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The '''Coalition for the Defence of the Republic''' ({{lang-fr|Coalition pour la Défense de la République}}, CDR) was a [[Rwanda]]n [[far-right]] [[Hutu Power]] political party that took a major role in inciting the [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref>Christian P. Scherrer (1998) ''Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options'', Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution,p83</ref><ref>Dina Temple-Raston (2005) ''Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption'', Simon and Schuster, p170.</ref><ref>Raymond Verdier, Emmanuel Decaux, Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) ''Situation judiciare au Rwanda" by Alphonse Marie Nkubito, Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle'', Editions L'Harmattan, pp223.</ref><ref>Monique Mas (1999) ''Pour un génocide en Afrique - Lunettes coloniales, politique du sabre et onction humanitaire'', Editions L'Harmattan, p469</ref><ref>Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) "Rwanda: les médias du génocide", Reporters without frontiers, p130 (note #85 at the bottom of the page describes the CDR as fascist).</ref>
The '''Coalition for the Defence of the Republic''' ({{lang-fr|Coalition pour la Défense de la République}}, CDR) was a [[Rwanda]]n [[far-right]] [[Hutu Power]] political party that took a major role in inciting the [[Rwandan genocide]].{{sfn|Scherrer|1998|p=83}}<ref>Dina Temple-Raston (2005) ''Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption'', Simon and Schuster, p170.</ref><ref>Raymond Verdier, Emmanuel Decaux, Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) ''Situation judiciare au Rwanda" by Alphonse Marie Nkubito, Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle'', Editions L'Harmattan, pp223.</ref><ref>Monique Mas (1999) ''Pour un génocide en Afrique - Lunettes coloniales, politique du sabre et onction humanitaire'', Editions L'Harmattan, p469</ref><ref>Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) "Rwanda: les médias du génocide", Reporters without frontiers, p130 (note #85 at the bottom of the page describes the CDR as fascist).</ref>


==History==
==History==
The CDR was founded in 1992 and initially led by [[Martin Bucyana]] until his assassination on 22 February 1994. The party was allied with the ruling [[National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development]] (MRNDD), and used the slogan "Mube maso" ("Watch out!"), which meant that Hutus should beware or the [[Tutsis]] would rule them as they had in the past. Unlike the MRNDD, the CDR did not agree to the [[Arusha Accords (Rwanda)|Arusha Accords]] and Statement of Ethics. It was therefore shut out of the [[Broad-Based Transitional Government]]. [[Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza]], a founding member of the CDR, was convicted by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] for several [[genocide]]-related charges other [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2004/ij/ictr/1.htm Summary of judgements against the accused] Human Rights Watch</ref> The CDR created the [[Impuzamugambi]] ("Those who have the same goal") militia, which took part in the killings.
The CDR was founded in 1992 and initially led by [[Martin Bucyana]] until his assassination on 22 February 1994. The party was allied with the ruling [[National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development]] (MRNDD), and used the slogan "Mube maso" ("Watch out!"), which meant that Hutus should beware or the [[Tutsis]] would rule them as they had in the past. Unlike the MRNDD, the CDR did not agree to the [[Arusha Accords (Rwanda)|Arusha Accords]] and Statement of Ethics. It was therefore shut out of the [[Broad-Based Transitional Government]]. [[Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza]], a founding member of the CDR, was convicted by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] for several [[genocide]]-related charges other [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2004/ij/ictr/1.htm Summary of judgements against the accused] Human Rights Watch</ref> The CDR created the [[Impuzamugambi]] ("Those who have the same goal") militia, which took part in the killings.


The CDR refused to operate within the [[rule of law]] or cooperate with other Rwandan political parties it opposed.<ref name=Scherrer328>Christian P. Scherrer (2003) ''Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes'', Ashgate Publishing, pp328</ref> The CDR had a paramilitary wing, the ''[[Impuzamugambi]]'' that repeatedly provoked violent confrontations with members of other parties it opposed, by using hand grenades and bombs in such confrontations, and served as one of the [[death squad]]s that massacred Tutsis in the Rwandan Genocide.<ref name=Scherrer328 />
The CDR refused to operate within the [[rule of law]] or cooperate with other Rwandan political parties it opposed.{{sfn|Scherrer|1998|p=328}} The CDR had a paramilitary wing, the ''[[Impuzamugambi]]'' that repeatedly provoked violent confrontations with members of other parties it opposed, by using hand grenades and bombs in such confrontations, and served as one of the [[death squad]]s that massacred Tutsis in the Rwandan Genocide.{{sfn|Scherrer|1998|p=328}}


