Discovery Program: Difference between revisions

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[[File:PIA02406.jpg|thumb|Mars Pathfinder's view]]
[[File:PIA02406.jpg|thumb|Mars Pathfinder's view]]
[[Image:Eros rotation Dec. 3-4 2000.gif|thumb|Animation of the rotation of 433 Eros.]]
[[Image:Eros rotation Dec. 3-4 2000.gif|thumb|Animation of the rotation of 433 Eros.]]

===Standalone missions===
===Standalone missions===
*'''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]''', a mission to study [[asteroid]] [[433 Eros]]. Launched in 1995, the spacecraft entered into orbit around Eros in 2000 and successfully touched down on its surface one year later. It has succeeded its primary and extended mission and is now complete. The Project Scientist was [[Andrew Chang]] of [[Applied Physics Laboratory|The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]].
*'''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]''', a mission to study [[asteroid]] [[433 Eros]]. Launched in 1995, the spacecraft entered into orbit around Eros in 2000 and successfully touched down on its surface one year later. It has succeeded its primary and extended mission and is now complete. The Project Scientist was [[Andrew Chang]] of [[Applied Physics Laboratory|The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]].
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*'''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''', a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet [[81P/Wild]] for study on [[Earth]]. Launched in 1999, it successfully collected samples between 2000–2004, then the sample return capsule returned to Earth on Jan. 15, 2006. The capsule is on display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in Washington D.C. Scientists worldwide are studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are finding interstellar dust bits through the [[Stardust@home]] project. The spacecraft has been assigned a new task, called [[Stardust (spacecraft)#New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT)|Stardust-NExT]]. The Principal Investigator was [[Donald Brownlee]] of the [[University of Washington]].
*'''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''', a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet [[81P/Wild]] for study on [[Earth]]. Launched in 1999, it successfully collected samples between 2000–2004, then the sample return capsule returned to Earth on Jan. 15, 2006. The capsule is on display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in Washington D.C. Scientists worldwide are studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are finding interstellar dust bits through the [[Stardust@home]] project. The spacecraft has been assigned a new task, called [[Stardust (spacecraft)#New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT)|Stardust-NExT]]. The Principal Investigator was [[Donald Brownlee]] of the [[University of Washington]].
*'''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''', a mission to collect [[solar wind]] charged particles for analysis on Earth. Launched in 2001, it collected solar wind between 2002–2003. In Sept. 2004, the sample return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing, Genesis has met or anticipates meeting all its baseline science objectives. The Principal Investigator was [[Donald Burnett]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].
*'''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''', a mission to collect [[solar wind]] charged particles for analysis on Earth. Launched in 2001, it collected solar wind between 2002–2003. In Sept. 2004, the sample return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing, Genesis has met or anticipates meeting all its baseline science objectives. The Principal Investigator was [[Donald Burnett]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].
*'''[[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory]]''', (GRAIL) provided higher-quality gravity field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure; launched in September 2011.<ref name=LaunchCBS>{{cite web|last=Harwood|first=William|title=NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/10/scitech/main20104282.shtml|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=11 September 2011}}</ref> The Principal Investigator is [[Maria Zuber]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. GRAIL spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012.
*'''[[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory]]''', (GRAIL) provided higher-quality gravity field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure; launched in September 2011.<ref name="LaunchCBS">{{cite web | last=Harwood | first=William | title=NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/10/scitech/main20104282.shtml | publisher=CBS News | accessdate=2011-09-11 }}</ref> The Principal Investigator is [[Maria Zuber]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. GRAIL spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012.


===Missions of opportunity===
===Missions of opportunity===
*'''[[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]''' is a NASA-designed instrument placed on board the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]'s [[Chandrayaan]] orbiter. Launched in 2008, it was designed to explore the Moon's mineral composition at high resolution. M3’s detection of water on the Moon was announced in Sept. 2009, one month after the mission ended. The Principal Investigator was Dr. [[Carle Pieters]] of [[Brown University]].
*'''[[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]''' is a NASA-designed instrument placed on board the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]'s [[Chandrayaan]] orbiter. Launched in 2008, it was designed to explore the Moon's mineral composition at high resolution. M3’s detection of water on the Moon was announced in Sept. 2009, one month after the mission ended. The Principal Investigator was Dr. [[Carle Pieters]] of [[Brown University]].
*'''[[EPOXI|Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation]]''' (EPOXI) was selected in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/061031_ap_deep_impact.html|title=Deep Impact Heads to New Comet|publisher=[[Space.com]]|date=October 31, 2006}}</ref> It was a series of two new missions for the existing ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]'' probe following its success at Tempel 1:
*'''[[EPOXI|Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation]]''' (EPOXI) was selected in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/061031_ap_deep_impact.html | title=Deep Impact Heads to New Comet|publisher=[[Space.com]] | date=2006-10-31 }}</ref> It was a series of two new missions for the existing ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]'' probe following its success at Tempel 1:
**The '''Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization''' (EPOCh) mission used the Deep Impact high-resolution camera in 2008 to better characterize known giant [[extrasolar planets]] orbiting other stars and to search for additional planets in the same system. The Principal Investigator was Dr. [[L. Drake Deming]] of NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]].
**The '''Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization''' (EPOCh) mission used the Deep Impact high-resolution camera in 2008 to better characterize known giant [[extrasolar planets]] orbiting other stars and to search for additional planets in the same system. The Principal Investigator was Dr. [[L. Drake Deming]] of NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]].
[[File:495296main epoxi-1-full full.jpg|thumb|Nucleus of Comet Hartley 2]]
[[File:495296main epoxi-1-full full.jpg|thumb|Nucleus of Comet Hartley 2]]
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==Failed mission==
==Failed mission==
*'''[[CONTOUR|Comet Nucleus Tour]]''' (CONTOUR), a mission to visit and study comets [[Comet Encke|Encke]] and [[Schwassmann-Wachmann-3]]. It was launched from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral, Florida]] on July 3, 2002. On August 15, contact with the craft was lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/presentations/pdf/mishap_board_report_503.pdf|title=CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report|publisher=NASA|date=May 21, 2003}}</ref> Subsequent investigation revealed that it broke into at least three pieces, the cause likely being structural failure during the rocket motor burn that was to push it from Earth orbit into a solar orbit.
*'''[[CONTOUR|Comet Nucleus Tour]]''' (CONTOUR), a mission to visit and study comets [[Comet Encke|Encke]] and [[Schwassmann-Wachmann-3]]. It was launched from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral, Florida]] on July 3, 2002. On August 15, contact with the craft was lost.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/presentations/pdf/mishap_board_report_503.pdf | format=PDF | title=CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report | publisher=NASA | date=2003-05-21 }}</ref> Subsequent investigation revealed that it broke into at least three pieces, the cause likely being structural failure during the rocket motor burn that was to push it from Earth orbit into a solar orbit.


