List of people with epilepsy

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File:PrinceJohnUK1905.jpg
Prince John had epilepsy. His story was told in the acclaimed TV drama "The Lost Prince".
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of people who are have, or had, the medical condition epilepsy. Following from that, there is a short list of people who have received a speculative, posthumous diagnosis of epilepsy. Finally there is a substantial list of people who are often wrongly believed to have had epilepsy.

A possible link between epilepsy and greatness has fascinated biographers and physicians for centuries. In his "Treatise on Epilepsy", the French 17th century physician Jean Taxil refers to Aristotle's "famous epileptics". This list includes "Hercules, Ajax, Bellerophon, Socrates, Plato, Empedocles, Maracus of Syracuse, and the Sibyls".[1] However, historian of medicine Owsei Temkin argues that Aristotle had in fact made a list of melancholics and had only associated Hercules with the "Sacred Disease".[2] Taxil goes on to add his own names: "Emperors Julius Caesar and Caligula, Julius Caesar Drusus, Petrarch, and the detestable Muhammad".

More recently, many saints and other religious figures have been suspected of having had temporal lobe epilepsy.[3] J.E. Bryant's book from 1953, "Genius and Epilepsy", has a list of over 20 people that combines the great and the mystical.[4] Recent scholars are more skeptical. Neuropsychiatrist Peter Fenwick is amongst those who question the widespread labeling of religious figures with temporal lobe epilepsy. He believes this may "owe more to the enthusiasm of their authors than to the true scientific understanding"[5] In a recent detailed review of the subject, neurologist John Hughes concluded that the majority of famous people alleged to have epilepsy, did not in fact have this condition.[6][7]

Certain diagnosis

This categorised chronological list contains only those people with a firm and uncontested diagnosis made whilst still alive.

Acting

Name Life Comments Reference
Bud Abbott (1897–1974) The straight man in the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. He had epilepsy all his life, and tried to control and hide it by drinking. [8]
Danny Glover (1947—) An American actor and film director who had epilepsy from age 15 to age 35. [9]
Margaux Hemingway (1955–1996) A film actress and model who had epilepsy from the age of 7. She died of an overdose of phenobarbital, which is an anticonvulsant. [10]
Rik Mayall (1958—) A comedian and actor who was seriously injured and put in a coma for five days after a quad bike accident in 1998. Initially prescribed phenytoin prophylactically, he has since had two seizures, possibly due to not taking his medication. [11]
Hugo Weaving (1960—) An actor who has taken anticonvulsants for epilepsy since his first seizure age 13. [12][13]

Leadership, Politics and Royalty

Name Life Comments Reference
Pope Pius IX (1792–1878) Had childhood epilepsy. [14][15][16]
Ida McKinley (1847–1907) First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901. Her epilepsy started in adulthood and was to become quite disabling and inconvenient. As was normal for the time, great efforts were made to keep this secret. [17]
Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) First Premier of the Soviet Union. Lenin's final year was characterised by neurological decline and loss of function. In his last few months, he developed epilepsy. His seizures worsened and he died in status epilepticus, which had lasted 50 minutes. [18]
Harry Laughlin (1880–1943) The director of the American Eugenics Record Office from its inception in 1910 to its closing in 1939. In 1922, he drew up laws for the compulsory sterilization of various "degenerate" groups, which included those with epilepsy. [19][20]
Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (1889–1918) The youngest son of Gustaf V of Sweden. [21]
Prince John of the United Kingdom (1905–1919) The youngest son of King George V, John had epilepsy from the age of 4 until his death after a seizure aged 13. The shame of his epilepsy, along with other neurological problems, meant he was kept from the public eye. [22]
Rabbi Lionel Blue (1930—) A rabbi and broadcaster, best known for his contributions to "Thought for the Day" on BBC Radio 4's Today program. His epilepsy is successfully controlled with medication. [23]
Neil Abercrombie (1937—) A United States congressman who campaigns for increased funding for epilepsy research. He was diagnosed with epilepsy in his early thirties. [24][25]
Tony Coelho (1942—) A former United States congressman who developed epilepsy aged 16, possibly as a result of an earlier head injury. This would lead to rejection by his family and the Jesuits for "possession by the devil". He has campaigned as a congressman for disabled rights and chairs the Epilepsy Foundation's national board of directors. [26]

