Las Anod: Difference between revisions
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<blockquote> "The Nogal (Las Anod) District defined in 1944. This was supposed to have been done for administrative convenience, but the somewhat crooked boundary between the Burao and Nogal districts suggests that it was intended to make the Las Anod-Nogal District an entirely Dolbahanta Tribal District ... All the Dolbahanta have been Las Anod District since 1944, except for the Naleya Ahmed of the Ogadyahan Siad ... remaining in Erigavo District".<ref name="johnhunt">{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=John Anthony |title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: |date=1951 |page=165 & 53 |url=https://www.faoswalim.org/resources/Land/General_Survey_Somaliland_Protectorate_1944-1950.pdf}}</ref></blockquote> |
<blockquote> "The Nogal (Las Anod) District defined in 1944. This was supposed to have been done for administrative convenience, but the somewhat crooked boundary between the Burao and Nogal districts suggests that it was intended to make the Las Anod-Nogal District an entirely Dolbahanta Tribal District ... All the Dolbahanta have been Las Anod District since 1944, except for the Naleya Ahmed of the Ogadyahan Siad ... remaining in Erigavo District".<ref name="johnhunt">{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=John Anthony |title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: |date=1951 |page=165 & 53 |url=https://www.faoswalim.org/resources/Land/General_Survey_Somaliland_Protectorate_1944-1950.pdf}}</ref></blockquote> |
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<blockquote> </blockquote> |
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According to notes by H. E Stanton, a British CHief of Staff officer, between 1903 and 1904, a precursor map of Nogal District which was undemarcated, stated that the expeditions would primarily consist of operations in the thereupon non-demarcated and inaccurately drawn Nogal District:<ref name="office07"/> |
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<blockquote> It was obvious from the first that the main operations would be conducted in the Nogal district. This tract of country was very badly and inaccurately shown on existing maps.</blockquote> |
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[[File:Daraawiish independence day celebrations Las Anod 2019 with duubcad turbans.png|thumb|290x290px|Daraawiish independence day celebrations of nostalgia and reminiscence in Las Anod 2019 with congregants wearing traditional Darawiish [[duubcad]] turbans]] |
[[File:Daraawiish independence day celebrations Las Anod 2019 with duubcad turbans.png|thumb|290x290px|Daraawiish independence day celebrations of nostalgia and reminiscence in Las Anod 2019 with congregants wearing traditional Darawiish [[duubcad]] turbans]] |
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[[File:Commemoration of Shiikhyaale wars in Las Anod 2018.png|thumb|291x291px|Commemoration of [[Shiikhyaale]] wars and the 1900-1920 [[Dhulbahante genocide]] the hands of [[Scramble for Africa|European partitionists of Africa]] at Sool Sports center, in Las Anod 2018]] |
[[File:Commemoration of Shiikhyaale wars in Las Anod 2018.png|thumb|291x291px|Commemoration of [[Shiikhyaale]] wars and the 1900-1920 [[Dhulbahante genocide]] the hands of [[Scramble for Africa|European partitionists of Africa]] at Sool Sports center, in Las Anod 2018]] |
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Further corroborating that Darawiish territorial boundaries and Darawiish jurisdiction consisted solely of the Nogal District is that all three geographic maps envisioned, and then used for operations against Darawiish in expeditions one to five, were called "Nogal maps" by the British colonial empire, and individually Nogal no. 1 map, Nogal no. 2 map, and Nogal no. 3 map. The 1900s expedition era definition of Nogal included the [[Ciid]] region of haud as evidenced by the inclusion of the Gumburu locality:<ref name="office07"/> |
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<blockquote> All demands for maps were met with great promptitude, and, in the case of the '''three Nogal maps''', which were compiled in the field and sent home for reproduction,... '''Nogal No. 1''' was compiled in the field and sent home for rapid production ... I had '''Nogal No. 2''' compiled from all the above sources, with the addition of Wellby's route, which had been accidentally omitted from No. 1. ... I had no hesitation in making his work the basis of the new map, '''Nogal No. 3''', and the work previously compiled in No. 2 was fitted on to it. ... They went to Gumburu (see Nogal sketch) ... </blockquote> |
