Judenfrei: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
propaganda pieces are not WP:RS
better version, Munoz not a RS, replaced with Prusin
Line 19: Line 19:
* German-occupied [[Estonia]] – December 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |title=Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165947/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2007}} Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949</ref> Reported as ''judenfrei'' at the [[Wannsee Conference]] on January 20, 1942.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonian Jews |publisher=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] |url=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003632/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |url-status=dead }} sourced to {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |year=1990 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}</ref>
* German-occupied [[Estonia]] – December 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |title=Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165947/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2007}} Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949</ref> Reported as ''judenfrei'' at the [[Wannsee Conference]] on January 20, 1942.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonian Jews |publisher=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] |url=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003632/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |url-status=dead }} sourced to {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |year=1990 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}</ref>
* [[Independent State of Croatia]] – Declared ''judenfrei'' by Interior Minister [[Andrija Artuković]] in February 1942 but in Germany suspected that this is not true and authority from Berlin sent [[Franz Abromeit]] to check situation. After that Ustashe were under pressure to finish the job. In April 1942 Jews from [[Osijek]] were deported to Jasenovac, two hundred of them while 2,800 were sent to Auschwich.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subotić|first=Jelena|year=2019|title=Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-1-50174-241-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA2QDwAAQBAJ|p=106}}</ref> Gestapo in May 1943 organized departure of last Jews from Croatia, 1,700 were from [[Zagreb]] and 2,500 from other parts of NDH which were sent to Auschwich.<ref>Milan Bulajić, 2002, Jasenovac: the Jewish Serbian holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945), https://books.google.hr/books?id=CgJnAAAAMAAJ&q=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&dq=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLvu_0j8zpAhXikosKHScUBI4Q6AEINDAB #page= 222</ref><ref>Jelena Subotić, 2019, Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism https://books.google.hr/books?id=dA2QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=1700+were+from+Zagreb+Auschwich&source=bl&ots=nxDvbt9xpV&sig=ACfU3U1R9UEQElwDIHeG5YhRy2W7JB9SMg&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMm6f3jszpAhU-BhAIHdHLBfQQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1700%20were%20from%20Zagreb%20Auschwich&f=false #page= 107</ref> German diplomat [[Siegfried Kasche]] repeated this pronouncement in a message to Berlin on 18 April 1944, stating that "Croatia is one of the countries in which the Jewish problem has been solved".<ref>[http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html Jewish History of Yugoslavia], porges.net; accessed 5 May 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html | title = Povijest Židova Jugoslavije | language = fr | publisher = Porges.net | date = | accessdate = 12 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Independent State of Croatia]] – Declared ''judenfrei'' by Interior Minister [[Andrija Artuković]] in February 1942 but in Germany suspected that this is not true and authority from Berlin sent [[Franz Abromeit]] to check situation. After that Ustashe were under pressure to finish the job. In April 1942 Jews from [[Osijek]] were deported to Jasenovac, two hundred of them while 2,800 were sent to Auschwich.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subotić|first=Jelena|year=2019|title=Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-1-50174-241-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA2QDwAAQBAJ|p=106}}</ref> Gestapo in May 1943 organized departure of last Jews from Croatia, 1,700 were from [[Zagreb]] and 2,500 from other parts of NDH which were sent to Auschwich.