==Ideology==
==Ideology==
The CDR supported the principles developed by [[Hutu Power]] supremacist [[Hassan Ngeze]]'s ''[[Hutu Ten Commandments]]''.<ref>''Ethnicity and sociopolitcal change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building'', Lexington Books p92</ref> The ''Commandments'' called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life and complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life.<ref name=Berry113ff>John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (1999) ''Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory'', Howard University Press, pp113–115</ref>
The CDR supported the principles developed by [[Hutu Power]] supremacist [[Hassan Ngeze]]'s ''[[Hutu Ten Commandments]]''.<ref>''Ethnicity and sociopolitcal change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building'', [[Lexington Books]] p. 92</ref> The ''Commandments'' called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life and complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life.<ref name=Berry113ff>John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (1999) ''Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory'', [[Howard University Press]], pp. 113–115</ref>


The Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a "traitor" to the Hutu people. It denounced Tutsis as "dishonest" in business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his [[ethnic group]]"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people. The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".<ref name=Berry113ff />
The Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a "traitor" to the Hutu people. It denounced Tutsis as "dishonest" in business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his [[ethnic group]]"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people. The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".<ref name=Berry113ff />
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

=== Cited works ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Scherrer |first=Christian P. |date=1998 |title=Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options |publisher=Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution}}
{{refend}}


{{Rwandan political parties}}
{{Rwandan political parties}}

Latest revision as of 18:50, 26 April 2024

Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
Coalition pour la Défense de la République
FoundersMartin Bucyana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Jean Shyirambere Barahinyura[1]
Founded1992 (1992)
Banned1994 (1994)
NewspaperKangura
Paramilitary wingImpuzamugambi
IdeologyHutu Power
Political positionFar-right
Slogan"Mube maso!"
(English: "Watch out!")
Party flag

The Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (French: Coalition pour la Défense de la République, CDR) was a Rwandan far-right Hutu Power political party that took a major role in inciting the Rwandan genocide.[2][3][4][5][6]

History[edit]

The CDR was founded in 1992 and initially led by Martin Bucyana until his assassination on 22 February 1994. The party was allied with the ruling National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRNDD), and used the slogan "Mube maso" ("Watch out!"), which meant that Hutus should beware or the Tutsis would rule them as they had in the past. Unlike the MRNDD, the CDR did not agree to the Arusha Accords and Statement of Ethics. It was therefore shut out of the Broad-Based Transitional Government. Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, a founding member of the CDR, was convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for several genocide-related charges other crimes against humanity.[7] The CDR created the Impuzamugambi ("Those who have the same goal") militia, which took part in the killings.

The CDR refused to operate within the rule of law or cooperate with other Rwandan political parties it opposed.[8] The CDR had a paramilitary wing, the Impuzamugambi that repeatedly provoked violent confrontations with members of other parties it opposed, by using hand grenades and bombs in such confrontations, and served as one of the death squads that massacred Tutsis in the Rwandan Genocide.[8]

Ideology[edit]

The CDR supported the principles developed by Hutu Power supremacist Hassan Ngeze's Hutu Ten Commandments.[9] The Commandments called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life and complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life.[10]

The Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a "traitor" to the Hutu people. It denounced Tutsis as "dishonest" in business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his ethnic group"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people. The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".[10]

The CDR was opposed to democracy. It was rejected by other opposition parties as a legitimate participant, who claimed the CDR lacked democratic values.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gérard Prunier (1995) The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide, Hurst and Company, p128–129.
  2. ^ Scherrer 1998, p. 83.
  3. ^ Dina Temple-Raston (2005) Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption, Simon and Schuster, p170.
  4. ^ Raymond Verdier, Emmanuel Decaux, Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) Situation judiciare au Rwanda" by Alphonse Marie Nkubito, Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle, Editions L'Harmattan, pp223.
  5. ^ Monique Mas (1999) Pour un génocide en Afrique - Lunettes coloniales, politique du sabre et onction humanitaire, Editions L'Harmattan, p469
  6. ^ Jean-Pierre Chrétien (1995) "Rwanda: les médias du génocide", Reporters without frontiers, p130 (note #85 at the bottom of the page describes the CDR as fascist).
  7. ^ Summary of judgements against the accused Human Rights Watch
  8. ^ a b Scherrer 1998, p. 328.
  9. ^ Ethnicity and sociopolitcal change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building, Lexington Books p. 92
  10. ^ a b John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (1999) Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory, Howard University Press, pp. 113–115

Cited works[edit]

  • Scherrer, Christian P. (1998). Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options. Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution.
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