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The 1905 treaty between the Italians and Darawiish, which was terminated within a year, concurred that Darawiish territory was limited to the Nugaal, specifically from Ras Garad to Ras Gabbe (in modern-day [[Puntland]]), to Xudun (Hudun) to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Docmo (in modern-day [[Bookh]] district of Ethiopia).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commonwealth office |first1=Foreign and |title=British and Foreign State Papers - |date=1911 |page=548 |quote= a fixed residence at the point most convenient for communication with the sea, between Ras Garad and Ras Gabbe ... The territory assigned to Seyyid Mohammed and his followers is that of the Nogal ... to enter their territories ( those of the English ) in the country of the Nogal to feed their cattle there according to their former custom ... the said cattle shall not be permitted to pass beyond the pasturage of the walls enumerated hereafter .. they are the wells or Halin, and from these to those of Hudin, and from Hudin to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Danot}}</ref> |
The 1905 treaty between the Italians and Darawiish, which was terminated within a year, concurred that Darawiish territory was limited to the Nugaal, specifically from Ras Garad to Ras Gabbe (in modern-day [[Puntland]]), to Xudun (Hudun) to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Docmo (in modern-day [[Bookh]] district of Ethiopia).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commonwealth office |first1=Foreign and |title=British and Foreign State Papers - |date=1911 |page=548 |quote= a fixed residence at the point most convenient for communication with the sea, between Ras Garad and Ras Gabbe ... The territory assigned to Seyyid Mohammed and his followers is that of the Nogal ... to enter their territories ( those of the English ) in the country of the Nogal to feed their cattle there according to their former custom ... the said cattle shall not be permitted to pass beyond the pasturage of the walls enumerated hereafter .. they are the wells or Halin, and from these to those of Hudin, and from Hudin to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Danot}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> The climate of the Nugaal, a region which constitutes the heartlands of the Dulbahante, is highly suited for breeding and rearing ponies... The country of the Dulbahante is the prize of pastoral habitat: well-watered and well-pastured, the Nugaal valley provides a welcome sanc-tuary from the perennial twin scourges of Somali pastoralism, thirst and starvation... Demoralized and disorganized, the Der-vishes were forced to disperse all over the Nugaal and the Haud after their resounding defeat by the British expeditionary force. Not only did they sustain heavy casualties (7,000 to 8,000 in dead and injured) but also the loss of 20,000 of their best war-horses</blockquote> |
<blockquote> The climate of the Nugaal, a region which constitutes the heartlands of the Dulbahante, is highly suited for breeding and rearing ponies... The country of the Dulbahante is the prize of pastoral habitat: well-watered and well-pastured, the Nugaal valley provides a welcome sanc-tuary from the perennial twin scourges of Somali pastoralism, thirst and starvation... Demoralized and disorganized, the Der-vishes were forced to disperse all over the Nugaal and the Haud after their resounding defeat by the British expeditionary force. Not only did they sustain heavy casualties (7,000 to 8,000 in dead and injured) but also the loss of 20,000 of their best war-horses</blockquote> |
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According to Said Samatar, British authorities initially opposed Dhulbahante appointees to government during the 1920s and early 1930s out of judiciousness, due to their background in the |
According to Said Samatar, British authorities initially opposed Dhulbahante appointees to government during the 1920s and early 1930s out of judiciousness, due to their background in the Dervishes:<ref name="samatar"/> |
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<blockquote> The Dulbahante clan, as a result of their support for the Dervishes, were out of favor with the British for a while after the demise of the Dervish movement. They |
<blockquote> The Dulbahante clan, as a result of their support for the Dervishes, were out of favor with the British for a while after the demise of the Dervish movement. They |
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Revision as of 00:45, 4 December 2021
Las Anod
| |
|---|---|
City | |
    | |
 Local council seal of Las Anod | |
| Nickname(s): Laaska, L.A. | |
.svg)  Las Anod Location in Somaliland | |
| Coordinates: 8°28′34″N 47°21′25″E / 8.476°N 47.357°E | |
| Country |  Somaliland |
| Region | Sool |
