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Barbaro family tradition claimed they were descended the Roman [[gens]] Catellia and fled to [[Istria]] to avoid persecution during the reign of Emperor [[Diocletian]].<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> They then moved from [[Pula]] to [[Trieste]] in 706 and then to Venice in 868.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> The Barbaro family’s wealth came from the salt trade.<ref>[http://venice.jc-r.net/palaces/barbaro-curtis.htm Palazzo Barbaro-Curtis] website.</ref>
Barbaro family tradition claimed they were descended the Roman [[gens]] Catellia and fled to [[Istria]] to avoid persecution during the reign of Emperor [[Diocletian]].<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> They then moved from [[Pula]] to [[Trieste]] in 706 and then to Venice in 868.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> The Barbaro family’s wealth came from the salt trade.<ref>[http://venice.jc-r.net/palaces/barbaro-curtis.htm Palazzo Barbaro-Curtis] website.</ref>


Johannes Barbaro, a [[presbyter]] of the Church of San Zorzi in 982 has been cited as the first member of the Barbaro family that we have a historical record of,<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> but an Antonio Barbaro was [[Procurator of San Marco]] in 968.<ref>“ Venice on foot, with the itinerary of the Grand Canal and several direct routes to useful places”, Hugh A Douglas, C. Scribner's Sons, 1907, pg. 346 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rYEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258&dq=Barbaro+%22Palazzo+Dario%22#v=onepage&q=Barbaro%20&f=false]</ref> Recorded genealogy of the family begins in 1121 with Marco Barbaro, naval commander and creator of the modern coat of arms.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
Johannes Barbaro, a [[presbyter]] of the Church of San Zorzi in 982 has been cited as the first member of the Barbaro family that we have a historical record of,<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>, but an Antonio Barbaro was [[Procurator of San Marco]] in 968.<ref>“ Venice on foot, with the itinerary of the Grand Canal and several direct routes to useful places”, Hugh A Douglas, C. Scribner's Sons, 1907, pg. 346 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rYEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258&dq=Barbaro+%22Palazzo+Dario%22#v=onepage&q=Barbaro%20&f=false]</ref> Recorded genealogy of the family begins in 1121 with Marco Barbaro, naval commander and creator of the modern coat of arms.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>


The Barbaro family became members of the Patrician class by decision of the Maggior Consiglio (Senate of Venice) in 1297.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> The [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]] confirmed the family status as Patricians as part of a series of resolutions issued from 1818-1821.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> This status was officially recorded again in Venice in 1891 for all members of the family.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> At the same time, a Benedetto Barbaro was recognized as a Count, with the right to pass that title on to his male heirs.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> In 1911, Giamabattisto Barbaro from another branch of the family was also recognized as a Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> Another branch of the family moved to Malta, where they were awarded the titles of Signore di Pietramala (1270), Barone di Latronico (1530), Marchese di San Giorgio (1778), and Nobile di Malta (1878).<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
The Barbaro family became members of the Patrician class by decision of the Maggior Consiglio (Senate of Venice) in 1297.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> The [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]] confirmed the family status as Patricians as part of a series of resolutions issued from 1818-1821.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> This status was officially recorded again in Venice in 1891 for all members of the family.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> At the same time, a Benedetto Barbaro was recognized as a Count, with the right to pass that title on to his male heirs.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> In 1911, Giambattista Barbaro from another branch of the family was also recognized as a Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref> Another branch of the family moved to Malta, where they were awarded the titles of Signore di Pietramala (1270), Barone di Latronico (1530), Marchese di San Giorgio (1778), and Nobile di Malta (1878).<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>


The family fortunes diminished after [[Napoleon]]'s defeat of Venice and they had to turn most of the [[Palazzi Barbaro]] into apartments.<ref>“The City of Falling Angels'', John Berendt, Penguin Books, 2006, pg.150 [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrW5d7MZCgUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false], ISBN 1594200580</ref> By the time art critic [[John Ruskin]] visited Venice in 1851 all that was left of the once powerful Barbaro family were a pair of elderly brothers living in poverty in the garret of the [[Palazzi Barbaro|Palazzo Barbaro]].<ref>“Views of Venice”, Antonio Canaletto, Antonio Visentini, J. G. Links, Dover Publications, 1971, pg. 20 [http://books.google.com/books?id=xi7tUXWSf7MC&pg=PA78&dq], ISBN 0486226271</ref>
The family fortunes diminished after [[Napoleon]]'s defeat of Venice and they had to turn most of the [[Palazzi Barbaro]] into apartments.<ref>“The City of Falling Angels'', John Berendt, Penguin Books, 2006, pg.150 [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrW5d7MZCgUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false], ISBN 1594200580</ref> By the time art critic [[John Ruskin]] visited Venice in 1851 all that was left of the once powerful Barbaro family were a pair of elderly brothers living in poverty in the garret of the [[Palazzi Barbaro|Palazzo Barbaro]].<ref>“Views of Venice”, Antonio Canaletto, Antonio Visentini, J. G. Links, Dover Publications, 1971, pg. 20 [http://books.google.com/books?id=xi7tUXWSf7MC&pg=PA78&dq], ISBN 0486226271</ref>
Line 174: Line 174:
*Benedetto Barbaro (c.1891) Son of Alessandro, grandson of Lorenzo, Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
*Benedetto Barbaro (c.1891) Son of Alessandro, grandson of Lorenzo, Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>


