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The '''Maleševo-Pirin dialect''' (sometimes spelt '''Maleshevo''') is a transitional dialect, member of both the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of [[Bulgarian language]].<ref>{{cite book
The term '''Maleševo-Pirin dialect''' (sometimes spelt '''Maleshevo''') is used in [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] linguistics to refer to a group of related varieties that are spoken on both sides of the border between [[Bulgaria]] and the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. According to some linguistts they are linguistically transitional between the two national languages [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and form part of the larger [[dialect continuum]] between them. The dialect group is named after the mountain ranges of [[Pirin]] in Bulgaria and [[Maleševo]] in Macedonia. When referring specifically to the dialects on the Bulgarian side, the term '''Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect''', after the two major towns in the area, is also used.<ref name="Stoykov">{{cite book|last=Sussex|first=Roland|coauthors=Paul Cubberley|title=The Slavic Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date =2006|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0|pages =p.510 |isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last =Стойков|first =Стойко|title=Българска диалектология|publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"|date=2006|url=http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm}}</ref>
| last =Sussex
Macedonian linguistics tends to treat the whole group as part of the Macedonian language, classifying it as part of a southeastern group of [[dialects of the Macedonian language|Macedonian dialects]], whereas from the perspective of Bulgarian linguistics, the varieties in Bulgaria are classified as parts of the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of Bulgarian.
| first =Roland
<ref name="Stoykov"/>
| coauthors =Paul Cubberley
This dialect is spoken in the towns of [[Delčevo]], [[Pehčevo]], [[Berovo]] and the surrounding villages in the east of the Republic of Macedonia,<ref name="Bojkovska">str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref>
| title =The Slavic Languages
and in the regions of [[Blagoevgrad]], [[Petrich]] and [[Sandanski]] in Bulgaria.
| publisher =Cambridge University Press
<ref name="Stoykov2">{{cite book|last=Стойков|first=Стойко|title=Българска диалектология|publisher=Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"|date=2006|url=http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref>
| date =2006
[[Image:Macedonian Slavic dialects.png|thumb|right|Location of the Pirin-Maleševo dialect group and its neighbours, as seen from the perspective of Macedonian dialectology.<ref name="Friedman2">V. Friedman, "Macedonian", in: B. Comrie and G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, New York: Routledge, p. 247</ref>]]
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| pages =p.510
| isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55</ref> and of the eastern and southeastern group of [[dialects of the Macedonian language|dialects of the Macedonian]]. The dialect is spoken in the western part of the region of [[Blagoevgrad]] in [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref> str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref> and the eastern part of the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. This dialect is spoken in the cities [[Delčevo]], [[Pehčevo]], [[Berovo]] and the surrounding villages in [[Republic of Macedonia]] and on the regions of [[Blagoevgrad]], [[Petrich]] and [[Sandanski]] in [[Bulgaria]].


The Maleshevo-Pirin dialect actually consists of two very close, yet distinct dialects (cf. also table), the Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect in [[Bulgaria]], which is a dialect of [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<ref>{{cite book
The Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring [[Kyustendil dialect|Kyustendil]] and [[Samokov dialect]], and especially to the [[Dupnitsa dialect]],
| last =Sussex
<ref name="Stoykov2"/>
| first =Roland
whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the [[Štip-Strumica]] dialect.
| coauthors =Paul Cubberley
<ref name="Friedman"> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>
| title =The Slavic Languages
| publisher =Cambridge University Press
| date =2006
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| pages =p.510
| isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55</ref> and the Maleshevo dialect, which is a dialect of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]. Apart from the relationship between each other, the Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring [[Kyustendil dialect|Kyustendil]] and [[Samokov dialect]], and especially to the [[Dupnitsa dialect]]<ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref> (cf. also table below), whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the [[Štip-Strumica]] dialect.<ref> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>

==Relationship to Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian==
The following is a table of the main phonological and grammatical features which differentiate [[Bulgarian language|Standard Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Standard Macedonian]], compared with the corresponding features of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, as well as two Western Bulgarian dialects.


==Linguistic properties==


The following is a table of distinctive phonological and grammatical features, comparing the values found in the Maleshevo and Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialects with Standard Bulgarian, Standard Macedonian and two other neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialect areas.