| District | Las Anod |
| Government | |
| • Type | District Council |
| • Mayor | Abdirahim Ali Ismail |
| Elevation | 691 m (2,267 ft) |
| Population (2005)[1] | |
| • City | 75,436 |
| • Urban | 24,830 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Las Anod (Somali: Laascaanood; Arabic: لاسعانود) is the administrative capital of the Sool region of Somaliland.[2][3][4][5]
The Dehjeneur quarter of Las Anod city was during the Shiikhyaale era of the early 1900s referred to by British officer Stanton as constituting of "Dervish karias" i.e. a Dervish village.[6] During the closing decades of colonialism, Las Anod was the capital of the Nogal District, the precursor province of Sool, described by John Hunt as an "entirely Dolbahanta" province.[7] During the years surrounding independence, Las Anod was the seat of Garad Ali's USP party representing Warsangeli, Gadabuursi and Dhulbahante clans. The 1969 assassination of Somalia's president Shermarke in the city was the catalyst for Somalia's subsequent military regime.[8]
History
Shiikhyaale
During the colonial era, the clans native to Las Anod adopted the socio-political identity of Shiikhyaale.[9] On the 3rd of June 1901, these Shiikhyaale engaged a British force led by Eric Swayne at Waylahed, in a southwestern neighbourhood of Las Anod, leading to 50 dead in the former. Later that same month, the Shiikhyaale engaged the forces of Eric Swayne at an area called Ana Hadigle. The engagement between Shiikhyaale and Eric Swayne became a running battle which ended at Kurgaraad to the south of Boocame, where it was reported "an important horseman of the Ali Gheri being killed amongst others.".[10]
The Shiikhyaale also had reconnoiters. The battles between Shiikhyaale reconnoiters and colonial reconnoiters usually were low-intensity and as such produced minimal deaths. One example of such a confrontation was in August 1903 in the vicinity of Dehjeuner, immediately northeast of Las Anod city center which produced one death only. The budding Shiikhyaale bivouac at the Dehjeneur quarter of Las Anod was at the time referred to by British colonial officers as a Dervish village or Dervish karia:[6]
"As an example of their work, I may mention that a party of 40 mounted Illalos left Bohotle in August, 1903, brushed through a fairly strong party of Dervish Illalos in the vicinity of the Dehjeuner and reconnoitred to about 10 miles east of Beretabli, a distance of 140 miles, the first 80 of which were waterless. ... the illaloes managed to penetrate well within the circle of Dervish karias (or Nomad villages), and succeeded in securing two most useful prisoners, returning with the loss of one man only, having covered a distance of 300 miles in nine days.
Nogal-Sool District
A district created by Gerald Thomas Fisher named after Las Anod namely Las Anod-Nogal District existed for sixteen years from 1944 until 1960 with Las Anod as capital as the former name of Sool.[11] John A Hunt stated the following about the Gerald Thomas Fisher commissioned Las Anod-Nogal District:
"The Nogal (Las Anod) District defined in 1944. This was supposed to have been done for administrative convenience, but the somewhat crooked boundary between the Burao and Nogal districts suggests that it was intended to make the Las Anod-Nogal District an entirely Dolbahanta Tribal District ... All the Dolbahanta have been Las Anod District since 1944, except for the Naleya Ahmed of the Ogadyahan Siad ... remaining in Erigavo District".[7]
The 1905 treaty between the Italians and Darawiish, which was terminated within a year, concurred that Darawiish territory was limited to the Nugaal, specifically from Ras Garad to Ras Gabbe (in modern-day Puntland), to Xudun (Hudun) to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Docmo (in modern-day Bookh district of Ethiopia).[12]
Somali academic Said Sheikh Samatar, concurs that the Nugaal, which is formed of the Nugaal plateau beneath the Cal range, and the Nugaal valley in the Sool province, is a Dhulbahante territory, and the site of the biggest Dervish battles:[13]
The climate of the Nugaal, a region which constitutes the heartlands of the Dulbahante, is highly suited for breeding and rearing ponies... The country of the Dulbahante is the prize of pastoral habitat: well-watered and well-pastured, the Nugaal valley provides a welcome sanc-tuary from the perennial twin scourges of Somali pastoralism, thirst and starvation... Demoralized and disorganized, the Der-vishes were forced to disperse all over the Nugaal and the Haud after their resounding defeat by the British expeditionary force. Not only did they sustain heavy casualties (7,000 to 8,000 in dead and injured) but also the loss of 20,000 of their best war-horses
