2012 Atlantic hurricane season: Difference between revisions
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Chris|dates=June 19 – June 22|max-winds=75 (120)|min-press=987|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Chris|dates=June 19 – June 22|max-winds=75 (120)|min-press=987|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Debby (2012)|Debby]]|dates=June 23 – June 27 |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=990|areas=[[Cuba]], [[Southeastern United States]], [[Bermuda]]|damage=>42.5|deaths=7 (2)}} |
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Debby (2012)|Debby]]|dates=June 23 – June 27 |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=990|areas=[[Cuba]], [[Southeastern United States]], [[Bermuda]]|damage=>42.5|deaths=7 (2)}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Ernesto|dates=August 1 – Currently Active|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=1001|areas=[[Windward Islands]]|damage=None|deaths= |
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Ernesto|dates=August 1 – Currently Active|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=1001|areas=[[Windward Islands]]|damage=None|deaths=1 (1)}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Florence|dates=August 4 – Currently Active|max-winds=40 (65)|min-press=1005|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Florence|dates=August 4 – Currently Active|max-winds=40 (65)|min-press=1005|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=6|dates=May 19 - Currently active<!-- Do not change this until after November 30 -->|max-winds=75 (120)|min-press=987|tot-areas=|tot-damage=>42.5 million|tot-deaths=11 (4)}}</center> |
{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=6|dates=May 19 - Currently active<!-- Do not change this until after November 30 -->|max-winds=75 (120)|min-press=987|tot-areas=|tot-damage=>42.5 million|tot-deaths=11 (4)}}</center> |
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Revision as of 14:22, 4 August 2012
| 2012 Atlantic hurricane season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | May 19, 2012 |
| Last system dissipated | Season currently active |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Chris |
| • Maximum winds | 75 mph (120 km/h) |
| • Lowest pressure | 987 mbar (hPa; 29.15 inHg) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 6 |
| Total storms | 6 |
| Hurricanes | 1 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 0 |
| Total fatalities | 11 direct, 4 indirect |
| Total damage | > $42.5 million (2012 USD) |
| Related article | |
The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season is an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season officially began on June 1, 2012 and ends on November 30, 2012. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin.
The season experienced an early burst of activity followed by an extended period of silence. Tropical Storm Alberto and Tropical Storm Beryl both developed several days before the official start of the season, an occurrence not seen since the 1908 Atlantic hurricane season.[1] When Tropical Storm Debby formed on June 23, it was the first time ever that four storms formed before July since record keeping began in 1851. Despite the early start, no further storms formed through all of July. This streak ended in early August with the formation of Tropical Storm Ernesto.[2]
Seasonal forecasts
| Source | Date | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes | |
| Average (1950–2000)[3] | 9.6 | 5.9 | 2.3 | ||
| Record high activity | 28 | 15 | 8 | ||
| Record low activity | 4 | 2 | 0† | ||
| ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | |||||
| TSR | December 7, 2011[4] | 14 | 7 | 3 | |
| WSI | December 21, 2011[5] | 12 | 7 | 3 | |
| CSU | April 4, 2012[6] | 10 | 4 | 2 | |
| TSR | April 12, 2012 | 13 | 6 | 3 | |
| TWC | April 24, 2012 | 11 | 6 | 2 | |
| TSR | May 23, 2012[7] | 13 | 6 | 3 | |
| UKMO | May 24, 2012[8] | 10* | N/A | N/A | |
| NOAA | May 24, 2012[9] | 9-15 | 4-8 | 1-3 | |
| FSU COAPS | May 30, 2012 | 13 | 7 | N/A | |
| CSU | June 1, 2012[10] | 13 | 5 | 2 | |
| TSR | June 6, 2012[11] | 14 | 6 | 3 | |
| ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | |||||
| 6 | 1 | 0 | |||
| * June–November only. † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all) | |||||
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University; and separately by NOAA forecasters. CSU's December 2011 discussion was notable in that the forecasting team announced it would no longer attempt quantitative forecasting nearly six months out, noting "...forecasts of the last 20 years have not shown real-time forecast skill." They will, however, release a quantitative forecast for 2012 in April.[12]
Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defined the average number of storms per season (1981 to 2010) as 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes, 2.7 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) and ACE Index 96.1.[3] NOAA defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength and ACE Index.[13]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 7, 2011, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued an extended-range forecast predicting an above-average hurricane season. In its report, TSR noted that tropical cyclone activity could be about 49% above the 1950–2010 average, with 14.1 (±4.2) tropical storms, 6.7 (±3.0) hurricanes, and 3.3 (±1.6) major hurricanes anticipated, and a cumulative ACE index of 117 (±58).[4] Later that month on December 21, Weather Services International (WSI) issued an extended-range forecast predicting a near average hurricane season. In its forecast, WSI noted that a cooler North Atlantic Oscillation not seen in a decade, combined with weakening La Niña, would result in a near-average season with 12 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. They also predicted a near-average probability of a hurricane landfall on the United States coastline, with a slightly elevated chance on the Gulf Coast and a slightly reduced chance along the East Coast.[5] On April 4, 2012, Colorado State University (CSU) issued their updated forecast for the season, calling for a below-normal season due to an increased chance for the development of an El Niño during the season.[6]