{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="80%"
{| class="toccolours collapsible" width="80%"
Line 36: Line 70:
| Proto-Slavic '''{{IPA|*gt/kt}}''' – Old Church Slavonic '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' || '''ќ ({{IPA|c}})''' (in some areas also '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''ноќ'' (in some areas ''нощ'') || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''ќ ({{IPA|c}})''' – ''ноќ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || night
| Proto-Slavic '''{{IPA|*gt/kt}}''' – Old Church Slavonic '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' || '''ќ ({{IPA|c}})''' (in some areas also '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''ноќ'' (in some areas ''нощ'') || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''ќ ({{IPA|c}})''' – ''ноќ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || '''щ ({{IPA|ʃt}})''' – ''нощ'' || night
|-
|-
| Old Church Slavonic '''{{Unicode|ѣ}}''' (yat) || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''а/я ({{IPA|ʲa}}/{{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бял/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || white
| Old Church Slavonic '''{{Unicode|ѣ}}''' (yat) || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''я/е ({{IPA|ʲa}}/{{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бял/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || '''е ({{IPA|ɛ}})''' – ''бел/бели'' || white
|-
|-
| Old Church Slavonic '''{{Unicode |ѫ}}''' (yus), approx. {{IPA|ɔ̃}} || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''ъ ({{IPA|ə}})''' – ''мъж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || man
| Old Church Slavonic '''{{Unicode |ѫ}}''' (yus), approx. {{IPA|ɔ̃}} || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''ъ ({{IPA|ə}})''' – ''мъж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || '''а ({{IPA|a}})''' – ''маж'' || man
Line 57: Line 91:
|-
|-
| Word stress || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, ˈпера'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈра'' || '''Dynamic''' - ''доˈбитък, пеˈра'' || '''Fixed antepenultimate''' - ''ˈдобиток, ˈперам'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈра'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈрем'' || cattle, (I) wash
| Word stress || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, ˈпера'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈра'' || '''Dynamic''' - ''доˈбитък, пеˈра'' || '''Fixed antepenultimate''' - ''ˈдобиток, ˈперам'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈра'' || '''Dynamic''' – ''доˈбиток, пеˈрем'' || cattle, (I) wash

|}
|}
|-
|-
|}
|}


As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with '''бeх''', etc.), with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards Macedonian and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards Bulgarian (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic {{IPA|*tʲ}}/{{IPA|*dʲ}}: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд ({{IPA|ʃt}}/{{IPA|ʒd}}) in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ ({{IPA|ʃtʃ}}/{{IPA|/dʒ/}}} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ ({{IPA|c}}/{{IPA|ɟ}}) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect<ref name="Stoykov2"/>
As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with '''бeх''', etc.)<ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref>, with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic {{IPA|*tʲ}}/{{IPA|*dʲ}}: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд ({{IPA|ʃt}}/{{IPA|ʒd}})<ref>{{cite book| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b4.htm }}</ref> in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ ({{IPA|ʃtʃ}}/{{IPA|/dʒ/}}} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ ({{IPA|c}}/{{IPA|ɟ}}) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect<ref>{{cite book| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_maked.htm#malashevski }}</ref>. However, both the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the Maleshevo dialect appear to be closer phonologically to their neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialects than to either Standard Bulgarian or Standard Macedonian (cf. table).


==Other phonological characteristics==
==Other phonological characteristics==
* shortening of the words
* shortening of the words
* use of the plural suffix ''-ove'' as in Bulgarian instead of ''-ovi'' as in Macedonian: клучове ('keys')
* use of the plural suffix -ove as in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] instead of -ovi as in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: клучове - keys
* use of the old consonant group ''caf-'' instead of the consonant group ''cv-'': цев- цаф (''cev'', 'pipe')
* use of the old consonant group '''caf-''' instead of the consonant group '''cv-''': цев- цаф (''cev'')- pipe
* use of /v/ at the beginning of the word as in Bulgarian instead of /j/ as in Macedonian: важе ('rope')
* use of /v/ at the beginning of the word as in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] instead of /j/ as in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: важе - rope<ref> str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref> <ref> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>
<ref name="Bojkovska"/><ref name="Friedman"/>