According to Said Samatar, British authorities initially opposed Dhulbahante appointees to government during the 1920s and early 1930s out of judiciousness, due to their background in the Dervishes:[13]
The Dulbahante clan, as a result of their support for the Dervishes, were out of favor with the British for a while after the demise of the Dervish movement. They were allegedly made to pay for their part in the revolt by being forced to serve under Isaaq native administrators. 'Arab Deere was one of these administrators, and while Police Chief of the Dulbahante town of Laas 'Aanood, he is alleged to have used his new powers for clannish vendetta and score-settling
Post-independence
The USP was formed with the intention of forming a non-Isaaq axis, due to tensions deriving from the instability in 1954 and 1955. The instability of 1954 was primarily due to camel-rustling between Dhulbahante and Habar Jeclo, whilst that of 1955 was due to roaming resulting from droughts that culminated into a war with Dhulbahante on one side battling the two Isaaq clans of Habar Yunis and Habar Jeclo on the other:[14]
On the 27th of October the District Commissioner Las Anod, completed the hearing of an enquiry into previous unrest in the region... One of those killed was a man of the Habar Yuunis Sa'ad Yuunis who were fighting with the Habar Ja'lo against the Ḍulbahante, and the other a man of the MaḤammad Abokor.
From 1959 until 1961, Las Anod was the seat of Garad Ali's USP party. With Las Anod as its seat, Garad Ali's USP party formed a coalition consisting of the Warsangeli, Gadabuursi and Dhulbahante clans. In the previous six years, Ali's father Garad Farah, was in self-induced exile in Mogadishu:
Ali Gerad Jama , the university - educated son of the Gerad ( chief ) Jama Farah ( who went into voluntary exile in Mogadiscio from 1952 to 1958 as a result of his conflict with the British administration ) provided the main drive behind the party.[15]
On October 15, 1969, whilst paying a visit to the city, Somali President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on October 21, 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Military seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.[8][16]
Initially, there was cordiality between the SYL party (Somali Youth League) and the northern Harti-dominated USP party; for instance the parties held joint conferences across Somalia and together expressed support for Somalia's new constitution in 1960.[17] However, post independence, Las Anod has had a history of suspicion of centralized politics, including against the unitary and Somali nationalist platform of the Somali Youth League (SYL). For example, in the 1960s, five SYL officials were killed within the city. Towards the end of the decade 16 people were once against killed when the SYL party supporters staged in the city. [18] Throughout the 21st century, Las Anod has been described as the only city in the Horn of Africa wherein the population's dignitaries are regularly assassinated without a culprit, suspect or defendant being named, including the extolled influencer Cabdirisaaq Cardoofe, assassinated in 2021.[19]
Territorial dispute
The city is disputed by Puntland and Somaliland. The former bases its claim due to the kinship ties between the Dhulbahante clan and the dominant clan in Puntland, the Majeerteen. Whilst the later's claim is grounded on the border of the former British Somaliland Protectorate.[20] The city was the proclaimed capital of Khatumo State throughout its existence until its dissolvement in 2017.[21][22]
Somaliland forces captured the city in the Battle of Las Anod in 2007, ousting Puntland forces, and has maintained full control of the city in all aspects since.[23] Somaliland's governance of the city has "has reinforced its legitimacy from the local population through improved security provision and a number of tax exemptions".[24]
The residents of Las Anod have not fully accepted Somaliland's presence in their city. Ahmed Musa reports:
Somaliland still governs Lasanod with little legitimacy or popularity. This is one reason why Somaliland has to be flexible with respect to tax collection. It cannot impose the full tax code on the Dhulbahante territories because that would only reinforce local people’s existing grievances vis-à-vis Somaliland. Therefore, Somaliland’s reduced taxes (cashuur dhaaf) in the Lasanod areas are one way of garnering, or at least retaining, some level of public acceptance.[24]
Geography
Las Anod is strategically positioned along the trade routes in Somaliland. The city is almost surrounded by hills and has considerable water resources, the latter of which makes it a prime destination for peoples from other parts of generally arid regions within Somaliland as well as from neighboring countries such as Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia [citation needed].