==Missions in progress==
==Missions in progress==

===Standalone missions===
===Standalone missions===
[[File:2013 Year Highlights.jpg|thumb|Montage of data from Messenger]]
[[File:2013 Year Highlights.jpg|thumb|Montage of data from Messenger]]
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==Future missions==
==Future missions==

===Standalone missions===
===Standalone missions===
*'''[[InSight]]''' – An Announcement of Opportunity for the 2016 Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Twenty-eight proposals were submitted, and on May 5, 2011, three were chosen for further study.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-132_Future_Plantary.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> Following these one-year preliminary design studies, the [[InSight|Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight)]] mission was selected in August 2012. InSight (initially named Geophysical Monitoring Station or GEMS) will study the structure and composition of the interior of Mars and advance understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.<ref>{{cite news| publisher = NASA| date = 2012-08-20| title =New NASA Mission to Take First Look Deep Inside Mars | url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mars20120820.html }}</ref>
*'''[[InSight]]''' – An Announcement of Opportunity for the 2016 Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Twenty-eight proposals were submitted, and on May 5, 2011, three were chosen for further study.<ref>{{cite web | title=NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission | url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-132_Future_Plantary.html | publisher=NASA | accessdate=2011-05-06 }}</ref> Following these one-year preliminary design studies, the [[InSight|Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight)]] mission was selected in August 2012. InSight (initially named Geophysical Monitoring Station or GEMS) will study the structure and composition of the interior of Mars and advance understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=NASA | date=2012-08-20 | title=New NASA Mission to Take First Look Deep Inside Mars | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mars20120820.html }}</ref>


===Missions of opportunity===
===Missions of opportunity===
*'''Strofio'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifsi-roma.inaf.it/serena/index.php?categoryid=29|title=What is STROFIO?}}</ref> is a unique mass spectrometer that is part of the SERENA instrument package that will fly on board the European Space Agency’s [[BepiColombo]]/[[BepiColombo#Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO)|Mercury Planetary Orbiter]] spacecraft. Strofio will study the atoms and molecules that compose Mercury's atmosphere to reveal the composition of the planet's surface. [[Stefano Livi]] of Southwest Research Institute is the Principal Investigator.
*'''Strofio'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifsi-roma.inaf.it/serena/index.php?categoryid=29|title=What is STROFIO?|publisher=Ifsi-roma.inaf.it|accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> is a unique mass spectrometer that is part of the SERENA instrument package that will fly on board the European Space Agency’s [[BepiColombo]]/[[Mercury Planetary Orbiter]] spacecraft. Strofio will study the atoms and molecules that compose Mercury's atmosphere to reveal the composition of the planet's surface. [[Stefano Livi]] of Southwest Research Institute is the Principal Investigator.
*'''Lander Radio-Science''' on ExoMars, or LaRa, will use NASA's [[Deep Space Network]] of radio telescopes to track part of ESA's [[ExoMars]] mission. Scheduled to launch in 2016, the mission consists of a fixed lander and a rover that will roam Mars collecting soil samples for detailed analysis. [[William Folkner]] of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is the Principal Investigator.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<!--even after NASA pulled out of the partnership?-->
*'''Lander Radio-Science''' on ExoMars, or LaRa, will use NASA's [[Deep Space Network]] of radio telescopes to track part of ESA's [[ExoMars]] mission. Scheduled to launch in 2016, the mission consists of a fixed lander and a rover that will roam Mars collecting soil samples for detailed analysis. [[William Folkner]] of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is the Principal Investigator.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<!--even after NASA pulled out of the partnership?-->


==Proposals==
==Proposals==
*''[[Icebreaker Life]]'' is a [[Mars]] lander mission that is being proposed for the 2018 launch opportunity.<ref name='Icebreaker2018'>{{cite journal | title = The ''Icebreaker Life'' Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life | journal = Astrobiology | date = April 5, 2013 | first = Christopher P. McKay | coauthors = Carol R. Stoker, Brian J. Glass, Arwen I. Davé, Alfonso F. Davila, Jennifer L. Heldmann, Margarita M. Marinova, Alberto G. Fairen, Richard C. Quinn, Kris A. Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Peter H. Smith, Victor Parro, Dale T. Andersen, Michael H. Hecht, Denis Lacelle, and Wayne H. Pollard. | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 334–353 | doi = 10.1089/ast.2012.0878 | url = http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2012.0878 | accessdate = 2013-06-30|bibcode = 2013AsBio..13..334M }}</ref> The stationary lander would be a near copy of the successful 2008 [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'']] and it would carry an upgraded scientific payload focused on [[astrobiology]]. It would include a drill to sample ice-cemented ground in the northern plains to conduct a search for [[organic molecule]]s and evidence of current or past [[life on Mars]].<ref name='AstrobioMag'>{{cite news | first = Charles Q. Choi | title = Icebreaker Life Mission | date = 16 May 2013 | url = http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/5476/mars-icebreaker-life-mission | work = Astrobiology Magazine | accessdate = 2013-07-01}}</ref><ref name='LPI 2012'>{{citation | first = C. P. McKay | coauthors = Carol R. Stoker, Brian J. Glass, Arwen I. Davé, Alfonso F. Davila, Jennifer L. Heldmann, Margarita M. Marinova, Alberto G. Fairen, Richard C. Quinn, Kris A. Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Peter H. Smith, Victor Parro, Dale T. Andersen, Michael H. Hecht, Denis Lacelle, and Wayne H. Pollard. | contribution = THE ICEBREAKER LIFE MISSION TO MARS: A SEARCH FOR BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR LIFE | title = Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration | publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute | year = 2012 | contribution-url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4091.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-07-01}}</ref>
*''[[Icebreaker Life]]'' is a [[Mars]] lander mission that is being proposed for the 2018 launch opportunity.<ref name="Icebreaker2018">{{cite journal | title=The ''Icebreaker Life'' Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life | journal=Astrobiology | date=2013-04-05 | first1=Christopher P. | last1=McKay | first2=Carol R. | last2=Stoker | first3=Brian J. | last3=Glass | first4=Arwen I. | last4=Davé | first5=Alfonso F. | last5=Davila | first6=Jennifer L. | last6=Heldmann | first7=Margarita M. | last7=Marinova | first8=Alberto G. | last8=Fairen | first9=Richard C. | last9=Quinn | first10=Kris A. | last10=Zacny | first11=Gale | last11=Paulsen | first12=Peter H. | last12=Smith | first13=Victor | last13=Parro | first14=Dale T. | last14=Andersen | first15=Michael H. | last15=Hecht | first16=Denis | last16=Lacelle | first17=Wayne H. | last17=Pollard | volume=13 | issue=4 | pages=334–353 | doi=10.1089/ast.2012.0878 | url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2012.0878 | bibcode=2013AsBio..13..334M }}</ref> The stationary lander would be a near copy of the successful 2008 [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'']] and it would carry an upgraded scientific payload focused on [[astrobiology]]. It would include a drill to sample ice-cemented ground in the northern plains to conduct a search for [[organic molecule]]s and evidence of current or past [[life on Mars]].<ref name='AstrobioMag'>{{cite news | first=Charles Q. | last=Choi | title=Icebreaker Life Mission | date=2013-05-16 | url=http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/5476/mars-icebreaker-life-mission | work=Astrobiology Magazine }}</ref><ref name="LPI 2012">{{citation | first1=C. P. | last1=McKay | first2=Carol R. | last2=Stoker | first3=Brian J. | last3=Glass | first4=Arwen I. | last4=Davé | first5=Alfonso F. | last5=Davila | first6=Jennifer L. | last6=Heldmann | first7=Margarita M. | last7=Marinova | first8=Alberto G. | last8=Fairen | first9=Richard C. | last9=Quinn | first10=Kris A. | last10=Zacny | first11=Gale | last11=Paulsen | first12=Peter H. | last12=Smith | first13=Victor | last13=Parro | first14=Dale T. | last14=Andersen | first15=Michael H. | last15=Hecht | first16=Denis | last16=Lacelle | first17=Wayne H. | last17=Pollard | contribution=The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biochemical Evidence for Life | title=Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration | publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute | year=2012 | contribution-url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4091.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2013-07-01 }}</ref>


==Notable past proposals==
==Notable past proposals==
However often the funding comes in, there is a selection process with perhaps 2 dozen concepts. These sometimes get tweaked and re-proposed in another selection.<ref name=nasa>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/discovery3.html Discovery 3]</ref> An example of this is ''Suess-Urey Mission'', which was passed over in favor of the successful [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] mission, but was eventually flown as [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]].<ref name=nasa/>
However often the funding comes in, there is a selection process with perhaps 2 dozen concepts. These sometimes get tweaked and re-proposed in another selection.<ref name="nasa">{{cite web | url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/discovery3.html | title=3 Proposed Discovery Missions | publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> An example of this is ''Suess-Urey Mission'', which was passed over in favor of the successful [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] mission, but was eventually flown as [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]].<ref name="nasa" />


*'''[[Titan Mare Explorer]]''' (TiME) spacecraft for landing in, and floating on, a large methane-ethane sea on [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].
*'''[[Titan Mare Explorer]]''' (TiME) spacecraft for landing in, and floating on, a large methane-ethane sea on [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].
*'''[[Comet Hopper]]''' (CHopper) study cometary evolution by landing on a comet multiple times and observing its changes as it interacts with the Sun.
*'''[[Comet Hopper]]''' (CHopper) study cometary evolution by landing on a comet multiple times and observing its changes as it interacts with the Sun.