==Morphological characteristics==
==Morphological characteristics==
* use of the preposition ''sus'': - сус рака ('with the hand');
* use of the preposition sus: - сус рака - with hand;
* the clitic possessive forms follow the verb: му рече - рече му ('He told him');
* the short possessive forms are after the verb: му рече - рече му. He told him;
* use of the dative form with ''na'': на нас ни рече ( ''na nas ni reche'', 'He told us')
* use of the dative form with na: на нас ни рече ( ''na nas ni reche'' )- He told us
* the form of the verb ''to be'' for third person plural is ''sa'' as in Bulgarian, instead of ''se'' as in Macedonian: тие се - тие са (''tie se'', 'they are')
* the form of the verb to be for third person plural is sa as in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] instead of se as in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: тие се - тие са (''tie se'') they are
* no use of the the pronoun '''toj''', instead is used '''on''' <ref> str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref> <ref> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>
* use of the pronoun ''on'' instead of ''toj''
<ref name="Bojkovska"/><ref name="Friedman"/>


==Examples of the dialect==
==Examples of the dialect==
*Traditional song from Maleševo-Pirin region:
*Traditional song from Maleševo-Pirin region:


⚫
:Излегол Яне прошетал, леле
<poem>
⚫
:низ таа Пирин Планина
⚫
Излегол Яне прошетал, леле
низ таа Пирин Планина
:низ таа Пирин Планина, леле
⚫
:низ тоа поле широко.
⚫
низ таа Пирин Планина, леле
⚫
низ тоа поле широко.


Нарамил пушка на рамо
:Нарамил пушка на рамо
настранил капа на чело
:настранил капа на чело
на пат ми сретна овчарче, леле
:на пат ми сретна овчарче, леле
на овчарче вели, говори.
:на овчарче вели, говори.


Овчарче младо чобанче, леле
:Овчарче младо чобанче, леле
дали я виде четата
:дали я виде четата
дали я виде четата, леле
:дали я виде четата, леле
четата на Яне Сандански.
:четата на Яне Сандански.


Видело сум я слушнало, леле
:Видело сум я слушнало, леле
сега за Яне збореа
:сега за Яне збореа
каде е Яне Сандански, леле
:каде е Яне Сандански, леле
четата да си прибере.
:четата да си прибере.
⚫
</poem>


==References==
==References==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
<references />
⚫
</div>


{{Bulgarian dialects}}
{{Bulgarian dialects}}
{{Macedonian dialects}}
{{Macedonian dialects}}

[[Category:Dialects of the Bulgarian language]]
[[Category:Dialects of the Bulgarian language]]
[[Category:Bulgarian language]]
[[Category:Bulgarian language]]

Revision as of 19:54, 3 August 2008

The Maleševo-Pirin dialect (sometimes spelt Maleshevo) is a transitional dialect, member of both the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of Bulgarian language.[1][2][3][4] and of the eastern and southeastern group of dialects of the Macedonian. The dialect is spoken in the western part of the region of Blagoevgrad in Bulgaria[5][6] and the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia. This dialect is spoken in the cities Delčevo, Pehčevo, Berovo and the surrounding villages in Republic of Macedonia and on the regions of Blagoevgrad, Petrich and Sandanski in Bulgaria.

The Maleshevo-Pirin dialect actually consists of two very close, yet distinct dialects (cf. also table), the Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect in Bulgaria, which is a dialect of Bulgarian[7][8][9][10] and the Maleshevo dialect, which is a dialect of Macedonian. Apart from the relationship between each other, the Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring Kyustendil and Samokov dialect, and especially to the Dupnitsa dialect[11] (cf. also table below), whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the Štip-Strumica dialect.[12]

Relationship to Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian

The following is a table of the main phonological and grammatical features which differentiate Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian, compared with the corresponding features of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, as well as two Western Bulgarian dialects.