Demographics
According to the UNDP 2005 the Las Anod District had an estimated population of 75,436 inhabitants.[1] The city is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, in particular by the Dhulbahante sub-clan of the Harti Darod,[25] with the gaashaanbuur subclan[note 1] of Shiikhyaale especially well represented.[9][27]
The eastern segment of the city, which is encompassed in the metro area between Dehjuma, Daraymadoobe to Dehjeuner is primarily settled by the gaashaanbuur subclan of Indhabadan.[9] The nearest settlement to the Indhabadan locality of the eastern Las Anod metro area is Kala-jeex.[28]
Education
Las Anod has numerous primary schools which include both private and public. Currently there are 6 Primary Schools in the city of Las Anod; Gol Khatumo, Gateway, Abyan, Ilays, Imam Shafi and Sool primary schools.
Secondary school education is provided by Ilays Educational Academy, Muse Yusuf and Nugaal High Schools.[29] Founded in 2004, Nugaal University (NU) is the first post-secondary institution of higher learning to be established in the area. The first group of four-year Nugaal University students graduated in September 2009. Also there are Ilays National University and Gollis University both established in Las Anod in 2015.
There are also a number of academic institutions in Las Anod which provide diverse education services such as Sool Institute of Heath Sciences (SIHS), Al-Furqan Islamic Institute, Sahal Software College, Future Technology Center etc.
Climate
Las Anod has a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh) with consistently very warm to hot temperatures and almost no rainfall except erratically[30] in May and October.
| Climate data for Las Anod | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.2 (75.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
4 (0.2) |
15 (0.6) |
52 (2.0) |
2 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
15 (0.6) |
30 (1.2) |
10 (0.4) |
2 (0.1) |
132 (5.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 691 metres or 2,267 feet[31] | |||||||||||||
Culture
Media
_commemoration_event_in_Las_Anod_2016,_with_congregants_wearing_Shiikhyaale_attire.png)
There are many media companies based in Las Anod, inlcuding Nuuriye Media, Af-Nugaal media, Bidhaan, and Holhol Media.[32]
The District surrounding Las Anod was also one of the first in the Horn of Africa to incur press censorship during the 1900 - 1920 expeditions:
"it was necessary to establish a censorship over the communications of newsagents and Press correspondents who were permitted to enter the theatre of operations. It was not, however, until December, 1902, ... that the General Officer Commanding was obliged to establish a censor-ship over Press communications. ... Subsequently the officer in charge of the Intelligence Department was also appointed Press censor at the head-quarters of the Field Force, with one assistant upon the lines of communication and another at the base. During the third and fourth expeditions a limited number of news agencies and papers were permitted, with the concurrence of the General Officer Commanding, to be represented in the theatre of operations by correspondents. The condition upon which licences were issued were that correspondents pledged themselves to transmit all their communications through a Press censor. These conditions were, as a rule, observed by most of the correspondents who accompanied the troops or were permitted to reside in the country. A few cases, however, occurred of serious irregularities being committed by Press correspondents, which resulted in the licences of the offenders being cancelled or suspended.[6]
The chief perception the chief governor James Hayes Sadler sought to cloud and allay was that the expeditions were an attack upon the Dhulbahante clan or of the impression of the Dervish wars as an British alliance with Ogo-inhabiting tribes, against Dhulbahante tribes:[6]
The chief danger of a large coalition of the Dolbahanta against us will lie in the possibility of our expedition being looked upon as an Ishak invasion of the Dolbahanta country. You will doubtless take all possible measures to allay any suspicion of the kind ; steps in this direction have for some time past been taken here.