Music

Name Life Comments Reference
Neil Young (1945—) Singer-songwriter, formerly of folk rock band Buffalo Springfield. Disliked the effects of his medication; seeking personal stability as an alternative means of control. [27]
Lindsey Buckingham (1949—) The guitarist and singer in the music group Fleetwood Mac was taken to hospital after a seizure whilst on tour, aged 29. His mild epilepsy was successfully controlled by anticonvulsant drugs. [28][29]
Ian Curtis (1956–1980) The vocalist and lyricist of the band Joy Division was diagnosed with epilepsy aged 22. The cover of their album Unknown Pleasures resembles an EEG tracing, but is actually the tracings of the radio emissions of a pulsar. [30][31]
Richard Jobson (1960—) Formerly the lead singer with the punk rock group, The Skids, now a television presenter and film maker. He has absence seizures. [32]
Adam Horovitz (1966—) Member of the music group Beastie Boys. [33][34]
Mike Skinner (1978—) Also known as The Streets, he had epilepsy between the ages of 7 and 20. [35]
Geoff Rickly (1979—) A member of the band Thursday, who discovered he had epilepsy whilst on tour. [36][37]

Science

Name Life Comments Reference
Don Craig Wiley (1944–2001) A protein-structure biochemist. He kept his epilepsy secret, did not treat it, and died under mysterious circumstances, possibly owing to a seizure. [38]

Sport

Name Life Comments Reference
Grover Cleveland Alexander (1887–1950) A major league baseball pitcher who tried to hide his epilepsy with alcohol, which was at the time considered to be a more socially acceptable problem. [39]
Tony Lazzeri (1903–1946) A major league baseball player who probably died after seizure that occurred when he was alone at home. [40]
Hal Lanier (1942—) A major league baseball player and manager. He developed epilepsy after a severe beaning. [41]
Tony Greig (1946—) A former cricketer and commentator who is involved with Epilepsy Action Australia. He had his first seizure, aged 14, during a tennis game but has successfully controlled his epilepsy with medication. [42]
Buddy Bell (1951—) A major league baseball player and manager. [41]
Bobby Jones (1951—) A former pro basketball player who developed epilepsy and a heart problem as an adult, but persevered with his game. [43][44]
Terry Marsh (1958—) A boxer who was IBF world light-welterweight champion. His diagnosis of epilepsy in 1987, aged 29, forced him into retirement undefeated. [45][46]
Greg Walker (1959—) A major league baseball player who collapsed on field with a tonic-clonic seizure. He had a further seizure in hospital that night and took anticonvulsant medication for the next two years. Walker had a childhood history of seizures until the age of 4. [47][48]
Florence Griffith Joyner (1959–1998) An athlete with world records in the 100 m and 200 m. She developed seizures in her thirties, possibly due to a cavernous angioma that was discovered on autopsy. She died from asphyxiation after a severe seizure whilst asleep. [49]
Paul Wade (1962—) Former Australian national football player and television sports commentator. Wade had epilepsy all his life but was only diagnosed as an adult. He kept it secret until he had a seizure on live television in 2001. Drugs weren't controlling the seizures so, in 2002, he had surgery to remove a scar in his brain. He is now seizure free. [50][51]
Maggie McEleny (1965—) Four times British Paralympic swimmer, winning 3 gold, 5 silver and 7 bronze. McEleny has paraplegia and epilepsy. In 2000, she was made an MBE and awarded a Golden Jubilee Award by the British Epilepsy Association. [52][53]
Jonty Rhodes (1969—) A cricketer who is involved with Epilepsy South Africa. [54]
Tom Smith (1971—) Former Scottish international and Northampton Saints rugby player. Has had epilepsy since the age of 18. His seizures occur only at night, during sleep. He is a patron of the Scottish epilepsy charity Enlighten. [55][56]
Alan Faneca (1976—) An American Football guard who currently plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was diagnosed with epilepsy at the age of 15 and takes the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, which successfully controls his seizures. [57][58]
Chanda Gunn (1980—) A goalie in the US 2006 Winter Olympic women's hockey team. Gunn was diagnosed with juvenile absence epilepsy at the age of 9, which was treated with valproic acid. Epilepsy meant that she had to give up her childhood sports of swimming and surfing, but these were soon replaced with hockey. [59]

