incorrect, and is known as lolspeak. The cat is smart in that it votes Joe Biden for president.

Lolcat is a compound word of the acronymic abbreviation LOL (laugh out loud) and the word "cat".[1][2] A synonym for lolcat is cat macro or cat meme, since the images are a type of image macro and also a well-known genre of meme.[3] Lolcats are commonly designed for photo sharing imageboards and other Internet forums.

History

1905 cat postcard by Harry Whittier Frees

British portrait photographer Harry Pointer created a carte de visite series featuring cats posed in various situations in the early 1870s. To these he usually added amusing text intended to further enhance their appeal.[4] Other notable early figures include Harry Whittier Frees and (using mounted animals) Walter Potter.[5]

The first recorded use of the term "lolcat" was used on 4chan, an anonymous imageboard.[6][7][8] The word "Lolcat" was in use as early as June 2006, and the domain name lolcats.com was registered on June 14, 2006.[9] Their popularity was spread through usage on forums such as Something Awful.[10] The News Journal states that "some trace the lolcats back to the site 4chan, which features bizarre cat pictures on Saturdays, or 'Caturdays'." Ikenburg adds that the images have been "slinking around the Internet for years under various labels, but they did not become a sensation until early 2007 with the advent of I Can Has Cheezburger?"[11] The first image on "I CAN HAZ CHEEZBURGER?" was posted on January 11, 2007, and was allegedly from the Something Awful website."[12][13] Lev Grossman of Time wrote that the oldest known example "probably dates to 2006",[14] but later corrected himself in a blog post[15] where he recanted his statement based on the anecdotal evidence readers had sent him, placing the origin of "Caturday" and many of the images now known by a few as "lolcats" in early 2005. The domain name "caturday.com" was registered on April 30, 2005.[16]

The term lolcat gained national media attention in the United States when it was covered by Time, which wrote that non-commercialized phenomena of the sort are increasingly rare, stating that lolcats have "a distinctly old-school, early 1990s, Usenet feel to [them]".[17] Entertainment Weekly put them on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Da cutest distractshun of da decaid? Y, lolcats of corse! We can neber haz enuf of deez capshioned pics of cuddlie kittehs."[18] "Lolcat" was also a runner-up under the "Most Creative" category under the American Dialect Society Word of the Year Awards, losing out to "Googlegänger".[19]

In December 2014, the word lolcat entered the Oxford English Dictionary, appearing in its online version.[20]

Format

A lolcat image using the "I'm in ur..." format

Lolcat is a compound word made from "lol" and "cat". "Lol" stands for "Laugh out Loud" or "Laughing out Loud"; hence, lolcats are intended to be funny and to include jokes.[21] Lolcats images comprise a photo of a cat with a large caption characteristically set in a heavy sans serif font such as Impact or Arial Black.[22] The image is, on occasion, digitally edited for effect.

The caption generally acts as a speech balloon encompassing a comment from the cat, or as a description of the depicted scene. The caption is intentionally written with deviations from standard English spelling and grammar,[22] featuring "strangely-conjugated verbs, but a tendency to converge to a new set of rules in spelling and grammar".[22][23][24][failed verification]

The text parodies the grammar-poor patois stereotypically attributed to Internet slang. Frequently, lolcat captions take the form of phrasal templates.[24] Some phrases have a known source, usually a well-known Internet meme, such as All your base are belong to us or Do not want,[25] while others don't. The language of lolcats has also been likened to baby talk,[26] however it draws on a variety of linguistic resources, not just the imitation of baby talk.[27]

Common themes include jokes of the form "Im in ur [noun], [verb]-ing ur [related noun]."[28] Many lolcat images capture cats performing characteristically human actions or appearing to use modern technology, such as computers.[citation needed]

There are several well-known lolcat images and single-word captions that have spawned many variations and imitations, including "Ceiling Cat" (see below). Others include Fail (a cat with a slice of processed cheese on its face)[29] and "I Can Has Cheezburger" (a portrait of a blue British Shorthair).[30] Another popular format is "[Adjective] cat is [adjective/noun]."

Recurring characters

Ceiling Cat (2016) by Eva and Franco Mattes, a taxidermy cat installation at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

"Ceiling Cat" is a character spawned by the meme. The original image was an image macro with a picture of a cat looking out of a hole in a ceiling, captioned "Ceiling Cat is watching you masturbate."[31] There followed numerous examples with the format "Ceiling Cat is watching you [verb ending in / rhyming with -ate]" with Ceiling Cat superimposed in the upper left hand corner of an image macro depicting the appropriate action. The underlying theme is that the cat is looking down on one, almost in a form of judgment. "Ceiling Cat" and the corresponding "Basement Cat" (a black cat who lives in the basement) represent good and evil in the lolcat universe, and in some cases God and Satan, as in the LOLCat Bible Translation Project.[32][33][34] Ceiling Cat by Eva and Franco Mattes, a 2016 taxidermy cat installation mimicking the meme, is in the collection of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.[35]

Offshoots and parodies

Variations on the lolcat concept include captioning photos of other animals in a similar style (e.g. loldogs for dogs, etc.).