Other previous finalists include: Dawn,<ref name=finalists01/> INSIDE,<ref name=finalists01/> Kepler,<ref name=finalists01>[http://www.spacetoday.net/Summary/7]</ref> Alladin,<ref name=finalists/> Deep Impact,<ref name=finalists/> Osiris,<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/oct/HQ_06342_Discovery_AO.html]</ref> and Vesper.<ref name=finalists>[http://deepimpact.umd.edu/press/98-203.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/vesper.html Vesper]</ref> Many of these concepts went on to become actual missions, or similar concepts were eventually realized in the Discovery or others.
Other previous finalists include: Dawn,<ref name="finalists01" /> INSIDE,<ref name="finalists01" /> Kepler,<ref name="finalists01">{{cite web | url=http://www.spacetoday.net/Summary/7 | title=NASA announces Discovery mission finalists | publisher=spacetoday.net | date=2001-01-04 }}</ref> Alladin,<ref name="finalists" /> Deep Impact,<ref name="finalists" /> Osiris,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/oct/HQ_06342_Discovery_AO.html | title=NASA - NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections | publisher=Nasa.gov | date=2008-11-02 }}</ref> and Vesper.<ref name="finalists">{{cite web|url=http://deepimpact.umd.edu/press/98-203.html | title=Deep Impact: Press: Press Release: 1998-11-12: Five Discovery Mission Proposals Selected for Feasibility Studies | publisher=Deepimpact.umd.edu |date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/vesper.html | title=NASA - Vesper Could Explore Earth's Fiery Twin | publisher=Nasa.gov | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Many of these concepts went on to become actual missions, or similar concepts were eventually realized in the Discovery or others.


Additional examples of Discovery-class missions:
Additional examples of Discovery-class missions:
*[[Io Volcano Observer]]
*[[Io Volcano Observer]]
*Pascal<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000came.work..135H R. Haberle, et al. - The Pascal Discovery Mission: A Mars Climate Network Mission (2000)]</ref>
*Pascal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000came.work..135H | author=R. Haberle, et al. | title=The Pascal Discovery Mission: A Mars Climate Network Mission | publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*EXOMOON, ''in situ'' investigation on Earth's Moon.<Ref>[http://www.ri.cmu.edu/publication_view.html?pub_id=6129]</ref>
*EXOMOON, ''in situ'' investigation on Earth's Moon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ri.cmu.edu/publication_view.html?pub_id=6129 | title=Robotics Institute: EXOMOON - A Discovery and Scout Mission Capabilities Expansion Concept | publisher=Ri.cmu.edu | date=2011-06-15 }}</ref>
*PSOLHO, would use the Moon as an occulter to look for exoplanets.<Ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AAS...203.0305C Planetary System Occultation from Lunar Halo Orbit (PSOLHO): A Discovery Mission Concept]</ref>
*PSOLHO, would use the Moon as an occulter to look for exoplanets.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AAS...203.0305C |title=Planetary System Occultation from Lunar Halo Orbit (PSOLHO): A Discovery Mission | publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu |date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Suess-Urey, similar to the later Genesis mission<ref name=nasa/>
*Suess-Urey, similar to the later Genesis mission<ref name="nasa" />
*Venus Multiprobe, would send 16 atmospheric probes into Venus<ref name=nasa/>
*Venus Multiprobe, would send 16 atmospheric probes into Venus<ref name="nasa" />
*Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics, and Evolution<Ref>[https://discover.tudelft.nl/recordview/view?recordId=Elsevier%3Aelsevier%3ACXT0348A%3A00945765%3A003500S1%3A9400203X </ref>
*Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics, and Evolution<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discover.tudelft.nl/recordview/view?recordId=Elsevier%3Aelsevier%3ACXT0348A%3A00945765%3A003500S1%3A9400203X |title=MUADEE: A discovery-class mission for exploration of the upper atmosphere of Mars - TU Delft Discover |publisher=Discover.tudelft.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Hermes, planet Mercury orbiter.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994LPI....25..985N]</reF>
*Hermes, planet Mercury orbiter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994LPI....25..985N |title=1994LPI 25..985N Page 985 |publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Lunette, lunar lander.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/leag2012/presentations/Klaus.pdf ]</ref>
*Lunette, lunar lander.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/leag2012/presentations/Klaus.pdf | format=PDF | title=Concepts Leading to a Sustainable Architecture for Cislunar Development | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | accessdate=2012-02-28 }}</ref>


==Discovery "12"==
==Discovery "12"==
An Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Out of 28 proposals from 2010,<ref>[http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1316 NASA/JPL - New NASA Mission To take First Look Deep Inside Mars]</ref> three finalists received US$3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept studies.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission| url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-132_Future_Plantary.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> In August 2012, InSight was selected for development and launch.<ref name=washington>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-will-send-robot-drill-to-mars-in-2016/2012/08/20/43bf1980-eaef-11e1-9ddc-340d5efb1e9c_story.html NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016], Washington Post, By Brian Vastag, Monday, August 20</ref> According to the BBC, of the 28 mission proposals, 3 were for the Moon, 4 for Mars, 7 for Venus, 1 Jupiter, 1 to a Jupiter Trojan, 2 to Saturn, 7 to asteroids, and 3 to Comets.<reF>[http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110902/full/477145a.html BBC]</ref>
An Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Out of 28 proposals from 2010,<ref>{{cite web | author= | url=http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1316 | title=New NASA Mission To take First Look Deep Inside Mars | publisher=Marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov | date=2012-08-20 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121005021445/http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1316 | archivedate=2012-10-05 }}</ref> three finalists received US$3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept studies.<ref>{{cite web | title=NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission | url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-132_Future_Plantary.html | publisher=NASA | date= | accessdate=2011-05-06 }}</ref> In August 2012, InSight was selected for development and launch.<ref name="washington">{{cite web | author= | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-will-send-robot-drill-to-mars-in-2016/2012/08/20/43bf1980-eaef-11e1-9ddc-340d5efb1e9c_story.html | title=NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016 | publisher=The Washington Post | first=Brian | last=Vastag | date=2012-08-20 }}</ref> According to the BBC, of the 28 mission proposals, 3 were for the Moon, 4 for Mars, 7 for Venus, 1 Jupiter, 1 to a Jupiter Trojan, 2 to Saturn, 7 to asteroids, and 3 to Comets.<ref>{{cite web | author=Eric Hand | url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110902/full/477145a.html | title=Venus scientists fear neglect | publisher=Nature.com | date=2011-09-02 }}</ref>