Art and Writing

Name Life Comments Reference
Edward Lear (1812–1888) An artist, illustrator and writer known for his nonsensical poetry and limericks. His epilepsy, which he developed as a child, may have been inherited (his elder sister Jane had frequent seizures and died young). Lear was ashamed of his epilepsy and kept it a secret. He did, however, record each seizure in his diary. [60]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881) A Russian writer whose epilepsy was probably inherited (both his father and his son had seizures). He incorporated his experiences into his novels – creating four different characters with epilepsy. Dostoyevsky's epilepsy was unusual in that he claimed to experience an ecstatic aura prior to a seizure, whereas most people experience unpleasant feelings. [61][62]
George Inness (1825–1894) An American painter who had epilepsy from childhood. [63]
R. D. Blackmore (1825–1900) Author of Lorna Doone. [64]
Vachel Lindsay (1879–1931) A poet who took phenobarbital for his epilepsy. [65]
Laurie Lee (1914–1997) A poet, novelist and screenwriter, most famous for his autobiographical trilogy (which includes Cider with Rosie). His epilepsy probably developed after he was knocked down by a bicycle at the age of 10. He kept it secret and it only surfaced when his papers were read by biographers after his death. [66]
Max Clifford (1943—) A publicist known for representing controversial clients. He developed epilepsy at the age of 46. [67]
Karen Armstrong (1944—) An author, feminist and writer on Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Her temporal lobe epilepsy went undiagnosed for many years. She wrote in her autobiography that when (in her early thirties) she was finally given the diagnosis, it was "an occasion of pure happiness". [68][69]
DeBarra Mayo (1953—) Fitness and health author and writer. [70]

Retrospective diagnosis

The following people were not diagnosed with epilepsy during their lifetime. A retrospective diagnosis is speculative and, as detailed below, can often be wrong. The balance of opinion is currently that these people probably had epilepsy.

Name Life Comments Reference
Socrates (470–399 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher. It is speculated that his daimonion was a simple partial seizure and that he had temporal lobe epilepsy. [71]
Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) Roman military and political leader. He had four documented episodes of what where probably complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth. There is family history of epilepsy amongst his ancestors and descendants. The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius who was born after Caesar's death. [72][73]
Napoleon I of France (1769–1821) French military leader and emperor. A paper by William Osler in 1903 stated "The slow pulse of Napoleon rests upon tradition; it has been suggested that his epilepsy and attacks of apathy may have been associated features in a chronic form of Stokes-Adams disease", which implies the seizures were not epileptic in origin. However, in 2003, John Hughes concluded that Napoleon had both psychogenic attacks due to stress and epileptic seizures due to chronic uremia from a severe urethral stricture caused by gonorrhea. [74][75]
Harriet Tubman (1820-22–1913) An African-American abolitionist. Developed what was probably epilepsy as a result of a head injury. [76]

Misdiagnosis

Many famous people are incorrectly recorded as having epilepsy. In some cases there is no evidence at all for this. In others the symptoms have been misinterpreted. In some, the seizures were provoked by acute illness or alcohol withdrawal, for example.[77]

No evidence

The following people are often reported to have had epilepsy but there is no evidence that they had any attacks or illnesses that even resembled epilepsy.