Heritage
Due to an absence of international development funds in Las Anod and its wider former Nogal District province, a series of upstart development organisations have appeared in the city, including UBD - Ururka Bilic Darwiish. According to Laascaanood media figurehead Faahima Quuje, the only forms of grassroots nationalism or nativist commemoration observed in Las Anod or in the wider area of the former Nogal-district province is Daraawiish-related history[33][34][35], a sentiment concurred with by Markus Hoehne:
the claim to Dervish history was emphasized by many uses of the word Daraawiish in Laascaanood ... There was a Darawiish pharmacy and in the streets one could buy artistically decorated walking sticks favoured by elders with the name Darawiish branded on them. Many young men would, at least when talking to a social anthropologist, recite poems ... containing graphic descriptions of Dervish fighting.[36]
Non-aligned borderlanders
Lands in Somalia situated between contending maamul goboleeds (Somali federal states), or its people, have been referred to by academics such as Benedikt Korf as borderlanders. He has applied this concept to regions such as Himan, or to areas such as the former Nogal District province (contemporarily called Sool), which have a wide variety of other additional dissenting qualities, such as a territory with another another looming polity intermittently forming, or oscillatorily, with a lassitudinal passivity towards geopolitics.[37] During the middle colonial era, the term borderlander referred to neutral zones situated between the Darawiish in the east and British colonized or Rayid areas to the west, roughly congruous with the eastern half of modern El-Afweyn district or Karman plateau. The boundaries of the borderlander neutral zone was from Ankhor, (in Somali Conkor) at the coast, Eil Dur Elan (in Somali Dhur Cilaan) down the mount slope, Badwein at the open plains, and the 46th degree of longitude towards the Abyssinian border in the west, and the blockhouses surrounding the Dhulbahante garesa of Jidali, and the Nugaal to the east:
It was our object to confine them to this area and to afford protection to our friendly tribes behind a line drawn roughly from Ankhor on the sea coast through Eil Dur Elan to Badwein at the eastern extremity of the Ain Valley, and thence south-west to the southern border at a point where it is intersected by the 46th degree of longitude [38]
People and clans which lived in the neutral or borderlander areas, were immune to attacks from both British colonists and Darawiish, since they shared neither identity. That the borderlander and neutral peoples of the Karman were inviolable from raids or harassment from both colonial and anti-colonial figures is concurred with by resident administrator Douglas Jardine:[39]
From this place, the chief grazing grounds of the tribes were at his mercy. It was an excellent base from which to carry out raids in any direction. Many of the tribesmen, loath to leave such luxuriant pastures, had remained in close proximity to the Dervish post; and their immunity from attack had shown that some sort of understanding existed between them and the Dervishes with whom they had exchanged visits and presents.
Diiriye Guure & Dhulbahante non-treatymakers
Diiriye Guure, his predecessor Garad Ali and the wider Dhulbahante garad members, were the only Somali tribe who didn't sign a colonial era treaty.[40] Accordign to IM Lewis, the successive Garads of the Dhulbahante gained prestige out of this defiance towards treaties or of being non-signatories with the European colonial administrations:[41]
Garaad Jaama ' of the Faaraḥ Garaad has only recently been recognized , having successfully maintained his prestige by opposing the Administration
— IM Lewis
The Dhulbahante non-treatymaker Diiriye Guure as well as his predecessor and successor garaads, lie in contrast with the non-Dhulbahante Somali tribes whose chiefs were signatories who aligned with colonial powers via treaties of obligations and impositions, including Habar Awal, Habar Jeclo, Gadabuursi, Eesa, Majeerteen and Garhajis and Rahanweyn. In order to ensure Somali obedience to Europeans colonists and their treaties, European powers promoted a culture of enmeshment in Somali populace, in the youth vis-a-vis their elders and in the laymen vis-a-vis their chieftains. The treatymakers, composed of chieftains of these clans, signed the treaties which are as follows:[42]
The British Government and the Elders of the Habr Awal Tribe who have signed this agreement ... Elders of the Habr Awal agree and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement or treaty with any foreign nation or power except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government
— Habar Awal treaty
British Government and the Elders of the Habr Toljaala Tribe who have signed this agreement .. Elders of the Habr Toljaala agree and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement or treaty with any foreign nation or power except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government... the British Government shall have the power to appoint an agent or agents to reside in the territories of the Habr Toljaala, and every such agent shall be treated with respect and consideration ... all of the Yussuf sub tribe ... all of the Adan Madoba sub-tribe; ... all of the Rerdod sub-tribe ...