*Gimabattista Barbaro (c.1911) Son of Nicolo, grandson of Giambattista, Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
*Giambattista Barbaro (c.1911) Son of Nicolo, grandson of Giambattista, Count.<ref>“Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NZdpAAAAMAAJ]</ref>


== Patronage ==
== Patronage ==

Revision as of 23:31, 7 February 2010

"The Glorification of the Barbaro Family" by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

The Barbaro family was a patrician family of Venice. Various members were noted as church leaders, diplomats, patrons of the arts, military commanders, philosophers, scholars, and scientists.[1][2]

History

Barbaro family tradition claimed they were descended the Roman gens Catellia and fled to Istria to avoid persecution during the reign of Emperor Diocletian.[3] They then moved from Pula to Trieste in 706 and then to Venice in 868.[4] The Barbaro family’s wealth came from the salt trade.[5]

Johannes Barbaro, a presbyter of the Church of San Zorzi in 982 has been cited as the first member of the Barbaro family that we have a historical record of,[6], but an Antonio Barbaro was Procurator of San Marco in 968.[7] Recorded genealogy of the family begins in 1121 with Marco Barbaro, naval commander and creator of the modern coat of arms.[8]

The Barbaro family became members of the Patrician class by decision of the Maggior Consiglio (Senate of Venice) in 1297.[9] The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia confirmed the family status as Patricians as part of a series of resolutions issued from 1818-1821.[10] This status was officially recorded again in Venice in 1891 for all members of the family.[11] At the same time, a Benedetto Barbaro was recognized as a Count, with the right to pass that title on to his male heirs.[12] In 1911, Giambattista Barbaro from another branch of the family was also recognized as a Count.[13] Another branch of the family moved to Malta, where they were awarded the titles of Signore di Pietramala (1270), Barone di Latronico (1530), Marchese di San Giorgio (1778), and Nobile di Malta (1878).[14]

The family fortunes diminished after Napoleon's defeat of Venice and they had to turn most of the Palazzi Barbaro into apartments.[15] By the time art critic John Ruskin visited Venice in 1851 all that was left of the once powerful Barbaro family were a pair of elderly brothers living in poverty in the garret of the Palazzo Barbaro.[16]

Ruskin wrote that the poverty of these last members of the Barbaro family was justice for the family having rebuilt the Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo as a monument to themselves, which Ruskin called “a manifestation of insolent atheism”.[17] The last of the family died in the mid-nineteenth century.[18]

Some branches of the family survived outside Venice. The most prominent was in Malta, but there were also branches in Galacia and other parts of Italy.[19]

Family Arms

There is disagreement over the form of the ancient Barbaro coat of arms. d'Eschavannes identifies it as D'azur, à trois roses d'or, a blue field with three gold roses.[20] Rietstap identifies it as D'or, à deux bandes d'azur, accompagne de deux roses du même, a gold field with two bands of blue between two roses of the same color.[21]

The Barbaro coat of arms
The Barbaro coat of arms

The modern Barbaro coat of arms was D'argent, au cyclamore de gueules, a red ring on a white field.[22][23][24]

The modern Barbaro family arms were officially recognized the Venetian Senate in 1125 in remembrance of Marco Barbaro cutting off the hand of a Moor during a naval action near Ascalon and using the bleeding stump to draw a circle onto a turban, which he flew as a pennant from his masthead. [25][26][27][28][29]

In 1432, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor granted Ambassador Francesco Barbaro the title of Knight of the Holy Roman Empire and the right to quarter his arms with the Imperial Eagles.[30] In 1560, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Ambassador Daniele Barbaro right to use the Tudor Rose in his personal arms.[31]