Name Life Comments Reference
Pythagoras (582–507 BC) [6]
Aristotle (384–322 BC) [6]
Hannibal (247–183 BC) [6]
Paul of Tarsus (3-10 – 62-68) Epilepsy is one of many suggestions regarding his "thorn in the flesh", F.F. Bruce says "Many guesses have been made about the identity of this "splinter in the flesh"; and their very variety proves the impossibility of a certain diagnosis. One favourite guess has been epilepsy ... but it is no more than a guess". [78]
Muhammad (570–632) Possibly slander by the Byzantine Christian historian Theophanes. [79]
Joan of Arc (1412–1431) Experienced religious messages through voices and visions which she said others could sometimes experience simultaneously. [6][80]
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) [6]
Agatha Christie (1890–1976) [6]

Misdiagnosis by association

Many individuals have been mistakenly recorded as having epilepsy due to an association with someone (real or fictional) who did have epilepsy, or something similar.

Name Life Comments Reference
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) In his fictional La Divina Commedia, he falls into a "dead faint". [6]
Isaac Newton (1643–1727) In 2000, a paper was published comparing Newton's psychosis with that of a patient with psychosis, who additionally happened to have generalised tonic-clonc seizures. It is possible that ambiguities in the introduction to this paper lead readers to associate the epilepsy with Newton rather than the patient. [81][6]
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) His acquaintance Antonie Brentano had a son, Karl Joseph, who had epilepsy. [6]
Alfred Tennyson (1809–1892) Close family had epilepsy and mental illness, which lead Tennyson to fear this in himself. [6]
William Morris (1834–1896) His daughter, May, had epilepsy and this caused Morris to question if his temper rages were related to this. [6]
Patrick Dempsey (1966—) Played a boy with epilepsy in the 1986 Disney TV Movie "A Fighting Choice". He won an award from the Epilepsy Foundation for his convincing portrayal. [82]

Provoked seizures

The following people may well have had one or more epileptic seizures but since they were provoked, they do not result in a diagnosis of epilepsy:

Name Life Comments Reference
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) Possible alcohol withdrawal seizures. [6]
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) "Fits of spleen" and anguish attacks. Had seizures whilst dying of pneumonia. [6]
Algernon Swinburne (1837–1909) Alcohol withdrawal attacks. [6]
Lewis Carroll (1832–1898) Migraine and a possible seizure that was probably due to the effects of drug withdrawal. [6]
Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) Febrile seizures in infancy. [6]
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) Seizures in the hours before death. Possible family history of epilepsy. [6]
Truman Capote (1924–1984) Alcohol withdrawal seizures. [6]
Richard Burton (1925–1984) Alcohol withdrawal seizures. [6]

Similar conditions

There are many conditions that produce paroxysmal attacks or events. These events (especially in historical, non-medical literature such as biographies) are often called fits, seizures or convulsions. Those terms are not exclusive to epilepsy and such events are sometimes categorised as non-epileptic seizures. When studied in detail, the attacks were more fully described as "fits of spleen", "seized by pain", "convulsed with anguish", etc.

Name Life Comments Reference
Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) Collapsed after taking strong medicine for pneumonia. [83]
Alfred the Great (849–899) Acute pain. [6]
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Nervous shaking and spasms when furious. [6]
Michelangelo (1475–1564) A faint due to working in very hot weather. [6]
Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642) Bouts of tears. [6]
Louis XIII of France (1601–1643) Episodes of violence, moodiness and fearfulness. [6]
Molière (1622–1673) A coughing fit. [6]
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Breath-holding spells as a child. [6]
William III of England (1650–1702) Fainting and coughing fits. [6]
Jonathan Swift (1667–1745) Severe fits of giddiness due to Ménière’s disease. [6]
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) A stroke. [6]
William Pitt the Elder (1708–1778) Attacks of gout. [6]
Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) Tourette syndrome. [6]
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) Dizzy fits and agitation. [6]
James Madison (1751–1836) Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [6]
Walter Scott (1771–1832) Seizures of cramp due to kidney stones and, later, a stroke. [6]
Niccolò Paganini (1784–1840) Repeated collapsing due to weakness. [6]
Lord Byron (1788–1824) Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [6]
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) Fits of pain and nervous attacks. [6]
Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) "Fits of spleen". [6]
Robert Schumann (1810–1856) Depression and hallucinations. [6]
Charles Dickens (1812–1870) Renal colic. [6]
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) Collapsing due to weakness. [6]
Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880) In 1984, Henri Gastaut proposed a very specific retrospective diagnosis of a particular form of complex partial epilepsy. More recent biographical information led John Hughes, in 2005, to conclude that Flaubert had psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, and migraine. [6][84]
Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893) Mental illness and hallucinations caused by inhaling ether. [6][85]
Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) Mental illness and "fainting fits" after heavy drinking. [86]