Comparison of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect with Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian
Parameter Maleshevo dialect Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect Standard Bulgarian (based on Eastern Bulgarian) Standard Macedonian Dupnitsa dialect Samokov dialect English
Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ – Old Church Slavonic щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) шч/жџ (ʃtʃ//dʒ/} (in some areas also щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) and ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) – лешча/межџу (in some areas леща/между or леќа/меѓу) щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) – леќа/меѓу щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между lentils/between
Proto-Slavic *gt/kt – Old Church Slavonic щ (ʃt) ќ (c) (in some areas also щ (ʃt) – ноќ (in some areas нощ) щ (ʃt) – нощ щ (ʃt) – нощ ќ (c) – ноќ щ (ʃt) – нощ щ (ʃt) – нощ night
Old Church Slavonic

ѣ (yat) || е (ɛ) – бел/бели || е (ɛ) – бел/бели || я/е (ʲa/ɛ) – бял/бели || е (ɛ) – бел/бели || е (ɛ) – бел/бели || е (ɛ) – бел/бели || white

Old Church Slavonic

ѫ (yus), approx. ɔ̃ || а (a) – маж || а (a) – маж || ъ (ə) – мъж || а (a) – маж || а (a) – маж || а (a) – маж || man

Old Church Slavonic ъ (ə) о (ɔ) – сон о (ɔ) – сон ъ (ə) – сън о (ɔ) – сон о (ɔ) – сон а (a) – сан dream
Old Church Slavonic ръ/рь vocalic r/ро (rɔ) – врох, крф ръ (rə) – връх, кръв ръ/ър (rə/ər) – връх, кръв vocalic r – врв, крф vocalic r – врх, крф vocalic r – врх, крф summit, blood
Old Church Slavonic лъ/ль ъ (ə) – съза ъ (ə) – съза лъ/ъл (lə/əl) – сълза oл (ɔl) – солза vocalic l/ъ (ə) – слза/съза depending on region у (u) – суза tear
Old Church Slavonic x /x/ Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бях, хубаво Lost or replaced by ф/в (f/v) – беф, убаво Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бех, хубаво was, nice
Vowel reduction No No Yes No No No
Definite article Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето Triple definite article – момчето, момчево, момчено Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето the boy
Ending of verbs in 1st person sing. present time а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша а (я) – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам (ям) – 3rd – чета, пиша only ам – четам, пишам а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша only (и/е)м – четем, пишем (I) read, (I) write
Formation of past perfect tense бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бях + past participle – бях писал, бях молил имам + past passive aorist participle – имам писано, имам молено бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бех + past participle – бех писал, бeх молил (I) had read, (I) had written
Word stress Dynamic – доˈбиток, ˈпера Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈра Dynamic - доˈбитък, пеˈра Fixed antepenultimate - ˈдобиток, ˈперам Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈра Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈрем cattle, (I) wash

As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with бeх, etc.)[13], with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards Macedonian and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards Bulgarian (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)[14] in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ (ʃtʃ//dʒ/} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect[15]. However, both the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the Maleshevo dialect appear to be closer phonologically to their neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialects than to either Standard Bulgarian or Standard Macedonian (cf. table).

Other phonological characteristics

  • shortening of the words
  • use of the plural suffix -ove as in Bulgarian instead of -ovi as in Macedonian: клучове - keys
  • use of the old consonant group caf- instead of the consonant group cv-: цев- цаф (cev)- pipe
  • use of /v/ at the beginning of the word as in Bulgarian instead of /j/ as in Macedonian: важе - rope[16] [17]

Morphological characteristics

  • use of the preposition sus: - сус рака - with hand;
  • the short possessive forms are after the verb: му рече - рече му. He told him;
  • use of the dative form with na: на нас ни рече ( na nas ni reche )- He told us
  • the form of the verb to be for third person plural is sa as in Bulgarian instead of se as in Macedonian: тие се - тие са (tie se) they are
  • no use of the the pronoun toj, instead is used on [18] [19]

Examples of the dialect

  • Traditional song from Maleševo-Pirin region:
Излегол Яне прошетал, леле
низ таа Пирин Планина
низ таа Пирин Планина, леле
низ тоа поле широко.
Нарамил пушка на рамо
настранил капа на чело
на пат ми сретна овчарче, леле
на овчарче вели, говори.
Овчарче младо чобанче, леле
дали я виде четата
дали я виде четата, леле
четата на Яне Сандански.
Видело сум я слушнало, леле
сега за Яне збореа
каде е Яне Сандански, леле
четата да си прибере.

References

  1. ^ Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. p.510. ISBN 0521223156. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  3. ^ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
  4. ^ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55
  5. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  6. ^ str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
  7. ^ Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. p.510. ISBN 0521223156. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  9. ^ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
  10. ^ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55
  11. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  12. ^ The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY
  13. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  14. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  15. ^ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  16. ^ str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
  17. ^ The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY
  18. ^ str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
  19. ^ The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY
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