— Habar Jeclo treaty
The British Government and the Elders of the Habr Gerhajis Tribe who have signed this agreement ... Elders of the Habr Gerhajis agree and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement or treaty with any foreign nation or power except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government
— Garhajis treaty
The British Government and the Elders of the Warsangli Tribe who have signed this agreement ... Elders of the Warsangli agree and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement or treaty with any foreign nation or power except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government
— Warsangeli treaty
The Chiefs give their country to France in order that it (The latter) may protect it against all foreigners
— Issa treaty
The Gadabursi tribe do hereby declare that they are pledged and bound never to cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation, save to the British Government, any portion of the territory presently inhabited by them
— Gadabuursi treaty
Osman Mahmud, Sultan of the Mijjertain, places his person, his Sultanate, and the whole territory of the Mijjertain under the protection and under the flag of the powerful Government of Italy; he flies the Italian flag at all the ports of the coast
— Majeerteen treaty
Geledi became an Italian protectorate on November 3 , 1894[43]
— Rahanweyn treaty
Notable residents
- Rooda Xassan, designer of Khatumo flag
- Abdi Bile, world champion long distance athlete
- Abdinasir Ali Hassan, entrepreneur and CEO of Hass Petroleum
- Abdirisak Khalif, current Speaker of the House of Representatives of Somaliland
- Abdirahman Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources of Somalia
- Ali Khalif Galaydh, President of Khaatumo State and Former Prime Minister of Somalia
- Bashe Mohamed Farah, Speaker of Somaliland House of Representatives
- Eng Mohamed Isse Lacle, Colonel in the Somali Navy and Former Deputy Minister of Ministry of Ports in Somaliland
- Garad Jama Garad Ali, Dhulbahante clan chief
- Hodan Nalayeh, TV host and journalist Media
- Mohamed Abdi Hashi, former Chairman USP & Vice President of Puntland
- Abdi Hassan Mohamed, Incumbent Police Commissioner of the Somali Police Force.
Notes
References
- ^ a b "Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ Regions of Somalia
- ^ Hassan, Abdiqani. "Dozens killed in clashes between two Somali regions in land dispute". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Hassan, Harun Maruf. "Official: Somaliland-Puntland Clash Leaves 4 Dead". VOA News. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Senelwa, Kennedy. "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d British war office, 1907, page 392, "As an example of their work, I may mention that a party of 40 mounted Illalos left Bohotle in August, 1903, brushed through a fairly strong party of Dervish Illalos in the vicinity of the Dehjeuner and reconnoitred to about 10 miles east of Beretabli, a distance of 140 miles, the first 80 of which were waterless. ... the illaloes managed to penetrate well within the circle of Dervish karias (or Nomad villages), and succeeded in securing two most useful prisoners, returning with the loss of one man only, having covered a distance of 300 miles in nine days"
- ^ a b Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: (PDF). p. 165 & 53.
- ^ a b Moshe Y. Sachs, Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.
- ^ a b c Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, PAGE 176, 2005
- ^ British War Office. 1907.
At Waylahed some horses and prisoners were taken, and the native encampment, large enough to contain 10,000 people, was burned.