Notes and references

  1. ^ Jean Taxil (1602). "Traicté de l'Epilepsie". Retrieved 2006-08-15.
  2. ^ Owsei Temkin (1994). The Falling Sickness : A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Softshell Books). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0801848490.
  3. ^ Dewhurst K, Beard A (2003). "Sudden religious conversions in temporal lobe epilepsy. 1970" (PDF). Epilepsy & Behaviour. 4 (1): 78–87. PMID 12609232.
  4. ^ Ernest, Bryant J. (1953). Genius and Epilepsy. Brief sketches of Great Men Who Had Both. Concord, Massachusetts: Ye Old Depot Press.
  5. ^ Peter Fenwick (1994-01-07). "Untitled". 4th International Science Symposium on Science and Consciousness. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Hughes JR (2005). "Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?". Epilepsy & Behavior. 6 (2): 115–39. PMID 15710295.
  7. ^ Jenna Martin. "Rewriting History: Did All Those Famous People Really Have Epilepsy?". Epilepsy.com. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  8. ^ Tom Raymond. "Bud Abbott Biography". Clown Ministry. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  9. ^ "Famous Star of the Big Screen steps out from the Shadows". International Bureau for Epilepsy. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  10. ^ Hara Estroff Marano (1996). "What killed Margaux Hemingway?". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  11. ^ Barber, Lynn (2000-12-17). "Forever young". Observer. Retrieved 2006-02-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Portraits: People with Epilepsy (Video). Australia. 1995. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |distributor= (help); Unknown parameter |crew= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Maddox, Garry (2003). "Life in the Matrix". West of Oz (June 2003).
  14. ^ Terry H Jones. "Pius IX". Patron Saints Index. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  15. ^ Chadwick, Owen (2003). A History of the Popes 1830-1914. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0199262861. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Pope Pius IX". L'Osservatore Romano. 2000. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  17. ^ Anne Adams. "Ida Saxton McKinley". History's Women: The Unsung Heroines. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  18. ^ Lerner V, Finkelstein Y, Witztum E (2004). "The enigma of Lenin's (1870–1924) malady". Eur J Neurol. 11 (6): 371–6. PMID 15171732.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Watson, James D. (2004). "Chapter One: Beginnings of Genetics: From Mendel to Hitler". DNA: The Secret of Life. Arrow. ISBN 0099451840. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Pfeiffer, David (1994). "Eugenics and Disability Discrimination". Disability & Society. 9 (4): 481–499.
  21. ^ John Van der Kiste (1996). Northern crowns: the kings of modern Scandinavia. Sutton Pub. p. 52. ISBN 0750918128.
  22. ^ The Lost Prince (TV-Drama). UK. 2005. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |crew= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Lionel Blue. "Donation Appeal". fundraisingdinner.com (Epilepsy Research Foundation). Retrieved 2006-02-10.
  24. ^ Natalie Frazin. "White House-Initiated Conference on Epilepsy". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 2006-02-07.
  25. ^ "Congress Alerted to Critical Issues in Women's Health". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 2006-02-07.
  26. ^ McMahon, B.T. (1999). "Chapter Six: Tony Coelho". Enabling Lives: Biographies of Six Prominent Americans with Disabilities. CRC Press. ISBN 0849303516. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ^ Young, Scott (1997-07-30). "Chapter 8: Buffalo Springfield and Epilepsy". Neil and Me. Music Sales Distributed. p. 68. ISBN 0952954028. he went on daily medication to control his epilepsy – and grew to dislike the medication's effect on him so much that a few years later he stopped using, feeling that in his case control had more to do with personal stability than medication. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  28. ^ McLane, Daisann (1980). "Five Not So Easy Pieces". Rolling Stone (310).