==Discovery "13"==
==Discovery "13"==
[[File:NASA NEXT Ion thruster.712983main NEXT LDT Thrusterhi-res full.jpg|thumb|NASA is considering offering an ion thruster.<ref name=fp/>]]
[[File:NASA NEXT Ion thruster.712983main NEXT LDT Thrusterhi-res full.jpg|thumb|NASA is considering offering an ion thruster.<ref name="fp" />]]
The next Discovery mission after InSight has not been selected yet. As with previous Discovery missions such as [[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]], Solar electric propulsion may allow increased mission options if applicable.<reF>[http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.21613?journalCode=jsr]</ref> Technologies may include the [[NEXT (ion thruster)|NEXT]] ion thruster, laser communication, and/or re-entry technology.<ref name=fp> [http://futureplanets.blogspot.com/2014/02/boundaries-for-next-discovery-mission.html Boundaries for the Next Discovery Mission Selection]</ref> The main mission is budgeted for up to 450 million USD, with various conditions but also bonuses.<ref name=fp/><ref name=spaceref>[http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=45337 NASA Discovery Program Draft Announcement of Opportunity]</ref> There is a looming funding pinch for ongoing missions between the already tight budgets of Hubble, Cassini, and other continuing missions, yet the Curiosity rover will need additional funding.<ref>http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/11/07/planetary-missions-also-have-to-worry-about-a-senior-review/ </ref> Some of the priorities from the last Planetary Science Decadal survey were Mars, Jupiter's moons, and Uranus.<ref>[http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13117 ]</ref>
The next Discovery mission after InSight has not been selected yet. As with previous Discovery missions such as [[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]], Solar electric propulsion may allow increased mission options if applicable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.21613?journalCode=jsr |title=Evaluation of Solar Electric Propulsion Technologies for Discovery-Class Missions |publisher=Arc.aiaa.org |accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Technologies may include the [[NEXT (ion thruster)|NEXT]] ion thruster, laser communication, and/or re-entry technology.<ref name="fp">{{cite web| first=Van | last=Kane | url=http://futureplanets.blogspot.com/2014/02/boundaries-for-next-discovery-mission.html | title=Boundaries for the Next Discovery Mission Selection | publisher=Future Planets | date=2014-02-20 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140307163947/http://futureplanets.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/boundaries-for-next-discovery-mission.html | archivedate=2014-03-07 }}</ref> The main mission is budgeted for up to 450 million USD, with various conditions but also bonuses.<ref name="fp" /><ref name="spaceref">{{cite web | url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=45337 | title=NASA Discovery Program Draft Announcement of Opportunity &#124; SpaceRef - Your Space Reference | publisher=SpaceRef | date=2014-02-19 }}</ref> There is a looming funding pinch for ongoing missions between the already tight budgets of Hubble, Cassini, and other continuing missions, yet the Curiosity rover will need additional funding.<ref>{{cite web | last=Foust | first=Jeff | url=http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/11/07/planetary-missions-also-have-to-worry-about-a-senior-review/ | title=Planetary missions also have to worry about a senior review « Space Politics | publisher=Spacepolitics.com | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Some of the priorities from the last Planetary Science Decadal survey were Mars, Jupiter's moons, and Uranus.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13117 | title=Newsroom | publisher=National-Academies.org | date=2011-03-07 }}</ref>


Discovery missions are permitted to have international co-operation.<ref name=spaceref/> One option may be to partner with Germany on its currently halted [[Lunar Lander (space mission)|Lunar Lander]]; Germany was willing to contribute 45% of the mission's total cost.<ref name=mond>{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/lunar-lander-europas-mondmission-faellt-aus-a-867718.html | date = 16 November 2012 | title = "Lunar Lander" Europas Mondmission fällt aus | author = Christoph Seidler | publisher = Spiegel online}}</ref> The total cost (including a 6 month-long mission at the lunar south pole) was estimated at 500 million euros (about US$640 million).<Ref>[http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/20moonlander/]</ref> Spain also wanted to contribute to the total, but could not make up the shortfall.<ref name=mond/> France had tried to send a science balloon to Mars twenty years ago.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PlR....10c...5B ]</ref> Development reached the point where both [[Mars Observer]] and [[Mars Global Surveyor]] included the French Mars Balloon Relay (later just Mars Relay).<ref>[http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/msss/mars_relay/mr_background/]</ref> Mars balloons have also been studied by NASA, and are noted for their potential to provide a soft-landing and to collect data much closer to the surface than orbiters.<Ref>http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/balloons/ </ref> At the other extreme is the MAGIC concept, which proposed a 1.2 meter telescope to provide lander-like views of the surface from orbit.<ref name=magic/> Tito's proposed human flyby of Mars needs about 700$ million of public money and NASA expertise.<ref>[http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2409/1 ]</ref>
Discovery missions are permitted to have international co-operation.<ref name="spaceref" /> One option may be to partner with Germany on its currently halted [[Lunar Lander (space mission)|Lunar Lander]]; Germany was willing to contribute 45% of the mission's total cost.<ref name="mond">{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/lunar-lander-europas-mondmission-faellt-aus-a-867718.html | date=2012-11-16 | title="Lunar Lander" Europas Mondmission fällt aus | first=Christoph | last=Seidler | publisher=Spiegel online }}</ref> The total cost (including a 6 month-long mission at the lunar south pole) was estimated at 500 million euros (about US$640 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/20moonlander/ | title=Breaking News &#124; ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference | publisher=Spaceflight Now | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Spain also wanted to contribute to the total, but could not make up the shortfall.<ref name="mond" />


The [[BepiColombo]] Mercury lander had to be cut do to funding, and NASA has also studied independent designs for Mercury landings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nap.edu/reports/13117/App%20G%2001_Mercury_Lander.pdf | format=PDF | title=NASA : Mission Concept Study | publisher=Nap.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=BEPICLMBO | title=BepiColombo - Details | publisher=Goddard Spaceflight Centre | date=2013-08-16 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131229004130/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=BEPICLMBO | archivedate=2013-12-29 }}</ref> France had developed a concept in 1990 to send a science balloon to Mars.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PlR....10c...5B | title=The Mars balloon relay | publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Development reached the point where both [[Mars Observer]] and [[Mars Global Surveyor]] included the French Mars Balloon Relay (later just Mars Relay).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/msss/mars_relay/mr_background/ | title=Mars Relay- Background | publisher=Mars.jpl.nasa.gov | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Mars balloons have also been studied by NASA, and are noted for their potential to provide a soft-landing and to collect data much closer to the surface than orbiters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/balloons/ | title=Mars Exploration: Technology | publisher=Mars.jpl.nasa.gov | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> At the other extreme is the MAGIC concept, which proposed a 1.2 meter diameter telescope to provide lander-like views of the surface from orbit.<ref name="magic" /> Tito's proposed human flyby of Mars needs about $700 million of public money and NASA expertise.<ref>{{cite web | author= | url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2409/1 | title=Inspiration Mars: from nonprofit venture to space policy adventure | publisher=The Space Review | date=2013-11-25 }}</ref>
⚫
*A Discovery-class mission to [[16 Psyche]], a metal asteroid and possible planetary core, may be one candidate.<ref>[http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1253.pdf JOURNEY TO A METAL WORLD: CONCEPT FOR A DISCOVERY MISSION TO PSYCHE]</ref>

⚫
*A "dust telescope" is another concept; a kind of space observatory that measures various properties of incoming cosmic dust.<ref name=dust>[http://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/cosmicdust/documents/CDB_Dustgroup.pdf COSMIC DUST: Messenger from Distant Worlds - University of Stuttgart]</ref> A dust telescope combines a trajectory sensor and a mass spectrometer, to allow the elemental and even isotopic composition to be analyzed.<ref name=dust/> Examples of such mission have the potential to offer insights not only into Solar system bodies such as asteroids, comets, and material ejected from planetary bodies, but even measure interstellar dust.<ref name=dust/>
The following is a partial list of most of the current candidates:
⚫
*Other possibilities may include Phobos and Deimos sample return,<Ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1633.pdf HALL: A PHOBOS AND DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN MISSION]</ref> a [[Phobos Surveyor]], or mission to Phobos based on [[LCROSS]].<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPICo1679.4180C ]</reF> A mission called "Merlin" proposes a lander for the Deimos.<ref>[http://multimedia.seti.org/PhD2011/abstracts/PhD2-11-014.pdf MERLIN: MARS-MOON EXPLORATION, RECONNAISSANCE AND LANDED INVESTIGATION]</ref>