- ^ A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, I M Lewis, 2003
- ^ Commonwealth office, Foreign and (1911). British and Foreign State Papers -. p. 548.
a fixed residence at the point most convenient for communication with the sea, between Ras Garad and Ras Gabbe ... The territory assigned to Seyyid Mohammed and his followers is that of the Nogal ... to enter their territories ( those of the English ) in the country of the Nogal to feed their cattle there according to their former custom ... the said cattle shall not be permitted to pass beyond the pasturage of the walls enumerated hereafter .. they are the wells or Halin, and from these to those of Hudin, and from Hudin to Tifafleh, and from Tifafleh to Danot
- ^ a b Samatar, Said (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali nationalism. p. 43.
- ^ Lewis, IM (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics. p. 248.
- ^ Coleman, James (2021). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. p. 544.
- ^ "Somalia: Somaliland forces fire on civilians in Las Anod, 1 killed" Garowe Online 7 November 2007
- ^ Coleman, James (1964). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. p. 549.
Warsangeli and Dulbahante clans ( Daarood ) of the SYL and the USP overwhelmingly supported the constitution .
- ^ http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,901578,00.html
- ^ https://geeska.net/sool-xildhibaan-ka-mid-ahaa-golaha-deegaanka-laascaanood-oo-xalay-la-dilay/
- ^ "Averting War in Northern Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Mahmood, Omar (2019). "Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 7. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "What is Khatumo? A Special Report on SSC region of Northern Somalia". Somali Report. 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "Puntland and Somaliland Clashing in Northern Somalia: Who Cuts the Gordian Knot?*". hornofafrica.ssrc.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
- ^ a b Musa, Ahmed. "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). Rift Valley Institute: 29. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ Roble, Faisal (22 October 2007) "Somaliland: Is Invading Los Anod Part of Creating 'New Reality on the Ground'"? Archived 2008-05-25 at the Wayback Machine WardheerNews.Com
- ^ Sensenig, Peter (2016). Peace Clan: Mennonite Peacemaking in Somalia. p. 231.
- ^ Sool Multi-Cluster Initial Rapid Assessment. 2018. p. 2.
between Bah-hararsame and Qayaad sub – clan in some settlements of southern Laascaanod
- ^ https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sool%20Region-%20WASH%20Cluster_Completed%20Activities%202012_A3.pdf
- ^ "Ilays National University". Ilays Educational Academy. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457-3466
- ^ "Climate: Las Anod - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ https://idmannews.com/2021/09/16/weriyaha-iyo-warbaahinta-sool-laascaanood/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=weriyaha-iyo-warbaahinta-sool-laascaanood&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=weriyaha-iyo-warbaahinta-sool-laascaanood
- ^ https://ne-np.facebook.com/cabaasmadani129/videos/laascaanood-oo-lagaga-dhawaaqay-urur-cusub-bilic-darwiish/784502448903932/
- ^ Braccini, C. "Somalie." Diplomatie 111 (2021): 8-9.
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9GZ1Y0EmtM
- ^ https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Between%20Somaliland%20and%20Puntland%20by%20Markus%20Hoehne%20-%20RVI%20Contested%20Borderlands%20%282015%29%20%281%29.pdf
- ^ Korf, Benedikt, and Timothy Raeymaekers. "Introduction: Border, Frontier and the Geography of Rule at the Margins of the State." Violence on the Margins. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2013. 3-27.
- ^ Claude, M (1921). https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qewMPX82IygJ:https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32247/page/1791/data.pdf+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=si.
It was ourobject to confine them to this area and to affordprotection to our friendly tribes1 behind a linedrawn roughly from Ankhor on the sea coastthrough Eil Dur Elan to Bad'wein at the eastern extremity of the Ain Valley, and thence south-west to the southern border at a point where it is intersected by the 46th degree of longitude;
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Douglas Jardine, p. 239
- ^ Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland. p. 35.
Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.
- ^ I.M. Lewis p 204
- ^ Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977). p. 600.
- ^ The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, page 278, Harold Marcus