  29. ^ Brunning, Bob (2004). The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies. Omnibus Press. p. 139. ISBN 1844490114. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Biography". Ian Curtis and Joy Division Fan Club. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  31. ^ Mark Price. "A short biography of Ian Curtis". Joy Division Central. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  32. ^ Didcock, Barry (2004-07-18). "Ned, punk, male model, arthouse auteur, B-movie impresario, intellectual ... Just who does Richard Jobson think he is?". Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2006-02-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ "Interview with Adam Horovitz". Details Magazine. 1994. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Interview with Adam Horovitz". Spin Magazine. 1994.
  35. ^ Thompson, Ben (2004-04-25). "Dead cert". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Montgomery, James (2004-11-10). "Despite Everything They Said, Thursday Aren't Breaking Up". VH1 Music News. Retrieved 2006-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Harris, Chris (2005-09-27). "Thursday Frontman Says He Doesn't Want To Exploit My Chemical Romance, But ..." MTV News. Retrieved 2006-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Jordan, Thomas (2002-01-15). "Scientist Don Wiley May Have Had Seizure". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 2006-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Swaine, Rick (2004). "Chapter five: Neurological and Psychological Disorders". Beating the Breaks: Major League Ballplayers Who Overcame Disabilities. McFarland & Company. pp. 159–167. ISBN 0786418281. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ^ Swaine, Rick (2004). "Chapter five: Neurological and Psychological Disorders". Beating the Breaks: Major League Ballplayers Who Overcame Disabilities. McFarland & Company. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0786418281. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ^ a b Swaine, Rick (2004). "Chapter six: Other Disabilities". Beating the Breaks: Major League Ballplayers Who Overcame Disabilities. McFarland & Company. p. 203. ISBN 0786418281. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "Our Board". Epilepsy Action (Australia). Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  43. ^ "Bobby Jones: A Story of Perseverance". Atheltes in Action. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  44. ^ David Friedman (2005). "The ultimate team player". Hoops Hype. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  45. ^ Berger, Phil (07-08-1987). "Boxing Notebook; Marsh Finds Profitable Life Out of Ring". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-02-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Marsh, Terry (2005). Undefeated. Terry Marsh Publishing. ISBN 0954999908. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ^ Steve Rosenbloom (2006-05-09). "Greg Walker". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2006-08-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ AP (1988-08-01). "Walker Suffers Second Seizure". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-08-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ Anderson, Kristina Rebelo (1998-12-04). "The Uneasy Death of Florence Griffith Joyner". Salon.com. Retrieved 2006-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Matthew Hall (2002-09-22). "Wade ready to kick on again". The Age. Retrieved 2006-08-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "Coaching With Surgical Precision". Australian Headlines (National Epilepsy Magazine). Epilepsy Action (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  52. ^ "Swimming (Disability) / Margaret McEleny MBE". Scottish Institute of Sport. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  53. ^ "News / Swimmers Continue Medal Haul". Scottish Institute of Sport. 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ "Did You Know: Jonty Rhodes". Epilepsy South Africa. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  55. ^ "Survey Reveals Impact Of Epilepsy On Men" (PDF). Press Release. Epilepsy Action. 2005. Retrieved 2006-02-09.
  56. ^ David Ferguson (2000-10-24). "Smith tries to put illness in perspective". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2006-08-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ "Epilepsy Foundation Salutes Steelers' Alan Faneca on Super Bowl Sunday". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 2006-02-15.
  58. ^ Adam Modzelesky. "Not Faster than a Speeding Bullet, but More Powerful than a Locomotive, this Man of Steel is an Inspiration for Everyone". Epilepsy USA. Retrieved 2006-02-15.
