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=== Asia === |
=== Asia === |
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* Multiple buffer states played major roles during [[Roman–Persian Wars]] (66 BC – 628 AD). |
* Multiple buffer states played major roles during the [[Roman–Persian Wars]] (66 BC – 628 AD). {{Flagicon image|Artaxiad coat of arms by PeopleOfAr.svg}} [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] was a frequently contested buffer between the [[Roman Empire]] (as well as the later [[Byzantine Empire]]) and the various [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and Muslim states. |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]], during and after the [[Cold War]], has been seen by some analysts as a buffer state between the military forces of [[China]] and those of [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], and the [[United States]] (stationed in South Korean and [[Taiwan]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Getting China to Become Tough with North Korea|url = http://www.cato.org/blog/getting-china-become-tough-north-korea|website = [[Cato Institute]]|access-date = 2016-02-10}}</ref> |
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**{{Flagicon image|Artaxiad coat of arms by PeopleOfAr.svg}} [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] was a frequently contested buffer between the [[Roman Empire]] (as well as the later [[Byzantine Empire]]) and the various [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and Muslim states. |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]] during and after the [[Cold War]], seen by some analysts as a buffer state between the military forces of [[China]] and |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Thailand}} The kingdom of [[Thailand]], historically known as Siam, was an independent buffer state between the [[British Raj]], [[British Malaya]], [[French Indochina]], and their competing colonial interests in [[History of Laos#Siam and Suzerainty (1779–1893)|Laos]] and [[History of Cambodia|Cambodia]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = LAOS, From Buffer State to Crossroads|last = Pholsena|first = Vatthana|publisher = Silkworm Books|year = 2007|isbn = 978-9749480502}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Through the Buffer State : Travels in Borneo, Siam, Cambodia, Malaya and Burma|last = Macgregor|first = John|publisher = White Lotus Co Ltd; 2 edition|year = 1994|isbn = 978-9748496252}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Siam]], |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Far Eastern Republic}} The [[Far Eastern Republic]] was a formally independent state created to act as a buffer between [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]] and the Empire of Japan.<ref name="Wood">Alan Wood, "The Revolution and Civil War in Siberia," in Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg (eds.), ''Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997; pp. 716–717.</ref><ref name="Dict">George Jackson and Robert Devlin (eds.), ''Dictionary of the Russian Revolution''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 223–225.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] was a buffer state between the [[British Empire]], which ruled much of [[South Asia]], and the [[Russian Empire]], which ruled much of [[Russian Central Asia|Central Asia]], during the [[The Great Game|Anglo–Russian conflicts]] of the 19th century. Later, the [[Wakhan Corridor]] extended the buffer eastwards to the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtUpCwAAQBAJ|title=The Mountain: A Political History from the Enlightenment to the Present|last1=Debarbieux|first1=Bernard|last2=Rudaz|first2=Gilles|last3=Todd|first3=Jane Marie|last4=Price|first4=Martin F.|date=2015-09-10|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226031118|page=150|language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * |
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| ⚫ | * The [[Himalaya]]n nations of {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], {{Flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]], and {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sikkim (1877-1914; 1962-1967).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] were buffer states between the [[British Empire]] and [[China]]. Later, in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, they became buffers between China and [[India]] as the two powers fought along their borders.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Nepal: Dictated by Geography {{!}} World Policy Institute|url = http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2013/nepal-dictated-by-geography|website = www.worldpolicy.org|access-date = 2016-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The World Today; Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States Vol. 15, No. 12|publisher = Royal Institute of International Affairs|year = 1959|pages = 492–500}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] was a buffer state between the [[British Empire]] |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]] acted as a buffer between [[the Soviet Union]] and [[China]] until 1991. It currently serves as a buffer between [[Russia]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia, the uncontested buffer state|url=http://www.russia-direct.org/opinion/mongolia-uncontested-buffer-state|website=Russia Direct|access-date=3 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204190410/https://www.russia-direct.org/opinion/mongolia-uncontested-buffer-state|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * The [[Himalaya]]n nations of {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], {{Flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]], and {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sikkim (1877-1914; 1962-1967).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] were buffer |
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| ⚫ | *{{Flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]] |
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*{{Flag|Lebanon}} is a buffer state between [[Israel]] and [[Syria]]. |
*{{Flag|Lebanon}} is a buffer state between [[Israel]] and [[Syria]]. |
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Revision as of 19:19, 17 November 2021
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers.[1] Its existence can sometimes be thought to prevent conflict between them. A buffer state is sometimes a mutually agreed upon area lying between two greater powers, which is demilitarized in the sense of not hosting the military of either power (though it will usually have its own military forces). The invasion of a buffer state by one of the powers surrounding it will often result in war between the powers.