<ref>Milan Bulajić, 2002, Jasenovac: the Jewish Serbian holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945), https://books.google.hr/books?id=CgJnAAAAMAAJ&q=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&dq=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLvu_0j8zpAhXikosKHScUBI4Q6AEINDAB #page= 222</ref><ref>Jelena Subotić, 2019, Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism https://books.google.hr/books?id=dA2QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=1700+were+from+Zagreb+Auschwich&source=bl&ots=nxDvbt9xpV&sig=ACfU3U1R9UEQElwDIHeG5YhRy2W7JB9SMg&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMm6f3jszpAhU-BhAIHdHLBfQQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1700%20were%20from%20Zagreb%20Auschwich&f=false #page= 107</ref> German diplomat [[Siegfried Kasche]] repeated this pronouncement in a message to Berlin on 18 April 1944, stating that "Croatia is one of the countries in which the Jewish problem has been solved".<ref>[http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html Jewish History of Yugoslavia], porges.net; accessed 5 May 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html | title = Povijest Židova Jugoslavije | language = fr | publisher = Porges.net | date = | accessdate = 12 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] / Belgrade – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer [[Emanuel Schäfer]] cable sent to the [[Reich Main Security Office]] in Berlin; Schäfer was the ''Der Befehlshaber der SIPO und des SD'' head at that time in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lituchy|first1=Barry M.|title=Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies|isbn=978-0-97534-320-3|publisher=Jasenovac Research Institute|pages=xxxiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Manoschek|first=Walter|title="Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42|isbn= 9783486561371|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lebel|first=G'eni|title=Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942|isbn= 9781886223332|publisher=Avotaynu|year=2007|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=Ulrich|last2=Schildt|first2= Axel|title=Kriegsende in Europa|isbn= 9783884745113|publisher=Klartext|year=1998|page=149}}</ref> [[Harald Turner]] declared Serbia as first European country ''Judenfrei'' in August of 1942.<<ref>John K. Cox, 2002, The History of Serbia, https://books.google.hr/books/about/The_History_of_Serbia.html?id=U765FGDfbPoC&redir_esc=y #page=92-93</ref> <ref>Antonio J. Muñoz, 2018, The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941-1944, https://books.google.hr/books/about/The_German_Secret_Field_Police_in_Greece.html?id=9ppNDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 120</ref>
* [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] / Belgrade – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer [[Emanuel Schäfer]] cable sent to the [[Reich Main Security Office]] in Berlin; Schäfer was the ''Der Befehlshaber der SIPO und des SD'' head at that time in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lituchy|first1=Barry M.|title=Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies|isbn=978-0-97534-320-3|publisher=Jasenovac Research Institute|pages=xxxiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Manoschek|first=Walter|title="Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42|isbn= 9783486561371|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lebel|first=G'eni|title=Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942|isbn= 9781886223332|publisher=Avotaynu|year=2007|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=Ulrich|last2=Schildt|first2= Axel|title=Kriegsende in Europa|isbn= 9783884745113|publisher=Klartext|year=1998|page=149}}</ref> In August 1942, [[Harald Turner]] reported to the German commander in the Balkans that Serbia was the first European territory where the "Jewish problem" was solved.<<ref>John K. Cox, 2002, The History of Serbia, https://books.google.hr/books/about/The_History_of_Serbia.html?id=U765FGDfbPoC&redir_esc=y #page=92-93</ref>{{sfn|Prusin|2017|p=118}}
* [[Vienna]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->
* [[Vienna]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->
* [[Berlin]], Germany – May 19, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Was war am 19. Mai 1943 |language=de |trans-title=What was on May 19, 1943 |publisher=chroniknet |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1943&month=5&day=19}}</ref>
* [[Berlin]], Germany – May 19, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Was war am 19. Mai 1943 |language=de |trans-title=What was on May 19, 1943 |publisher=chroniknet |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1943&month=5&day=19}}</ref>
Line 42: Line 42:
*[[Armenia without Armenians]]
*[[Armenia without Armenians]]