  59. ^ Peggy Peck (2006). "Epilepsy can't stop U.S. Olympic goalie". MedPageToday.com. CNN.com. Retrieved 2006-02-16.
  60. ^ "Edward Lear". Charge - The experience of Epilepsy. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  61. ^ "Fyodor Dostoevsky". Charge - The experience of Epilepsy. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  62. ^ Hughes JR (2005). "The idiosyncratic aspects of the epilepsy of Fyodor Dostoevsky". Epilepsy & Behavior. 7 (3): 531–8. PMID 16194626.
  63. ^ Stanley L. Klos (2001). "George Inness". Virtualology.com. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  64. ^ Dunn, Waldo Hilary (1956). R. D. Blackmore: The Author of Lorna Doone, a Biography. R. Hale. pp. 19, 74, 253.
  65. ^ Wheelock, John Hall (2002). The Last Romantic: A Poet Among Publishers: The Oral Autobiography of John Hall Wheelock. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 97. ISBN 157003463X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  66. ^ Knight, John (2000). "Laurie Lee: Myth And Reality - Book Review". Contemporary Review (June 2000).
  67. ^ "What would they do now? - Max Clifford on how today's monarchy might handle Prince John". BBC Worldwide Press Releases. Retrieved 2006-02-07.
  68. ^ Armstrong, Karen (2005-05-20). "I'm no freak, so don't treat me like one". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ Armstrong, Karen (2005). The Spiral Staircase. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0007122292. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  70. ^ "Out of the Shadows". Fayetteville Observer. 1999-11-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  71. ^ Muramoto O, Englert W (2006). "Socrates and temporal lobe epilepsy: a pathographic diagnosis 2,400 years later". Epilepsia. 47 (3): 652–4. PMID 16529635.
  72. ^ Hughes J (2004). "Dictator Perpetuus: Julius Caesar--did he have seizures? If so, what was the etiology?". Epilepsy Behav. 5 (5): 756–64. PMID 15380131.
  73. ^ H. Schneble (2003-01-01). "Gaius Julius Caesar". German Epilepsy Museum. Retrieved 2006-08-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ Osler W (1903). "On the so-called Stokes-Adams disease (slow pulse with syncopal attacks, &c.)". The Lancet. 2: 516–524.
  75. ^ Hughes J (2003). "Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte: did he have seizures? Psychogenic or epileptic or both?". Epilepsy Behav. 4 (6): 793–6. PMID 14698723.
  76. ^ Kate Clifford Larson (2004). Bound for the promised land: Harriet Tubman, portrait of an American hero. Ballantine. ISBN 0345456289.
  77. ^ J.W. Sander (2003). "Fits, faints and funny turns - the differential diagnosis of epilepsy". e-epilepsy. National Society for Epilepsy. Retrieved 2006-02-02.
  78. ^ Frederick Fyvie Bruce (2000). Paul Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0802847781.
  79. ^ Owsei Temkin (1994). The Falling Sickness : A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Softshell Books). The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801848490.
  80. ^ W. P. Barrett (2006-11-08). "The Trial of Jeanne D'Arc". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Retrieved 2006-08-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ Jeste D, Harless K, Palmer B (2000). "Chronic late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis that remitted: revisiting Newton's psychosis?". Am J Psychiatry. 157 (3): 444–9. PMID 10698822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ "Patrick Dempsey Biography". TV.com. CNET. 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
  83. ^ Hughes J (2004). "Alexander of Macedon, the greatest warrior of all times: did he have seizures?". Epilepsy & Behavior. 5 (5): 765–7. PMID 15380132.
  84. ^ Gastaut H, Gastaut Y, Broughton R (1984). "Gustave Flaubert's illness: a case report in evidence against the erroneous notion of psychogenic epilepsy". Epilepsia. 25 (5): 622–37. PMID 6383791.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ Luis-Carlos Álvaro (2005). "Hallucinations and pathological visual perceptions in Maupassant's fantastical short stories--a neurological approach". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 14 (2): 100–15. PMID 16019655.
  86. ^ Hughes J (2005). "A reappraisal of the possible seizures of Vincent van Gogh". Epilepsy & Behavior. 6 (4): 504–10. PMID 15907745.

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