Research shows that buffer states are significantly more likely to be conquered and occupied than are nonbuffer states.[2] This is because "states that great powers have an interest in preserving—buffer states—are in fact in a high-risk group for death. Regional or great powers surrounding buffer states face a strategic imperative to take over buffer states: if these powers fail to act against the buffer, they fear that their opponent will take it over in their stead. By contrast, these concerns do not apply to nonbuffer states, where powers face no competition for influence or control."[2]
Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite states. The concept of buffer states is part of a theory of the balance of power that entered European strategic and diplomatic thinking in the 18th century.
Examples
Americas
Bolivia, created by Gran Colombia as a buffer between Peru and Argentina during the Upper Peru question.[3]
Uruguay, served as a demilitarized buffer between Argentina and the Empire of Brazil during the early independence period in South America.[4][5]
Paraguay, maintained after the end of the Paraguayan War in 1870, as a buffer separating Argentina and Brazil.[6]
Georgia, a colony established by Great Britain in 1732 as a buffer between its other colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America and Spanish Florida.[7]
Ecuador, served as a "cushion state" between Colombia and Peru, which had a bigger extension and military force and fought a war in the 1820s in what is now Ecuador.[8]
Asia
- Multiple buffer states played major roles during the Roman–Persian Wars (66 BC – 628 AD).
Armenia was a frequently contested buffer between the Roman Empire (as well as the later Byzantine Empire) and the various Persian and Muslim states. 
North Korea, during and after the Cold War, has been seen by some analysts as a buffer state between the military forces of China and those of South Korea, Japan, and the United States (stationed in South Korean and Taiwan).[9]
Manchuria was a pro-Japanese buffer state between the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China during World War II.
The kingdom of Thailand, historically known as Siam, was an independent buffer state between the British Raj, British Malaya, French Indochina, and their competing colonial interests in Laos and Cambodia[10][11]
Korea acted as a buffer zone between the growing superpowers of imperial Japan and the Russian Empire.
The Far Eastern Republic was a formally independent state created to act as a buffer between Bolshevik Russia and the Empire of Japan.[12][13]
Afghanistan was a buffer state between the British Empire, which ruled much of South Asia, and the Russian Empire, which ruled much of Central Asia, during the Anglo–Russian conflicts of the 19th century. Later, the Wakhan Corridor extended the buffer eastwards to the Chinese border.[14]- The Himalayan nations of
Nepal, 
Bhutan, and 
Sikkim were buffer states between the British Empire and China. Later, in the Sino-Indian War of 1962, they became buffers between China and India as the two powers fought along their borders.[15][16] 
Mongolia acted as a buffer between the Soviet Union and China until 1991. It currently serves as a buffer between Russia and China.[17]
Lebanon is a buffer state between Israel and Syria.
Africa
Morocco served as a buffer state between the Ottoman Empire, Spain, and Portugal in the 16th century.[18]
Europe
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands, composed of today's Belgium and Netherlands and created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 in order to maintain peace between France, Prussia and the United Kingdom. This state existed for 15 years until the Belgian revolution.- The Rhineland served as a demilitarized buffer-zone between France and Germany during the inter-war years of the 1920s and early 1930s. There were early French attempts at creating the Rhineland Republic.[19]
- The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was founded as a buffer state between Soviet Russia and European powers.[20]
- Qasim Khanate, between Muscovy and Kazan Khanate.[21]
Austria acted as a buffer state between Germany and Italy after World War I until 1938.
