Gendercide
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Gendercide is a term that refers to the systematic killing of members of a specific sex, either males or females, coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 book Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection [1].
Male victims
The systematic killing of men viricide happens sometimes during war to reduce an enemy's potential pool of soldiers; this happened for example in the 1988 Anfal campaign against Kurdish men in Iraq and in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre of Bosniak men and boys.
Gendercide against men is rumored to be a common fantasy among particularly misandrous adherents of radical feminism and separatist feminism.[citation needed]
Femicide
The term femicide or feminicidio (femicidio in Spanish) is a term referring to the systematic killing of women because they are women. Femicide is seen as a gender crime. It is attested from the 1820s (2006 Random House Unabridged Dictionary).
There have been reports of femicide in Guatemala City, Guatemala and in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The murders in Juarez and Guatemala were reportedly not investigated by the local authorities. Most of the women were raped before being murdered and some were mutilated, tortured and even dismembered. In Guatemala City about 20% of the over 500 women murdered in 2004 and 2005 were killed in pairs, due to an "intimate relationship" according to Claudia Acevedo of Lesbiradas.
There is also concern that femicide of Aboriginal women is taking place in Canada. Five hundred Aboriginal women have been reported missing or murdered since 1980, a disproportionate proportion compared to non-Aboriginal women. According to sociological studies these women are seen as easy targets because their race places them at the bottom of the social and economic hierarchy. Many of the missing women have been dismissed as prostitutes and their disappearances have gone uninvestigated. A major factor in bringing international attention to Canadian women was the murder of Helen Betty Osborne in 1971.
According to the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces between 113 and 200 million women are missing.
The most widespread form of femicide is in the form of Sex-selective infanticide in cultures with strong preferences for male offspring, notably in China, India, and South Korea. These practices result in demographic imbalance with an excess of males. The Demographics of mainland China for example shows 1.13 males/female under 15 years, as opposed to a 'natural' average of 1.05. Sex selection in favour of females appears to be rare or non-existent.
External links
- Gendercide Watch Website devoted to this subject, with links to publications and related resources
- Gendercide watch - Female Infanticide
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Situation of the Rights of Women in Ciudad Juárez (2002) —
Report by OAS human rights agency. - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Graduate Research "Juarez Mothers Fight Femicide Documentary" (March 2005)
- The Economist - No place for your daughters (Nov 24th 2005)
- Rape Survivor Bashing as a bias crime or hate crime
- Lourdes Portillo Video, Señorita Extraviada ISDN 0807861731 2001
References
- AJIC, Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission. “The Death of Helen Betty Osborne.” <http://www.ajic.mb.ca/volumell/toc.html>
- Andersen, Margaret L., 1983, Thinking About Women, Macmillan Publishing Co., Nueva York.
- Bellhouse, Mary L., 1999, “Crimes and Pardons: Bourgeois Justice, Gendered Virtue, and the Criminalized Other in Eighteenth-century France”, Signs, vol. 24, núm. 4, verano, pp. 959-1010.
- Britton, Dana M., 2000, “Feminism in Criminology: Engendering the Outlaw”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 571, Thousand Oaks, CA, septiembre, pp. 57-76.
- Bunster-Bunalto, Ximena, 1993, “Surviving Beyond Fear: Women and Torture in Latin America”, en Feminist Frameworks, McGraw-Hill, pp. 252-261.
- Burgess, Ann, W. et. al., 1995, Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives, Free Press, Nueva York.
- Antonio Mendoza, Killers on the Loose: Unsolved Cases of Serial Murder, (Virgin Books 2002), [ISBN 0-7535-0681-5] — Study of unsolved serial killing around the world, including Ciudad Juárez.
- Cameron, Deborah y Elizabeth Frazer, 1987, The Lust To Kill, Nueva York University Press, Nueva York.
- "Canada: Stolen Sisters: A Human Rights Response to Discrimination and Violence against Indigenous Women in Canada." Amnesty International of Canada, 4 Oct. 2004, 30 Oct. 2005 [2]*Caputi, Jane, 1987, The Age of Sex Crime, Bowling Green State University Popular Press, Ohio.
- Caputi, Jane, 1989, “The Sexual Politics of Murder”, Gender & Society, vol. 3, núm. 4, diciembre, pp. 437-456.
- Caputi, Jane, 1990, “The New Founding Fathers: The Lore and Lure of the Serial Killer in Contemporary Culture”, Journal of American Culture, vol. 13, núm. 3, pp. 1-12.