⚫
*Mars Moons Multiple landings Mission ("M4"), a discovery-class mission to conduct multiple landings on Phobos and Deimos.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4363.pdf] </ref>
⚫
*A Discovery-class mission to [[16 Psyche]], a metal asteroid and possible planetary core, may be one candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1253.pdf | title=1253.PDF | publisher=Hou.usra.edu | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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*Multiple geophysical landers were considered during InSight development, because seismological data from two locations has special advantages.<Ref name=insight2009>[http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Mars2%20Banerdt%20rev.pdf Geophysical Network Mission for Mars]</ref> Another site detecting P and S waves can restrict the location of a single-point seismological event (such as a "Mars quake") to the intersection of two spheres.<Ref name=insight2009/> Examples of twin missions to the red planet include [[Viking 1]] and [[Viking 2|2]], [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, and [[Mariner 6 and 7]] among others.
⚫
*A "dust telescope" is another concept; a kind of space observatory that measures various properties of incoming cosmic dust.<ref name="dust">{{cite web | url=http://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/cosmicdust/documents/CDB_Dustgroup.pdf | title=Broschüre CD fertig.indd | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> A dust telescope combines a trajectory sensor and a mass spectrometer, to allow the elemental and even isotopic composition to be analyzed.<ref name="dust" /> Examples of such mission have the potential to offer insights not only into Solar system bodies such as asteroids, comets, and material ejected from planetary bodies, but even measure interstellar dust.<ref name="dust" />
⚫
*"Hera" is a discovery-class mission design for near-Earth asteroid sample return.<ref>[http://spacecenter.uark.edu/sbassettAbstract.pdf]</ref> Envisioned as the follow-on from the NEAR mission, the design was intended to collect three samples from three different asteroids.<Ref>[http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3249.pdf </ref>
⚫
*Other possibilities may include Phobos and Deimos sample return,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1633.pdf | title=1633.PDF | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> a [[Phobos Surveyor]], or mission to Phobos based on [[LCROSS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPICo1679.4180C | title=PCROSS - Phobos Close Rendezvous Observation Sensing Satellite |publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> A mission called "Merlin" proposes a lander for the Deimos.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://multimedia.seti.org/PhD2011/abstracts/PhD2-11-014.pdf | format=PDF | title=Merlin : Mars-Moon Exploration | publisher=Multimedia.seti.org | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
⚫
*[[Icebreaker Life]], similar to Phoenix/InSight platform but looking for extraterrestrial life on Mars.
⚫
*Mars Moons Multiple landings Mission ("M4"), a discovery-class mission to conduct multiple landings on Phobos and Deimos.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4363.pdf | title=4363.PDF | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
⚫
*VEVA (Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere); an in atmosphere probe for Venus.<ref name=veva>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576502001510]</ref> The centerpiece was a 7-day balloon flight through the atmosphere accompanied by various ''sondes'', little probes dropped deeper into the planets thick gases.<ref name=veva/>
⚫
*Multiple geophysical landers were considered during InSight development, because seismological data from two locations has special advantages.<ref name="insight2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Mars2%20Banerdt%20rev.pdf | format=PDF | title=Geophysical Network Mission for Mars | publisher=Spacepolicyonline.com | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Another site detecting P and S waves can restrict the location of a single-point seismological event (such as a "Mars quake") to the intersection of two spheres.<ref name="insight2009" /> Examples of twin missions to the red planet include [[Viking 1]] and [[Viking 2|2]], [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, and [[Mariner 6 and 7]] among others.
⚫
*Venus Pathfinder, a long-duration Venus lander.<ref>http://www.planetaryprobe.org/sessionfiles/session2/papers/lorenz_venus_lander-paper.pdf</ref>
⚫
*"Hera" is a discovery-class mission design for near-Earth asteroid sample return.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://spacecenter.uark.edu/sbassettAbstract.pdf | format=PDF | title=The Hera Mission |publisher=Spacecenter.uark.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Envisioned as the follow-on from the NEAR mission, the design was intended to collect three samples from three different asteroids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3249.pdf | format=PDF | title=The Hera Mission : Multiple Near-Earth Asteroid Sample Return | publisher=Planetary.brown.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
⚫
*RAVEN, a discovery-class Venus radar mapping mission.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P31D..04S RAVEN - High-resolution Mapping of Venus within a Discovery Mission Budget]</ref>
⚫
*[[Icebreaker Life]], similar to Phoenix/InSight platform but looking for past extraterrestrial [[life on Mars]].
⚫
*Various Discovery-class missions for Mars were considered in the last planetary science decadal review.<Ref name=marsd>[http://www.nap.edu/reports/13117/App%20G%2012_Mars-Polar-Climate.pdf]</ref> One concept was for a lander with a sub-surface drill and also measuring various properties of the surface and atmosphere.<Ref name=marsd/>
⚫
*VEVA (Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere); an in atmosphere probe for Venus.<ref name="veva">{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576502001510 | title=VEVA Discovery mission to Venus: exploration of volcanoes and atmosphere | publisher=Sciencedirect.com | date=2003-03-31 }}</ref> The centerpiece was a 7-day balloon flight through the atmosphere accompanied by various ''sondes'', little probes dropped deeper into the planet's thick gases.<ref name="veva" />
⚫
*VALOR, Discovery-class Venus balloon mission.<Ref name=val>https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/26401/65-172-1-PB.pdf]</reF> Twin balloons would circumnaviagate the planet over 8 Earth-days.<Ref name=val/>
⚫
*Venus Pathfinder, a long-duration Venus lander.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.planetaryprobe.org/sessionfiles/session2/papers/lorenz_venus_lander-paper.pdf | format=PDF | title=Venue Pathfinder | publisher=Planetaryprobe.org | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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*[[Mars Geyser Hopper]]<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120004036_2012004260.pdf]</ref>
⚫
*RAVEN, a discovery-class Venus radar mapping mission.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P31D..04S | title=RAVEN - High-resolution Mapping of Venus within a Discovery Mission Budget | publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
⚫
*Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimeter-scale<ref name=magic>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4325.pdf ]</ref>
⚫
*Various Discovery-class missions for Mars were considered in the last planetary science decadal review.<ref name="marsd">{{cite web | url=http://www.nap.edu/reports/13117/App%20G%2012_Mars-Polar-Climate.pdf | title=Planetary Science Decadal Survey_Mars Polar Climate Concepts | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> One concept was for a lander with a sub-surface drill and also measuring various properties of the surface and atmosphere.<ref name="marsd" />
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*Discovery-class Venus aircraft.<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.172&rep=rep1&type=pdf]</ref>
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*VALOR, Discovery-class Venus balloon mission.<ref name="val">{{cite web | url=https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/26401/65-172-1-PB.pdf | title=Microsoft PowerPoint - ExploringVenus_Baines | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref> Twin balloons would circumnaviagate the planet over 8 Earth-days.<ref name="val" />
*Mercury lander (full mission not discovery-class)<Ref>[http://www.nap.edu/reports/13117/App%20G%2001_Mercury_Lander.pdf ]</ref>
⚫
*[[Mars Geyser Hopper]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120004036_2012004260.pdf | title=Mars_Geyser-Hopper_AIAA2012 | publisher=Ntrs.nasa.gov | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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*[[Red Dragon (spacecraft)|Red Dragon]], Mars lander<ref name='8m'>{{citation | contribution = Red Dragon | title = Feasibility of a Dragon-derived Mars lander for scientific and human-precursor investigations | publisher = 8m.net | date = October 31, 2011| id = | contribution-url = http://digitalvideo.8m.net/SpaceX/RedDragon/karcz-red_dragon-nac-2011-10-29-1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2012-05-14}}</ref>
⚫
*Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimeter-scale<ref name="magic">{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4325.pdf | title=4325.PDF | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Small Body Grand Tour<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIA...9581370F]</ref>
⚫
*Discovery-class Venus aircraft.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.172&rep=rep1&type=pdf | format=PDF | title=NASA TM-2002-0819 : Atmospheric Flight on Venus | publisher=Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/decadal/sbag/topical_wp/ScottASandford.pdf]</ref>
⚫
*[[Red Dragon (spacecraft)|Red Dragon]], Mars lander<ref name="8m">{{citation | contribution = Red Dragon | title = Feasibility of a Dragon-derived Mars lander for scientific and human-precursor investigations | publisher=8m.net | date=2011-10-31 | id = | contribution-url=http://digitalvideo.8m.net/SpaceX/RedDragon/karcz-red_dragon-nac-2011-10-29-1.pdf | format=PDF }}</ref>
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*Twin discovery-class lunar geophysical landers.<reF>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2832.pdf]</ref>
*Small Body Grand Tour<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIA...9581370F |title=Extended-mission opportunities for a Discovery-class asteroid rendezvous mission |publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date=2000-09-12 }}</ref>
*Micro Exo Explorer<REF>http://lcpm10.caltech.edu/pdf/session-5/9_NEO_Hunter_Seeker13.pdf]</REF>
*Discovery-class lunar sample return.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/moon99/pdf/8017.pdf SAMPLE RETURN MISSION TO THE SOUTH POLE AITKEN BASIN]</ref>
*Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/decadal/sbag/topical_wp/ScottASandford.pdf | format=PDF | title=The Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
⚫
*Twin discovery-class lunar geophysical landers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2832.pdf | title=2832.PDF | format=PDF | publisher=Lpi.usra.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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*Discovery-class Venus atmospheric probe.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992LPI....23.1481V]</ref>
*Micro Exo Explorer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcpm10.caltech.edu/pdf/session-5/9_NEO_Hunter_Seeker13.pdf | format=PDF | title=A Low-Cost NEO Micro Hunter-Seeker Mission Concept |publisher=Lcpm10.caltech.edu |accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Venus sample return<ref>[http://henry.pha.jhu.edu/2007_Academy_Group_Project.pdf </ref><ref>[http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/14139/1/00-0542.pdf ]</ref>
*Discovery-class lunar sample return.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/moon99/pdf/8017.pdf | title=8017.PDF | format=PDF | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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*Discovery-class Venus atmospheric probe.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992LPI....23.1481V | title=1992LPI 23.1481V Page 1481 | publisher=Adsabs.harvard.edu | date= | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
*Venus sample return<ref>{{cite web | url=http://henry.pha.jhu.edu/2007_Academy_Group_Project.pdf | format=PDF | title=2007 NASA Academy at the Goddard Space Flight Center | publisher=Henry.pha.jhu.edu | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/14139/1/00-0542.pdf | format=PDF | title=Venus Sample Return Missions - A Range of Science, A Range of Costs | publisher=Trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov | accessdate=2014-02-28 }}</ref>