Poland and other states between Germany and the Soviet Union have sometimes been described as buffer states, with reference both to when they were non-communist states before World War II,[22] and to when they were communist states after World War II.[23]
Yugoslavia acted as a buffer state between NATO and the Warsaw Pact blocs after the 1948 Tito-Stalin split during the Cold War.
Ukraine has been described by experts such as John Mearsheimer[24] and Stephen Walt[25] as a buffer state between Russia and the NATO bloc,[24][25] at least up to the ousting of former President Viktor Yanukovych in February 2014.[25]
Switzerland was made as a buffer state between Italy, Austria, France and the German states.
See also
- Indian barrier state, a British proposal to establish a Native American buffer state in the Great Lakes region of North America during the 18th and early-19th centuries
- Limitrophe states
- Puppet state
- Satellite state
References
- ^ "buffer state". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ^ a b Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004-04-01). "State Death in the International System". International Organization. 58 (2): 311–344. doi:10.1017/S0020818304582048. ISSN 1531-5088. S2CID 154693906.
- ^ Bolivia (1826). "Colección oficial de leyes, decretos, ordenes, resoluciones &c. Que se han expedido para el regimen de la Republica Boliviana".
- ^ "Uruguay - From Insurrection to State Organization, 1820-30". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ Phelps, Nicole (1 January 2014). "Review of Knarr, James C., Uruguay and the United States, 1903-1929: Diplomacy in the Progressive Era". www.h-net.org. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "Paraguay: Regional Geopolitics and a New President". Stratfor. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "The Colonies | Georgia". www.smplanet.com. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ Zepeda, Beatriz (2009). Ecuador: Relaciones exteriores a la luz del bicentenario. ISBN 9789978672242.
- ^ "Getting China to Become Tough with North Korea". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
- ^ Pholsena, Vatthana (2007). LAOS, From Buffer State to Crossroads. Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-9749480502.
- ^ Macgregor, John (1994). Through the Buffer State : Travels in Borneo, Siam, Cambodia, Malaya and Burma. White Lotus Co Ltd; 2 edition. ISBN 978-9748496252.
- ^ Alan Wood, "The Revolution and Civil War in Siberia," in Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg (eds.), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997; pp. 716–717.
- ^ George Jackson and Robert Devlin (eds.), Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 223–225.
- ^ Debarbieux, Bernard; Rudaz, Gilles; Todd, Jane Marie; Price, Martin F. (2015-09-10). The Mountain: A Political History from the Enlightenment to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780226031118.
- ^ "Nepal: Dictated by Geography | World Policy Institute". www.worldpolicy.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
- ^ The World Today; Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States Vol. 15, No. 12. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1959. pp. 492–500.
- ^ "Mongolia, the uncontested buffer state". Russia Direct. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ Cory, Stephen (2016). Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco. Routledge. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781317063438.
- ^ "THE RUHR: Rhineland Republic?". Time. 27 August 1923. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
- ^ Andrew Wilson (2011). Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship. p. 96-97. ISBN 978-0-300-13435-3.
- ^ Witzenrath, Christoph (2016). Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781317140023.
- ^ Suvorov, Viktor (2013). The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II. Naval Institute Press. p. 142. ISBN 9781612512686. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Chapter 25: Destruction of the Buffer States between Germany and the Soviet Union.
- ^ Stent, Angela E. (1998). "Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe". Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Moscow's German Problem before Detente - The Federal Republic - In 1945, the major Soviet preoccupation was to prevent any future German attack; hence the imposition of Soviet-controlled governments in a ring of buffer states between Germany and the USSR.
- ^ a b Mearsheimer, John J. (13 March 2014). "Getting Ukraine Wrong". The New York Times.
Washington has a deep-seated interest in ending this conflict and maintaining Ukraine as a sovereign buffer state between Russia and NATO.
- ^ a b c Walt, Stephen M. (2 September 2014). "History Shows Caution Is the Best Approach for Foreign Action". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Instead of rushing to back the demonstrators who ousted the former president, Viktor Yanukovych, the United States and its European allies should have worked cooperatively with Moscow to craft a deal that would have preserved Ukraine's status as an independent but neutral buffer state.