On May 24, 2012, NOAA released their forecast for the season, predicting a near-normal season (nine to fifteen named storms, 4-8 hurricanes, and one to three major hurricanes of Category 3 strength or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale). NOAA based its forecast on higher wind shear, cooler temperatures in the Main Development Region of the Eastern Atlantic, and the continuance of the "high activity" era (i.e. Atlantic multidecadal oscillation warm phase) which began in 1995. Gerry Bell, lead seasonal forecaster at NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, added the main uncertainty in the outlook was how much below or above the 2012 season would be, and whether the high end of the predicted range is reached dependent on whether El Niño develops or stays in its current Neutral phase.[9] That same day, the United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO) issued a forecast of a below-average season. They predicted 10 named storms with a 70% chance that the number would be between 7 and 13. However, they do not issue forecasts on the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes. They also predicted an ACE index of 90 with a 70% chance that the index would be in the range 28 to 152.[14] On May 30, 2012, the Florida State University for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU COAPS) issued its annual Atlantic hurricane season forecast. The organization predicted 13 named storms, including 7 hurricanes, and an ACE index of 122.[15]
Mid-season outlooks
On June 1, 2012, Klotzbach's team issued their first updated forecast for the 2012 season, predicting 13 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. The university said there were large amounts of uncertainty concerning the phase of the ENSO as well as in Atlantic basin conditions. The organization also said the chance of a major hurricane hitting the U.S. coast was 48%, compared to an average of 52% over the past 100 years. The chance of a major hurricane hitting the Florida peninsula and the U.S. East Coast is 28%, compared to an average of 31% over the past 100 years.[10] On June 6, 2012, Tropical Storm Risk issued their June update for Atlantic hurricane activity for the 2012 season, predicting 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 100. The agency noted that they anticipated the trade wind predictor to have a small suppressing effect on activity, and sea surface temperatures would provide a neutral effect. They continue with their forecast of a near-average chance of U.S. landfall activity using the 1950-2011 long term norm, but a slightly below-average chance of U.S. landfall activity using the recent 2002-2011 10-year norm.[11]
Storms
Tropical Storm Alberto
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | May 19 – May 22 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 995 mbar (hPa) |
During the early morning hours of May 19, a non-tropical area of low pressure became stationary just offshore of South Carolina while producing organized shower and thunderstorm activity.[16] It quickly gained tropical characteristics over the warm sea surface temperatures of the Gulf Stream, and by 2100 UTC that afternoon, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Tropical Storm Alberto, the first named storm to form during May in the Atlantic basin since Arthur in 2008, and the earliest tropical storm since Ana in April 2003.[17] Combined with Aletta's preseason development in the Eastern Pacific, this became the first occurrence where tropical cyclones reached tropical storm status in both the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins (east of the 140°W) before the official start date of their respective hurricane seasons.[18]
At 2250 UTC on May 19, a ship near Alberto reported winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), indicating the storm was stronger than previously assessed.[19] Little strengthening occurred over the next few hours, and in fact, slight weakening occurred that night as southeasterly shear and dry air entrainment began to impact the system, leaving the center exposed to the east of the circulation.[20][21] After remaining a minimal tropical storm for about 24 hours, the storm weakened to a tropical depression early on May 22 as it moved northeastward out to sea.[22] Late on May 22, the NHC discontinued advisories on Alberto after the system failed to maintain convection and dissipated; at this time the cyclone was located roughly 170 miles (270 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[23] While the storm was active, Alberto produced 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) waves, prompting several ocean rescues.[24]
Tropical Storm Beryl
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | May 26 – May 30 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 992 mbar (hPa) |
On May 23, an elongated low pressure area developed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea, with disorganized thunderstorms, and began moving northeastwards.[25] The low became better-defined over the Florida Keys,[26] and the cloud pattern organized.[27] After continuing to the northeast, the system developed a well-defined circulation with associated convection, located beneath an upper-level low. Based on the observations, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Subtropical Storm Beryl at 0300 UTC on May 26 when the system was located about 305 mi (490 km) east of Charleston, South Carolina.[28]