==Summary==
==Summary==
<center>
<center>
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!colspan=7| Discovery Program
!colspan=7| Discovery Program
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| '''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'''
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| '''[[NEAR Shoemaker|NEAR]]'''
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==See also==
==See also==
⚫
*[[Mars Scout Program]]
*[[New Frontiers Program]]
*[[New Frontiers Program]]
⚫
*[[Mars Scout Program]]
*[[New Millennium Program]]
*[[New Millennium Program]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 17:38, 7 March 2014

Not to be confused with Space Shuttle Discovery.
InSight

NASA's Discovery Program (as compared to New Frontiers, Explorer, or Flagship Programs) is a series of lower-cost, highly-focused American scientific space missions that are exploring the Solar System. It was founded in 1992 to implement then-NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin's vision of "faster, better, cheaper" planetary missions. Discovery missions differ from traditional NASA missions where targets and objectives are pre-specified. Instead, these cost-capped missions are proposed and led by a scientist called the Principal Investigator (PI). Proposing teams may include people from industry, small businesses, government laboratories, and universities. Proposals are selected through a competitive peer review process. All of the completed Discovery missions are accomplishing ground-breaking science and adding significantly to the body of knowledge about the Solar System.

NASA also accepts proposals for competitively selected Discovery Program Missions of Opportunity. This provides opportunities to participate in non-NASA missions by providing funding for a science instrument or hardware components of a science instrument or to re-purpose an existing NASA spacecraft. These opportunities are currently offered through NASA's Stand Alone Mission of Opportunity program.

Successfully completed missions

Asteroid 253 Mathilde
Mars Pathfinder's view
Animation of the rotation of 433 Eros.

Standalone missions

  • NEAR Shoemaker, a mission to study asteroid 433 Eros. Launched in 1995, the spacecraft entered into orbit around Eros in 2000 and successfully touched down on its surface one year later. It has succeeded its primary and extended mission and is now complete. The Project Scientist was Andrew Chang of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
  • Mars Pathfinder, a Mars lander to deploy a miniature rover on the surface. Launched in 1996, it landed on Mars on July 4, 1997. It has completed its primary and extended mission. The Principal Investigator was Matthew Golombek of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  • Lunar Prospector, a Moon orbiter to characterize the lunar mineralogy. Launched in 1998, it spent 1½ years in lunar orbit. It has completed its primary and extended mission and deliberately impacted onto the Moon's surface. The Principal Investigator was Alan Binder of the Lunar Research Institute.
  • Deep Impact, a mission in which a spacecraft released an impactor into the path of comet Tempel 1. Launched in January 2005, the impact occurred on July 4, 2005. After the successful completion of its mission, it was put in hibernation and then reactivated for a new mission designated EPOXI. The Principal Investigator was Michael A'Hearn of the University of Maryland.
  • Stardust, a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet 81P/Wild for study on Earth. Launched in 1999, it successfully collected samples between 2000–2004, then the sample return capsule returned to Earth on Jan. 15, 2006. The capsule is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. Scientists worldwide are studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are finding interstellar dust bits through the Stardust@home project. The spacecraft has been assigned a new task, called Stardust-NExT. The Principal Investigator was Donald Brownlee of the University of Washington.
  • Genesis, a mission to collect solar wind charged particles for analysis on Earth. Launched in 2001, it collected solar wind between 2002–2003. In Sept. 2004, the sample return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing, Genesis has met or anticipates meeting all its baseline science objectives. The Principal Investigator was Donald Burnett of the California Institute of Technology.
  • Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, (GRAIL) provided higher-quality gravity field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure; launched in September 2011.[1] The Principal Investigator is Maria Zuber of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. GRAIL spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012.

Missions of opportunity

Nucleus of Comet Hartley 2
    • The Deep Impact eXtended Investigation of Comets (DIXI) mission used the spacecraft for a flyby mission to a second comet, Hartley 2. The goal was to take pictures of its nucleus to increase our understanding of the diversity of comets. The flyby of Hartley 2 was successful with closest approach occurring on Nov. 4, 2010. Dr. Michael A'Hearn of the University of Maryland was the Principal Investigator.
  • New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT) was a new mission for the Stardust spacecraft to fly by comet Tempel 1 in 2011 and observe changes since the Deep Impact mission visited it in July 2005. Later in 2005, Tempel 1 made its closest approach to the Sun, possibly changing the surface of the comet. The flyby was completed successfully on Feb. 15, 2011. Dr. Joseph Veverka of Cornell University is the Principal Investigator.

Failed mission

  • Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR), a mission to visit and study comets Encke and Schwassmann-Wachmann-3. It was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on July 3, 2002. On August 15, contact with the craft was lost.[3] Subsequent investigation revealed that it broke into at least three pieces, the cause likely being structural failure during the rocket motor burn that was to push it from Earth orbit into a solar orbit.