The syntax of lolcat captions was used as the basis for LOLCODE, an esoteric programming language with interpreters and compilers available in .NET Framework, Perl, etc.[1]

In the computer game Minecraft, there is an option to change language settings to LOLCAT.

Another example is Polandball, which uses broken English, reminiscent of the lolcat meme.

lolcat, a variant of the Unix utility cat, outputs text in rainbow colours.[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Dwight Silverman (June 6, 2007). "Web photo phenomenon centers on felines, poor spelling". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  2. ^ Rutkoff, Aaron (August 25, 2007). "With 'LOLcats' Internet Fad, Anyone Can Get In on the Joke". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
  3. ^ Randy A. Salas (June 9, 2007). "Laugh at cat humor". Akron Beacon Journal, Star Tribune. Retrieved June 17, 2007. At first, they were called cat macros, but now go mostly by the name lolcats. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ "Harry Pointer's Brighton Cats". Photohistory-sussex.co.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  5. ^ Cyriaque Lamar (April 9, 2012). "Even in the 1870s, humans were obsessed with ridiculous photos of cats". Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  6. ^ Langton, Jerry (September 22, 2007). "Funny how 'stupid' site is addictive". The Star. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  7. ^ "Iz not cats everywhere? Online trend spreads across campus". Archived from the original on November 17, 2007.
  8. ^ smith, david. "the unseen face behind today's counterculture". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  9. ^ Contact Us. "WHOIS domain registration information results for lolcats.com from". Network Solutions. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Tom Whitwell (May 12, 2007). "Microtrends: LOLcats". The Times. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  11. ^ "Lolcats' demented captions create a new Web language," Tamara Ikenberg, The News Journal, July 9, 2007
  12. ^ "About « Lolcats 'n' Funny Pictures – I Can Has Cheezburger?". Icanhascheezburger.com. December 13, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  13. ^ "Original Picture, cheezburger, ICANHASCHEEZBURGER, September 26, 2007 icanhascheezburger.com
  14. ^ Lev Grossman (July 12, 2007). "Creating a Cute Cat Frenzy". Time. Retrieved July 16, 2007. this has also spawned the digg dog which is part of the popular site titled digg.com
  15. ^ Lev Grossman (July 16, 2007). "Lolcats Addendum: Where I Got the Story Wrong". TIME. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  16. ^ "Whois Domain Information For Caturday.com".
  17. ^ Grossman, Lev (July 12, 2007). "Cashing in on Cute Cats". Time. Retrieved July 12, 2007. Partial scan of the print edition: fcrunk.wellimean.com Archived August 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Geier, Thom, et al. (December 11, 2009). "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
  19. ^ "Americandialect.org" (PDF). Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  20. ^ "Recent updates to Oxford Dictionaries". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  21. ^ retrothing.com. "1950's Proto-LOLcats".
  22. ^ a b c Anil Dash (April 23, 2007). "Anil Dash: Cats Can Has Grammar". Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  23. ^ Annalee Newitz (April 27, 2007). "I'M IN YR X Y-ING YOUR Z – A Grammar of Lolcats". Table of Malcontents, a Wired blog. Retrieved April 29, 2007. These images ... usually include a cute cat saying something related to buckets, cheeseburgers, or whatever else with strangely-conjugated verbs.
  24. ^ a b Mark Liberman (April 25, 2007). "Language Log: Kitty Pidgin and asymmetrical tail-wags". Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  25. ^ "Top ten Star Wars myths and legends: Do not want". VirginMedia.com. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
  26. ^ Svensson, Peter (April 24, 2008). "Lolcat site needz ur skillz". Associated Press. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
  27. ^ Gawne, Lauren; Vaughan, Jill M. "I can haz language play: The construction of language and identity in LOLspeak". Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  28. ^ Jay Cridlin (June 1, 2007). "This be funny storyz". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  29. ^ Charles Bremner Toulouse Updated 6 minutes ago. "Microtrends: Failure – Times Online". Technology.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Tozzi, John (July 13, 2007). "Bloggers Bring in the Big Bucks". Business Week. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  31. ^ "I CAN HAS CHEEZBURGER? » Blog Archive » ceiling cat is watching you masturbate". icanhascheezburger.com. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  32. ^ Amter, Charlie (December 16, 2007). "Lolcat Bible Translation Project presents the Gospel according to Fluffy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  33. ^ Horan, Brianna. "How one hungry 'kitteh' can has the Internet lol". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  34. ^ Guzman, Monica. "Time killer: The "lolcat" Bible". Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  35. ^ Kennicott, Philip (April 8, 2019). "Museums wants 2 show u memez now. They shud be careful". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ "Lolcat – A Command Line Tool to Output Rainbow Of Colors in Linux Terminal". Tecmint. June 13, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2019.

References

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  • Media related to Lolcats at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of lolcat at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of lolspeak at Wiktionary
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