Notable members

Famous members included the brothers Daniele Barbaro and Marcantonio Barbaro, who were patrons of the architect Andrea Palladio and the painter Paolo Veronese.[32]. Barbaro-family members acted as deans and professors of the University of Padua. Several members were also Patriarchs of Aquileia.[33][34]

  • Donato Barbaro (c.1259) Son of Pietro, Captain of 40 galleys, defeated the Genoese and the forces of the Byzantine Emperor at the Island of Seven Wells (Isola dei Sette Pozzi).[41]
  • Donato Barbaro (c.1364) Son of Giovanni. Distinguished him self in the suppression of a rebellion in Candia[44]
  • Bernardo Barbaro (c.1370) Son of Donato. Ambassador for the Doge to the Sultan of Egypt.[45]
  • Francesco Barbaro (c.1398) Son of Marco. One of the founders of the Congregazione dei Canonici Secolari (Secular Canons) of San Giorgio in Alga.[47]
  • Almoro Barbaro (c.1403) Son of Adamo. Captain of a galley in the victory of Carlo Zeno against the Genoese.[52]
  • Marco Barbaro (c.1423) Son of Jacopo. Ambassador to Byzantium.[59]
  • Vittore Barbaro (c.1426) Son of Maffio. Proveditore of the Army against Milan.[60]
  • Bartolommeo Barbaro, son of Stefano, was Rector of Stalimene (Lemnos) from 1467 to 1471.[67]
  • Antonio Barbaro. (c.1470) Son of Matteo. Governor of Scutari. Sustained a long siege against the Turks.[69]
  • Alvise Barbaro. (c.1470) Son of Zaccaria. Proveditore of the Army, died in the War of Ferrara.[70]
  • Giovannantonio Barbaro, son of Giosafatto was rector of Nauplia and Argos from 1512 to 1514.[79]
  • Francesco Barbaro, son of Antonio was rector of Nauplia and Argos from 1516 to 1519.[80]
  • Francesco Barbaro. (c.1530) Son of Antonio. Bailo at Constantinople.[85]
  • Bernardo Barbaro. (c.1532) Son of Galzerando Condoteirre in the army of Charles V in Italy.[86]
  • Giovanni Battista Barbaro. (c. 1560) Son of Francesco. Fought against the pirates of the Adriatic.[96]
  • Francesco Barbaro. (c.1569) Son of Alvise. Proveditore general in Dalmatia.[98]
  • Francesco Barbaro - Bishop of Aquileia 1585-1593, Patriarch of Aquileia 1593-1616[99]
  • Ermolao II Barbaro - Bishop of Aquileia 1596-1616, Patriarch of Aquileia 1616-1622[100]
  • Sante Barbaro. (c.1668) Son of Alberto. Died victorious at Candia. Death is depicted in an album by Gatteri.[111]
  • Giorgio Barbaro, son of Alberto, was Rector of Tinos and Mykonos from 1684 to 1689 and[114] and again from 1696 to 1700.[115]
  • Lorenzo Barbaro, son of Antonio, was Proveditore of Zarnata from 1711 to 1713.[116]
  • Marino Barbaro, son of Gianfrancesco, was Proveditore of Vonizza from 1728 to 1730.[118]
  • Girolamo Bernardo Barbaro, son of Nicolo, was Proveditore of Vonizza from 1738 to 1740.[120]
  • Francesco Antonio Barbaro, son of Marino, was Bailo of Corfu from 1755 to 1758.[122]
  • Benedetto Barbaro (c.1891) Son of Alessandro, grandson of Lorenzo, Count.[124]
  • Giambattista Barbaro (c.1911) Son of Nicolo, grandson of Giambattista, Count.[125]

Patronage

The Barbaro family was connected to several buildings within and around Venice, some of which include:

  • The Palazzi Barbaro are located near the Ponte dell'Accademia. The first building dates from the 14th century. It belonged to Piero Spiera in the early 15th century, passing though several hands before being acquired by Zaccaria Barbaro, Procuratore of San Marco.[126] The other building was originally two stories and belonged to the Tagliapietra family. In the 16th century, they gave the Barbaro family permission to build on top. In 1524, the sister of the Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara was living at the Palazzi Barbaro. In 1797 the Palazzi belonged to Senator Zuanne Barbaro and were later purchased by Daniel Sargent Curtis. The buildings are also known as the Palazzo Barbaro-Curtis.[127]
  • Another Palazzo Barbaro owned by a Daniele Barbaro and in 1797 by a Marco Barbaro.[128]
  • Yet another Palazzo Barbaro, near the Palazzo Barbarigo. It was owned in 1661 by a Lorenzo Barbaro and in 1712 by a Francesco Antonio Barbaro, but had by 1740 it belonged to the Barbarigo family.[129]
  • The Palazzo Dario was built about 1450 by Zuanne Dario. After the death of diplomat Giovanni Dario in 1494, his daughter inherited. She was married to Vincenzo Barbaro, the son of Giacomo Barbaro and owner of the neighboring Palazzo Barbaro.[130]
  • Another Palazzo Barbaro, now known as the Palazzo Barbaro-Volkoff or Barbaro-Wolkoff. This 14th century Gothic palace was owned by an Antonio Barbaro in 1797. Eleonora Duse later lived there.[131]
  • The church of Santa Maria Zobenigo, also known as the Santa Maria de Giglio was built around 900 by the Zubenigo family, who died out in 1124. It was rebuilt between 1680 and 1700 by Giuseppe Sardi. The rebuilding was funded by the Barbaro family and the churh contains statues of four members of the family. The façade shows plans for Rome, Corfu, Padua, Candia,Spalatro, and Pavia.[132]

References

  1. ^ “The City of Falling Angels, John Berendt, Penguin Books, 2006, pg.150 [1], ISBN 1-59420-058-0
  2. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [2]
  3. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [3]
  4. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [4]
  5. ^ Palazzo Barbaro-Curtis website.
  6. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 274 [5]
  7. ^ “ Venice on foot, with the itinerary of the Grand Canal and several direct routes to useful places”, Hugh A Douglas, C. Scribner's Sons, 1907, pg. 346 [6]
  8. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [7]
  9. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [8]
  10. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [9]
  11. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [10]
  12. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [11]
  13. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [12]
  14. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [13]
  15. ^ “The City of Falling Angels, John Berendt, Penguin Books, 2006, pg.150 [14], ISBN 1594200580
  16. ^ “Views of Venice”, Antonio Canaletto, Antonio Visentini, J. G. Links, Dover Publications, 1971, pg. 20 [15], ISBN 0486226271
  17. ^ “Views of Venice”, Antonio Canaletto, Antonio Visentini, J. G. Links, Dover Publications, 1971, pg. 78 [16], ISBN 0486226271
  18. ^ “The City of Falling Angels, John Berendt, Penguin Books, 2006, pg.150 [17], ISBN 1594200580
  19. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 277 [18]
  20. ^ “Armorial universel, pre´ce´de´ d'un traite´ complet de la science du blason, et suivi d'un Supple´ment :”, Jouffroy d'Eschavannes, Paris : L. Curmer, 1845-1848, pg. 53 [19]
  21. ^ ""Armorial de J.B. RIETSTAP"". Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  22. ^ ”Armorial général: précédé d'un Dictionnaire des termes du blason, Volume 1”, Johannes Baptist Rietstap, 1884, pg. 1 [20]
  23. ^ “Armorial universel, pre´ce´de´ d'un traite´ complet de la science du blason, et suivi d'un Supple´ment :”, Jouffroy d'Eschavannes, Paris : L. Curmer, 1845-1848, pg. 53 [21]
  24. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 503 [22]
  25. ^ “Una famiglia veneziana nella storia: i Barbaro”, Michela Marangoni, Manlio Pastore Stocchi, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 1996, pg. 135 [23], ISBN 88-86166-34-6
  26. ^ “Venice”, Augustus John Cuthbert Hare, Ballantyne Press, 1896, pg. 149
  27. ^ “Delle inscrizioni veneziane, Volume 4”, Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna, Fonni, 1969, pg. 520 [24]
  28. ^ “A literary companion to Venice”, Ian Littlewood, Ballantyne Press, 1995, pg. 150 [25]
  29. ^ “Guida per la città di Venezia all'amico delle belle arti, Volume”, Giannantonio Moschini, Giovanni Antonio Moschini, Tip. di Alvisopoli, 1815, pg. 468 [26]
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  31. ^ “Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana, Volume 7”, Vittorio Spreti, Arnaldo Forni, 1981, pg. 275 [28]
  32. ^ Hobson, Anthony, "Villa Barbaro", in Great Houses of Europe, ed. Sacheverell Sitwell (London: Weidenfeld, 1961), pp. 89-97. ISBN 0-600-33843-6
  33. ^ ""The Patriarchate of Aquileia"". Retrieved 2007-10-07.
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  53. ^ ""The Diocese of Treviso"". Retrieved 2010-02-05.
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