== References ==
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Prusin
| first = Alexander
| title = Serbia Under the Swastika: A World War II Occupation
| year = 2017
| publisher = University of Illinois Press
| location = Urbana, Illinois
| isbn = 978-0-252-09961-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46
| ref = harv
}}


[[Category:Nazi terminology]]
[[Category:Nazi terminology]]

Revision as of 00:58, 25 May 2020

Synagogue in German-occupied Bydgoszcz, Poland, 1939. The inscription reads: "This city is free of Jews"
German map showing the number of Jewish executions carried out by Einsatzgruppe A in: Estonia (declared judenfrei), Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia
Advertisement for a café in Tübingen, describing itself as judenfrei.

Judenfrei (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaɪ], "free of Jews") and judenrein (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌʁaɪn], "clean of Jews") are Nazi terms to designate an area that was "cleansed" of Jews during The Holocaust.[1]

While judenfrei referred merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish inhabitants, the term judenrein (literally "clean of Jews") was also used. This had the stronger connotation that any trace of Jewish blood had been removed as an impurity.[2]

Locations declared judenfrei

Establishments, villages, cities, and regions were declared judenfrei or judenrein after they were cleansed of Jews.

  • Gelnhausen, Germany – reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper Kinzigwacht after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the town.[3]
  • German-occupied Bydgoszcz (Poland) – reported judenfrei in December 1939.
  • German-annexed Alsace – reported judenrein by Robert Heinrich Wagner in July 1940.[4]
  • Banat, German-occupied territory of Serbia – reported judenfrei on 19 August 1941 in Völkische Beobachter (lit. People's Observer).[5] On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared judenfrei by its German administrators.[6]
  • German-occupied Luxembourg – reported judenfrei by the press on October 17, 1941.[7]
  • German-occupied Estonia – December 1941.[8] Reported as judenfrei at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942.[9]
  • Independent State of Croatia – Declared judenfrei by Interior Minister Andrija Artuković in February 1942 but in Germany suspected that this is not true and authority from Berlin sent Franz Abromeit to check situation. After that Ustashe were under pressure to finish the job. In April 1942 Jews from Osijek were deported to Jasenovac, two hundred of them while 2,800 were sent to Auschwich.[10] Gestapo in May 1943 organized departure of last Jews from Croatia, 1,700 were from Zagreb and 2,500 from other parts of NDH which were sent to Auschwich.[11][12] German diplomat Siegfried Kasche repeated this pronouncement in a message to Berlin on 18 April 1944, stating that "Croatia is one of the countries in which the Jewish problem has been solved".[13][14]
  • German-occupied territory of Serbia / Belgrade – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer Emanuel Schäfer cable sent to the Reich Main Security Office in Berlin; Schäfer was the Der Befehlshaber der SIPO und des SD head at that time in Belgrade.[15][16][17][18] In August 1942, Harald Turner reported to the German commander in the Balkans that Serbia was the first European territory where the "Jewish problem" was solved.<[19][20]
  • Vienna – reported judenfrei by Alois Brunner on October 9, 1942.
  • Berlin, Germany – May 19, 1943.[21]
  • Erlangen, Germany was declared judenfrei in 1944.

Modern usage

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a fear among many Israelis which has been reflected by Israeli government officials such as Benjamin Netanyahu[22] is that the proposed removal of Israeli Jewish settlements in the West Bank according to the wishes of Palestinian officials is tantamount to rendering these areas judenrein, or clean of Jews.

On July 9, 2009, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a discussion with the German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier is reported to have said, using the Israeli terms of the area, "Judea and Samaria cannot be judenrein."[23]

In 1952 Pesach Lev, first mayor of Lod after it was resettled by Israelis, said that Lod was transformed from "a neglected Arab town that was judenrein to a 'Hebraic city'".[citation needed]

Islamic world

See also: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries and Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran

The depopulation of the Jewish communities from Arab and Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa has also been described as part of an effort to make them judenrein or judenfrei. Libya, Algeria, and Sudan are believed to have no remaining Jewish population, while Afghanistan has a single Jew, Zablon Simintov.[24][25] Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Tunisia have also seen huge declines in Jewish population.