- Culhane, Dara. “Their Spirits Live within Us: Aboriginal Women in Downtown Eastside Vancouver Emerging into Visibility.” American Indian Quarterly 27 (2003): 593-606.
- Daly, Mary, 1990, Gyn/Ecology The Methaetics of Radical Feminism, Beacon Press, Boston.
- Devalle, Susana B.C., 2000, “Violencia: estigma de nuestro siglo”, en Devalle Susana B.C. (comp.), Poder y cultura de la violencia, El Colegio de México, México, pp. 15-31.
- Dobash, Rebeca E., y Dobash, Russell P., 1998, “Violent Men and Violent Contexts”, en Dobash y Dobash (comps.), Rethinking Violence Against Women, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 141-168.
- Domingo, Chris, 1992, “What the White Man Won’t Tell Us: Report from the Berkeley Clearinghouse on Femicide”, en Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing, Twayne Publishers, Nueva York, pp. 195-202.
- Dworkin, Andrea, 1997, Life and Death, Free Press, Nueva York.
- Fisas, Vicenç, 1998, “Introducción”, El sexo de la violencia: Género y cultura de la violencia, Icaria, Barcelona, pp.7-18.
- Foucault, Michel, 1998, Vigilar y castigar, trad. de Aurelio Garzón del Camino, Siglo XXI editores, México.
- Fuentes, Noé, Brugues, Alejandro y Cortez, Willy, 1998, “Inseguridad en la Frontera Norte”, Ciudades, núm. 40, Red Nacional de Investigación Urbana, octubre-diciembre, pp. 18-24.
- Gibson, Lisa. “Innocence and purity vs. deviance and immorality: the spaces of prostitution in Nepal and Canada” Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton. MA Thesis. September 2003
- Grupos de estudios de género de la UACJ/Comité Independiente de Chihuahua de los Derechos Humanos / Grupo Ocho de marzo de Ciudad Juárez, Mujeres asesinadas 1983-1998, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.
- Gunder Frank, Andre, 1999, “A testimonial contribution to the 25th Anniversary Issue of Social Justice”, Social Justice, verano, vol. 26, núm. 2, pp.1-15.
- Izquierdo, María Jesús, 1998, “Los órdenes de la violencia: especie, sexo y género”, en Vicenç Fisas (ed.), El sexo de la violencia: género y cultura de la violencia, Icaria, Barcelona, pp.61-91.
- Jenkins, Phillip, 1994, Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide, Aldine de Gruyter, Nueva York.
- Kelly, Liz y Jill Radford, 1998, “Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls: An Approach to an International Overview”, en Dobash y Dobash (comps.), Rethinking Violence Against Women, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 53-76.
- Lagarde, Marcela, 1997, Identidades de género y derechos humanos. La construcción de las humanas, VII curso de verano. “Educación, democracia y nueva ciudadanía”, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 7 y 8 de agosto.
- Lagarde, Marcela, 1999, Una mirada feminista en el umbral del milenio, Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer/Facultad de Filosofía y Letras/Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
- Leyton, Elliot. Hunting Humans: The Rise of the Modern Multiple Murderer. 1995, McClelland & Stewart, Canadá.
- Manieri, Rosaria, 1978, Mujer y capital, trad. de Benito Gómez ,Tribuna Feminista, Madrid.
- Marx, K., y Engels, F., 1980, Obras escogidas I y III, Editorial Progreso, Moscú.
- McWilliams, Monica, 1998, “Violence Against Women in Societies Under Stress”, en Dobash y Dobash (comps.), Rethinking Violence Against Women, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 111-140.
- Monárrez, Julia E., 2000, “La cultura del feminicidio en Ciudad Juárez, 1993-1999”, en Frontera Norte, núm. 23, vol. 12, enero-junio, pp. 87-117.
- Pally, Marcia, 1997, “Pornography Does Not Cause Sexual Violence”, en Mary E. Williams y Tamara L.
- Roleff (eds.), Sexual Violence: Opposing Viewpoints, Greenhaven Press, San Diego, pp. 24-28.
- Poulantzas, Nicos, 1977, “Las clases sociales”, en Raúl Benítez Zenteno et. al., Las clases sociales en América Latina, Siglo XXI, México, pp. 96-126.
- Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado/Subprocuraduría Zona Norte, Homicidios cometidos en perjuicio de mujeres en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua en el periodo de 1993-1998, Averiguaciones previas.
- Whitechapel, Simon. Crossing to Kill: The True Story of the Serial-Killer Playground. Virgin Books 2002, ISBN 0-7535-0686-6 — Updated edition of the first detailed study of the Juárez murders.