Missions in progress

Standalone missions

File:2013 Year Highlights.jpg
Montage of data from Messenger
  • Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER), a mission to study and map the planet Mercury from orbit; launched in August 2004, has completed a series of flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury, and following a successful orbital insertion maneuver in March 2011 has begun its yearlong primary mission. The Principal Investigator is Sean Solomon of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Dawn, a mission to study the dwarf planet Ceres and large asteroid Vesta; launched in September 2007. It reached Vesta in July 2011. Dawn uses ion propulsion, allowing both Ceres and Vesta to be orbited in one mission. The Principal Investigator is Chris Russell of the University of California, Los Angeles. It is currently en route to 1 Ceres
  • Kepler, a space telescope mission that continuously observed 100,000 stars in a fixed field of view in order to detect transits by exoplanets orbiting those stars. It was launched in March 2009 and announced its first exoplanet discoveries in January 2010. Kepler is the first spacecraft capable of finding Earth-size planets around other stars. The Principal Investigator is William Borucki of NASA’s Ames Research Center. It is currently experiencing technical difficulties, but may have a follow on mission.

Missions of opportunity

Future missions

Standalone missions

  • InSight – An Announcement of Opportunity for the 2016 Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Twenty-eight proposals were submitted, and on May 5, 2011, three were chosen for further study.[4] Following these one-year preliminary design studies, the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission was selected in August 2012. InSight (initially named Geophysical Monitoring Station or GEMS) will study the structure and composition of the interior of Mars and advance understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.[5]

Missions of opportunity

  • Strofio[6] is a unique mass spectrometer that is part of the SERENA instrument package that will fly on board the European Space Agency’s BepiColombo/Mercury Planetary Orbiter spacecraft. Strofio will study the atoms and molecules that compose Mercury's atmosphere to reveal the composition of the planet's surface. Stefano Livi of Southwest Research Institute is the Principal Investigator.
  • Lander Radio-Science on ExoMars, or LaRa, will use NASA's Deep Space Network of radio telescopes to track part of ESA's ExoMars mission. Scheduled to launch in 2016, the mission consists of a fixed lander and a rover that will roam Mars collecting soil samples for detailed analysis. William Folkner of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is the Principal Investigator.[citation needed]

Proposals

  • Icebreaker Life is a Mars lander mission that is being proposed for the 2018 launch opportunity.[7] The stationary lander would be a near copy of the successful 2008 Phoenix and it would carry an upgraded scientific payload focused on astrobiology. It would include a drill to sample ice-cemented ground in the northern plains to conduct a search for organic molecules and evidence of current or past life on Mars.[8][9]

Notable past proposals

However often the funding comes in, there is a selection process with perhaps 2 dozen concepts. These sometimes get tweaked and re-proposed in another selection.[10] An example of this is Suess-Urey Mission, which was passed over in favor of the successful Stardust mission, but was eventually flown as Genesis.[10]

  • Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) spacecraft for landing in, and floating on, a large methane-ethane sea on Saturn's moon Titan.
  • Comet Hopper (CHopper) study cometary evolution by landing on a comet multiple times and observing its changes as it interacts with the Sun.

Other previous finalists include: Dawn,[11] INSIDE,[11] Kepler,[11] Alladin,[12] Deep Impact,[12] Osiris,[13] and Vesper.[12][14] Many of these concepts went on to become actual missions, or similar concepts were eventually realized in the Discovery or others.

Additional examples of Discovery-class missions:

  • Io Volcano Observer
  • Pascal[15]
  • EXOMOON, in situ investigation on Earth's Moon.[16]
  • PSOLHO, would use the Moon as an occulter to look for exoplanets.[17]
  • Suess-Urey, similar to the later Genesis mission[10]
  • Venus Multiprobe, would send 16 atmospheric probes into Venus[10]
  • Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics, and Evolution[18]
  • Hermes, planet Mercury orbiter.[19]
  • Lunette, lunar lander.[20]

Discovery "12"

An Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission was released by NASA on June 7, 2010. Out of 28 proposals from 2010,[21] three finalists received US$3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept studies.[22] In August 2012, InSight was selected for development and launch.[23] According to the BBC, of the 28 mission proposals, 3 were for the Moon, 4 for Mars, 7 for Venus, 1 Jupiter, 1 to a Jupiter Trojan, 2 to Saturn, 7 to asteroids, and 3 to Comets.[24]

Discovery "13"

NASA is considering offering an ion thruster.[25]

The next Discovery mission after InSight has not been selected yet. As with previous Discovery missions such as Dawn, Solar electric propulsion may allow increased mission options if applicable.[26] Technologies may include the NEXT ion thruster, laser communication, and/or re-entry technology.[25] The main mission is budgeted for up to 450 million USD, with various conditions but also bonuses.[25][27] There is a looming funding pinch for ongoing missions between the already tight budgets of Hubble, Cassini, and other continuing missions, yet the Curiosity rover will need additional funding.[28] Some of the priorities from the last Planetary Science Decadal survey were Mars, Jupiter's moons, and Uranus.[29]

Discovery missions are permitted to have international co-operation.[27] One option may be to partner with Germany on its currently halted Lunar Lander; Germany was willing to contribute 45% of the mission's total cost.[30] The total cost (including a 6 month-long mission at the lunar south pole) was estimated at 500 million euros (about US$640 million).[31] Spain also wanted to contribute to the total, but could not make up the shortfall.[30]

The BepiColombo Mercury lander had to be cut do to funding, and NASA has also studied independent designs for Mercury landings.[32][33] France had developed a concept in 1990 to send a science balloon to Mars.[34] Development reached the point where both Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor included the French Mars Balloon Relay (later just Mars Relay).[35] Mars balloons have also been studied by NASA, and are noted for their potential to provide a soft-landing and to collect data much closer to the surface than orbiters.[36] At the other extreme is the MAGIC concept, which proposed a 1.2 meter diameter telescope to provide lander-like views of the surface from orbit.[37] Tito's proposed human flyby of Mars needs about $700 million of public money and NASA expertise.[38]

The following is a partial list of most of the current candidates:

  • A Discovery-class mission to 16 Psyche, a metal asteroid and possible planetary core, may be one candidate.[39]
  • A "dust telescope" is another concept; a kind of space observatory that measures various properties of incoming cosmic dust.[40] A dust telescope combines a trajectory sensor and a mass spectrometer, to allow the elemental and even isotopic composition to be analyzed.[40] Examples of such mission have the potential to offer insights not only into Solar system bodies such as asteroids, comets, and material ejected from planetary bodies, but even measure interstellar dust.[40]
  • Other possibilities may include Phobos and Deimos sample return,[41] a Phobos Surveyor, or mission to Phobos based on LCROSS.[42] A mission called "Merlin" proposes a lander for the Deimos.[43]
  • Mars Moons Multiple landings Mission ("M4"), a discovery-class mission to conduct multiple landings on Phobos and Deimos.[44]
  • Multiple geophysical landers were considered during InSight development, because seismological data from two locations has special advantages.[45] Another site detecting P and S waves can restrict the location of a single-point seismological event (such as a "Mars quake") to the intersection of two spheres.[45] Examples of twin missions to the red planet include Viking 1 and 2, Mars Exploration Rovers, and Mariner 6 and 7 among others.
  • "Hera" is a discovery-class mission design for near-Earth asteroid sample return.[46] Envisioned as the follow-on from the NEAR mission, the design was intended to collect three samples from three different asteroids.[47]
  • Icebreaker Life, similar to Phoenix/InSight platform but looking for past extraterrestrial life on Mars.
  • VEVA (Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere); an in atmosphere probe for Venus.[48] The centerpiece was a 7-day balloon flight through the atmosphere accompanied by various sondes, little probes dropped deeper into the planet's thick gases.[48]
  • Venus Pathfinder, a long-duration Venus lander.[49]
  • RAVEN, a discovery-class Venus radar mapping mission.[50]
  • Various Discovery-class missions for Mars were considered in the last planetary science decadal review.[51] One concept was for a lander with a sub-surface drill and also measuring various properties of the surface and atmosphere.[51]
  • VALOR, Discovery-class Venus balloon mission.[52] Twin balloons would circumnaviagate the planet over 8 Earth-days.[52]
  • Mars Geyser Hopper[53]
  • Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimeter-scale[37]
  • Discovery-class Venus aircraft.[54]
  • Red Dragon, Mars lander[55]
  • Small Body Grand Tour[56]
  • Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return.[57]
  • Twin discovery-class lunar geophysical landers.[58]
  • Micro Exo Explorer[59]
  • Discovery-class lunar sample return.[60]
  • Discovery-class Venus atmospheric probe.[61]
  • Venus sample return[62][63]