Dr. Peter Schotten wrote on the matter, saying "Arab states responded ruthlessly to the lost war and to the newly displaced Arab refugees by undertaking systematic and bold oppressive measures against their Jewish citizens. Their citizenship was stripped, arrests and detentions took place, religious restrictions were imposed, freedom of movement was curtailed, assets were frozen and property seized, employment opportunities were closed off and Zionism was criminalized."[26] Lyn Julius wrote in the Jewish Journal, "Only three years after the end of World War II, the members of the Arab League were bent on emulating the Nazis. They set about making the Arab Middle East judenrein (free of Jews). They applied Nuremberg-style laws, criminalizing Zionism, freezing Jewish bank accounts, instituting quotas, imposing restrictions on jobs and movement. The result was the mass exodus and spoliation of a million Jews."[27]

Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman had said in 2017 that just as the Palestinians want a judenrein Palestine, Israel will get rid of its Arabs.[28]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Scheffler, Wolfgang (2007). "Judenrein". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Aryanization: Judenrein & Judenfrei". shoaheducation.com.
  3. ^ "'Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung" ['Gelnhausen finally free of Jews': On the History of the Jews during the Nazi persecution] (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007.
  4. ^ Blumenkranz, Bernhard; Catane, Moshe (2007). "Alsace". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Drndić, Daša (2009). April u Berlinu. Fraktura. p. 24. ISBN 978-953-266-095-1. Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.
  6. ^ Muth, Thorsten (2009). Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur. Pressel. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-937950-28-0. Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.
  7. ^ "Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg" [Commemoration of the Shoah in Luxembourg] (in French). Government of Luxembourg. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  8. ^ "Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949
  9. ^ "Estonian Jews". Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. sourced to Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1990.
  10. ^ Subotić, Jelena (2019). Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-50174-241-5.
  11. ^ Milan Bulajić, 2002, Jasenovac: the Jewish Serbian holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945), https://books.google.hr/books?id=CgJnAAAAMAAJ&q=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&dq=1700+May+1943+Zagreb+Auschwich&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLvu_0j8zpAhXikosKHScUBI4Q6AEINDAB #page= 222
  12. ^ Jelena Subotić, 2019, Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism https://books.google.hr/books?id=dA2QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=1700+were+from+Zagreb+Auschwich&source=bl&ots=nxDvbt9xpV&sig=ACfU3U1R9UEQElwDIHeG5YhRy2W7JB9SMg&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMm6f3jszpAhU-BhAIHdHLBfQQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1700%20were%20from%20Zagreb%20Auschwich&f=false #page= 107
  13. ^ Jewish History of Yugoslavia, porges.net; accessed 5 May 2016.
  14. ^ "Povijest Židova Jugoslavije" (in French). Porges.net. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  15. ^ Lituchy, Barry M. Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-97534-320-3.
  16. ^ Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42. Walter de Gruyter. p. 184. ISBN 9783486561371.
  17. ^ Lebel, G'eni (2007). Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942. Avotaynu. p. 329. ISBN 9781886223332.
  18. ^ Herbert, Ulrich; Schildt, Axel (1998). Kriegsende in Europa. Klartext. p. 149. ISBN 9783884745113.
  19. ^ John K. Cox, 2002, The History of Serbia, https://books.google.hr/books/about/The_History_of_Serbia.html?id=U765FGDfbPoC&redir_esc=y #page=92-93
  20. ^ Prusin 2017, p. 118.
  21. ^ "Was war am 19. Mai 1943" [What was on May 19, 1943] (in German). chroniknet.
  22. ^ Dan Williams (July 9, 2009). "Judenrein! Israel adopts Nazi term to back settlers". Reuters.
  23. ^ "German FM: Settlements Remain Obstacle to Peace; Frank-Walter Steinmeier says is encouraged by Israel's acceptance of a two-state solution". Haaretz. Reuters and DPA. July 9, 2009.
  24. ^ "Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  25. ^ "Home, for Algeria's Jews, is elsewhere". OpenGlobalRights.
  26. ^ "The Great Escape: How and Why Most Arab States Became Judenfrei - jewishideas.org". www.jewishideas.org.
  27. ^ says, Carol denbo (February 8, 2018). "Arab anti-Semitism, and the Nazis".
  28. ^ Feldman, Avigdor (February 23, 2017). "Opinion Like a Giant Bug, the Term Judenrein Emerges" – via Haaretz.

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judenfrei&oldid=958654282"