Little change in strength occurred until May 27, when Beryl transitioned into a fully tropical storm and reached its peak intensity, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Beryl weakened slightly before it made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida. The system weakened to a tropical depression shortly afterwards, and became post-tropical on May 30. Beryl would soon become a powerful extratropical cyclone, as it accelerated to the northeast. Beryl's landfall in Jacksonville Beach, Florida, was the strongest landfall in the United States for any pre-season Atlantic tropical cyclone on record.[1]
Hurricane Chris
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 19 – June 22 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 987 mbar (hPa) |
On June 17, a low pressure area developed from a stalled out frontal boundary near Bermuda. Atop warm sea surface temperatures and light wind shear, the low pressure gradually acquired tropical characteristics the following day, and during the afternoon hours of June 19, after sustaining deep thunderstorm activity for a sufficient amount of time, the National Hurricane Center began writing advisories on Tropical Storm Chris. Tropical Storm Chris also set a record for the third earliest third tropical cyclone formation for any season, behind storms in 1887 and 1959.[29] Despite being at a high latitude over cool water (22°C / 71.6°F), it strengthened into the first hurricane of the season on June 21. After encountering cooler waters, it weakened back to a tropical storm just six hours later. Early on June 22 Chris began transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone as it interacted with a larger extratropical low to its south. The final advisory on Chris was issued at 11 am on June 22, (AST) after completing its post-tropical transition.[citation needed]
Tropical Storm Debby
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 23 – June 27 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 990 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical disturbance developed into Tropical Storm Debby on the afternoon of June 23 in the Gulf of Mexico, becoming the earliest fourth storm on record in the Atlantic basin; this beat the previous record set by 2005's Hurricane Dennis, which formed on July 5. [30] Debby moved sluggishly throughout June 24 and into June 25, at times becoming stationary. Debby did not intensify as much as originally anticipated due to high vertical wind shear caused by an upper-level low on its western side that limited convective activity atop the center of circulation. At 2100 UTC June 26, Debby made landfall at Steinhatchee, Florida with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Shortly after landfall, Debby weakened to a tropical depression and lost most of its central convection. Debby maintained tropical cyclone status while crossing Florida, while still being sheared from the southwest. During the afternoon hours of June 27, Debby exited Florida and regained tropical storm strength, but was declared post-tropical due to lack of convection near its then elongated center. Over the next few days the remnants of Debby continued to move northeast until they dissipated on June 30.[citation needed]
Tropical Storm Ernesto
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| As of: | 5 a.m. AST (0900 UTC) August 4 | ||
| Location: | 14°06′N 67°12′W / 14.1°N 67.2°W ± 30 nm About 305 mi (490 km) SSW of San Juan, Puerto Rico About 690 mi (1115 km) ESE of Kingston, Jamaica | ||
| Sustained winds: | 50 knots (60 mph; 95 km/h) (1-min mean) gusting to 60 knots (70 mph; 110 km/h) | ||
| Pressure: | 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg) | ||
| Movement: | W at 16 kt (18 mph; 30 km/h) | ||
| See more detailed information. | |||
The NHC first monitored this tropical wave in its tropical weather outlook on July 30, noting that the system had an accompanying low pressure area and was showing signs of development.[31] The convection slowly organized due to generally favorable environmental conditions.[32] After the circulation became better defined, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Five at 2100 UTC on August 1. At the time, the depression was located about 810 mi (1305 km) east of the Lesser Antilles, moving west-northwestward due to an anticyclone to its north.[33] In the 12 hours after its formation, the system's convection became disorganized due to westerly wind shear, and the NHC remarked the potential for degeneration into a tropical wave.[34] However, a Hurricane Hunters flight on August 2 observed tropical storm force winds, and accordingly the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Ernesto at 2100 UTC.[35] The next day, the storm moved over or very near Saint Lucia, and a station on the island reported a wind gust of 63 mph (101 km/h).[36]
Current storm information
As of 5 a.m. AST (0900 UTC) August 4, Tropical Storm Ernesto is located within 30 nautical miles of 14°06′N 67°12′W / 14.1°N 67.2°W, about 305 mi (490 km) south-southwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico; about 690 mi (1115 km) east-southeast of Kingston, Jamaica. Maximum sustained winds are 50 knots (60 mph, 95 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 InHg), and the system is moving west at 16 kt (18 mph, 30 km/h). Tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 105 miles (165 km) from the center of Ernesto.