Summary

Discovery Program
Deep Impact Stardust Genesis Grail Kepler Observatory Dawn Messenger
Lunar Prospector Mars Pathfinder NEAR InSight

See also

References

  1. ^ Harwood, William. "NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  2. ^ "Deep Impact Heads to New Comet". Space.com. 2006-10-31.
  3. ^ "CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report" (PDF). NASA. 2003-05-21.
  4. ^ "NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission". NASA. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  5. ^ "New NASA Mission to Take First Look Deep Inside Mars". NASA. 2012-08-20.
  6. ^ "What is STROFIO?". Ifsi-roma.inaf.it. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  7. ^ McKay, Christopher P.; Stoker, Carol R.; Glass, Brian J.; Davé, Arwen I.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Heldmann, Jennifer L.; Marinova, Margarita M.; Fairen, Alberto G.; Quinn, Richard C.; Zacny, Kris A.; Paulsen, Gale; Smith, Peter H.; Parro, Victor; Andersen, Dale T.; Hecht, Michael H.; Lacelle, Denis; Pollard, Wayne H. (2013-04-05). "The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life". Astrobiology. 13 (4): 334–353. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..334M. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878.
  8. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (2013-05-16). "Icebreaker Life Mission". Astrobiology Magazine.
  9. ^ McKay, C. P.; Stoker, Carol R.; Glass, Brian J.; Davé, Arwen I.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Heldmann, Jennifer L.; Marinova, Margarita M.; Fairen, Alberto G.; Quinn, Richard C.; Zacny, Kris A.; Paulsen, Gale; Smith, Peter H.; Parro, Victor; Andersen, Dale T.; Hecht, Michael H.; Lacelle, Denis; Pollard, Wayne H. (2012), "The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biochemical Evidence for Life" (PDF), Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration, Lunar and Planetary Institute, retrieved 2013-07-01 {{citation}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d "3 Proposed Discovery Missions". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  11. ^ a b c "NASA announces Discovery mission finalists". spacetoday.net. 2001-01-04.
  12. ^ a b c "Deep Impact: Press: Press Release: 1998-11-12: Five Discovery Mission Proposals Selected for Feasibility Studies". Deepimpact.umd.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  13. ^ "NASA - NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections". Nasa.gov. 2008-11-02.
  14. ^ "NASA - Vesper Could Explore Earth's Fiery Twin". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  15. ^ R. Haberle; et al. "The Pascal Discovery Mission: A Mars Climate Network Mission". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  16. ^ "Robotics Institute: EXOMOON - A Discovery and Scout Mission Capabilities Expansion Concept". Ri.cmu.edu. 2011-06-15.
  17. ^ "Planetary System Occultation from Lunar Halo Orbit (PSOLHO): A Discovery Mission". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  18. ^ "MUADEE: A discovery-class mission for exploration of the upper atmosphere of Mars - TU Delft Discover". Discover.tudelft.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  19. ^ "1994LPI 25..985N Page 985". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  20. ^ "Concepts Leading to a Sustainable Architecture for Cislunar Development" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  21. ^ "New NASA Mission To take First Look Deep Inside Mars". Marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov. 2012-08-20. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission". NASA. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  23. ^ Vastag, Brian (2012-08-20). "NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016". The Washington Post.
  24. ^ Eric Hand (2011-09-02). "Venus scientists fear neglect". Nature.com.
  25. ^ a b c Kane, Van (2014-02-20). "Boundaries for the Next Discovery Mission Selection". Future Planets. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Evaluation of Solar Electric Propulsion Technologies for Discovery-Class Missions". Arc.aiaa.org. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  27. ^ a b "NASA Discovery Program Draft Announcement of Opportunity | SpaceRef - Your Space Reference". SpaceRef. 2014-02-19.
  28. ^ Foust, Jeff. "Planetary missions also have to worry about a senior review « Space Politics". Spacepolitics.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  29. ^ "Newsroom". National-Academies.org. 2011-03-07.
  30. ^ a b Seidler, Christoph (2012-11-16). ""Lunar Lander" Europas Mondmission fällt aus". Spiegel online.
  31. ^ "Breaking News | ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  32. ^ "NASA : Mission Concept Study" (PDF). Nap.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  33. ^ "BepiColombo - Details". Goddard Spaceflight Centre. 2013-08-16. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "The Mars balloon relay". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  35. ^ "Mars Relay- Background". Mars.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  36. ^ "Mars Exploration: Technology". Mars.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  37. ^ a b "4325.PDF" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  38. ^ "Inspiration Mars: from nonprofit venture to space policy adventure". The Space Review. 2013-11-25.
  39. ^ "1253.PDF" (PDF). Hou.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  40. ^ a b c "Broschüre CD fertig.indd" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  41. ^ "1633.PDF" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  42. ^ "PCROSS - Phobos Close Rendezvous Observation Sensing Satellite". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  43. ^ "Merlin : Mars-Moon Exploration" (PDF). Multimedia.seti.org. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  44. ^ "4363.PDF" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  45. ^ a b "Geophysical Network Mission for Mars" (PDF). Spacepolicyonline.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  46. ^ "The Hera Mission" (PDF). Spacecenter.uark.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  47. ^ "The Hera Mission : Multiple Near-Earth Asteroid Sample Return" (PDF). Planetary.brown.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  48. ^ a b "VEVA Discovery mission to Venus: exploration of volcanoes and atmosphere". Sciencedirect.com. 2003-03-31.
  49. ^ "Venue Pathfinder" (PDF). Planetaryprobe.org. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  50. ^ "RAVEN - High-resolution Mapping of Venus within a Discovery Mission Budget". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  51. ^ a b "Planetary Science Decadal Survey_Mars Polar Climate Concepts" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  52. ^ a b "Microsoft PowerPoint - ExploringVenus_Baines" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  53. ^ "Mars_Geyser-Hopper_AIAA2012" (PDF). Ntrs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  54. ^ "NASA TM-2002-0819 : Atmospheric Flight on Venus" (PDF). Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  55. ^ "Red Dragon" (PDF), Feasibility of a Dragon-derived Mars lander for scientific and human-precursor investigations, 8m.net, 2011-10-31 {{citation}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
  56. ^ "Extended-mission opportunities for a Discovery-class asteroid rendezvous mission". Adsabs.harvard.edu. 2000-09-12.
  57. ^ "The Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  58. ^ "2832.PDF" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  59. ^ "A Low-Cost NEO Micro Hunter-Seeker Mission Concept" (PDF). Lcpm10.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  60. ^ "8017.PDF" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  61. ^ "1992LPI 23.1481V Page 1481". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  62. ^ "2007 NASA Academy at the Goddard Space Flight Center" (PDF). Henry.pha.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  63. ^ "Venus Sample Return Missions - A Range of Science, A Range of Costs" (PDF). Trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Program&oldid=598575985"