Watches and warnings
| Tropical Storm Watch Tropical storm conditions possible within 48 hours. |
For latest official information and storm history see:
- The NHC's Storm Archive for Tropical Storm Ernesto
- The NHC's latest Public Advisory on Tropical Storm Ernesto
- The NHC's latest Forecast Discussion on Tropical Storm Ernesto
Tropical Storm Florence
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| As of: | 8 a.m. AST (1200 UTC) August 4 | ||
| Location: | 14.6°N 29.7°W ± 30 nm About 330 mi (530 km) W of the southernmost Cape Verde islands | ||
| Sustained winds: | 35 knots (40 mph; 65 km/h) (1-min mean) gusting to 40 knots (45 mph; 70 km/h) | ||
| Pressure: | 1005 mbar (hPa; 29.68 inHg) | ||
| Movement: | WNW at 14 kt (16 mph; 26 km/h) | ||
| See more detailed information. | |||
Late on August 1, a vigorous tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa. The wave developed a mid-level spin, and on August 2, the National Hurricane Center began to monitor the wave. The wave slowly organized, and on August 4, the storm became Tropical Depression Six.[37] The next day it strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence.[38]
Current storm information
As of 8 a.m. AST (1200 UTC) August 4, Tropical Storm Florence is located within 30 nautical miles of 14°36′N 29°42′W / 14.6°N 29.7°W, about 315 mi (510 km) west of the southernmost Cape Verde islands. Maximum sustained winds are 35 knots (40 mph, 65 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 1005 mbar (hPa; 29.68 InHg), and the system is moving west-northwest at 14 kt (16 mph, 26 km/h).
For latest official information and storm history see:
- The NHC's Storm Archive for Tropical Storm Florence
- The NHC's latest Public Advisory on Tropical Storm Florence
- The NHC's latest Forecast Discussion on Tropical Storm Florence
Timeline of events
August
- August 1
- 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Five develops from an area of low pressure roughly 810 mi (1305 km) east of the Windward Islands.
- August 2
- 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Five intensifies into Tropical Storm Ernesto roughly 295 mi (475 km) east of the Windward Islands.
- August 4
- 0300 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Six develops from an area of low pressure roughly 240 mi (385 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands.
- 1100 UTC (07:00 a.m. AST) - Tropical Depression Six strengthens into Tropical Storm Florence.
Storm names
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2012. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2013. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2018 season. This is the same list used in the 2006 season.
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Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)–denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2012 USD.
| Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
| Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberto | May 19 – May 22 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 995 | Southeastern United States | None | None | |||
| Beryl | May 26 – May 30 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 992 | Cuba, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States | Unknown | 4 (2) | |||
| Chris | June 19 – June 22 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 987 | None | None | None | |||
| Debby | June 23 – June 27 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 990 | Cuba, Southeastern United States, Bermuda | >42.5 | 7 (2) | |||
| Ernesto | August 1 – Currently Active | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 1001 | Windward Islands | None | 1 (1) | |||
| Florence | August 4 – Currently Active | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1005 | None | None | None | |||
| Season aggregates | ||||||||||
| 6 systems | May 19 - Currently active | 75 (120) | 987 | >42.5 million | 11 (4) | |||||
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)
| ACE (104kt²) (Source) — Storm: | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.72 | Chris | 4 | 1.38 | Alberto |
| 2 | 2.44 | Debby | 5 | 0.865 | Beryl |
| 3 | 1.42 | Ernesto | |||
| Total: 8.83 | |||||
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. Broadly speaking, the ACE is a measure of the power of a hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is calculated for only full advisories on specifically tropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h), or tropical storm strength. Accordingly, tropical depressions are not included here. The ACE also does not include advisories where a storm is declared to be subtropical, so ACE is not shown when Tropical Storm Beryl was subtropical, for example. Later, the NHC reexamines the data, and produces a final report on each storm, which can lead to the ACE for a storm being revised either upward or downward. Until the final reports are issued, ACEs are, therefore, provisional.
See also
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- 2012 Pacific hurricane season
- 2012 Pacific typhoon season
- 2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2011–12,
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2011–12, 2012–13
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2011–12, 2012–13
References
- ^ a b Robbie Berg (June 1, 2012). "Tropical Weather Outlook" (TXT). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
- ^ Richard Pasch (August 2, 2012). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Number Five (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ^ a b Philip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (December 10, 2008). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009". Colorado State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (December 7, 2011). Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2012 (PDF) (Report). Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Linda Maynard (December 21, 2011). "WSI: Cooler Atlantic, Waning La Nina Suggest Relatively Tame 2012 Tropical Season". WSI Corporation. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ a b Philip Klotzbach; William Gray (April 4, 2012). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2012" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (May 23, 2012). Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2012 (PDF) (Report). Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ "Met Office predicts quieter tropical storm season". May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
- ^ a b "NOAA predicts a near-normal 2012 Atlantic hurricane season". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Philip Klotzbach; William Gray (June 1, 2012). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2012" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (June 6, 2012). "June Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2012" (PDF). Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- ^ Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray. "Qualitative Discussion of Atlantic Basin Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 2012" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (May 22, 2008). "NOAA Atlantic Hurricane Season Classifications". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ "North Atlantic tropical storm seasonal forecast 2012". May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (May 30, 2012). "2012 FSU COAPS Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast". Florida State University. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ Michael Brennan; David Cangialosi (May 19, 2012). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Michael Brennan (May 19, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Dominic Brown (May 20, 2012). "First Tropical Storm of Season Forms, Could Impact Eastern [[North Carolina]]". WCTI-TV. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
{{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Eric Blake; James Franklin (May 19, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Eric Blake; James Franklin (May 20, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ David Cangialosi; Daniel Brown (May 20, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Stacy Stewart (May 22, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Number 10". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Richard Pasch (May 22, 2012). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Number 12". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Al Sandrik (May 22, 2012). Post Tropical Cyclone Report... Tropical Depression Alberto (Report). Jacksonville, Florida National Weather Service. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Robbie Berg; Richard Pasch (May 23, 2012). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ Michael Brennan; James Franklin (May 24, 2012). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Todd Kimberlain; Stacy Stewart. "Special Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Text "May 24, 2012" ignored (help) - ^ Todd Kimberlain (May 26, 2012). "Subtropical Storm Beryl Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
- ^ Daniel Brown (June 19, 2012). "Tropical Storm Chris Forecast Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
- ^ Todd Kimberlain (June 27, 2012). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Debby Discussion Number 18". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Stacy Stewart (July 30, 2012). Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- ^ Todd Kimberlain (July 31, 2012). Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- ^ Richard Pasch; Eric Blake (August 1, 2012). Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number One (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- ^ Todd Kimberlain; Lixion Avila (August 2, 2012). Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number Three (Report). Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ^ Richard Pasch (August 2, 2012). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Number Five (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ^ Lixion Avila (August 3, 2012). Tropical Storm Ernesto Intermediate Advisory Number Seven-A (Report). Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ^ Chris Landsea (August 4, 2012). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Number One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
- ^ Erick Blake (August 4, 2012). "Tropical Storm Florence update". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
External links
- Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's rainfall page for tropical cyclones in 2012
- National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
Tropical cyclones of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season | ||
|---|---|---|
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