Marrubium vulgare: Difference between revisions
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Horehound has been mentioned in conjunction with use as a [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] dating at least back to the 1st century BC, where it appeared as a remedy for respiratory ailments in the [[treatise]] ''[[De Medicina]]'' by Roman [[encyclopaedist]] [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html#9|title=LacusCurtius • Celsus – On Medicine – Book IV|website=Penelope.uchicago.edu|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> The Roman agricultural writer [[Columella]] lists it as a remedy for [[Deworming|expelling worms]] in farm animals in his important first-century work ''On Agriculture''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.org/stream/onagriculturewit02coluuoft/onagriculturewit02coluuoft_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "On agriculture, with a recension of the text and an English translation by Harrison Boyd Ash"|website=Archive.org|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> Since then, horehound has appeared for similar purposes in numerous [[herbal]]s over the centuries, such as ''The Herball, or, Generall historie of plantes'' by [[John Gerard]], and ''Every Man His Own Doctor: or, The Poor Planter’s Physician'' by Dr. John Tennent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/homemedicalguides.pdf|title= Every Man His Own Doctor: OR, The Poor Planter's Physician, ca. 1727|author=John Tennent|website=Nationalhumanitiescenter.org|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> |
Horehound has been mentioned in conjunction with use as a [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] dating at least back to the 1st century BC, where it appeared as a remedy for respiratory ailments in the [[treatise]] ''[[De Medicina]]'' by Roman [[encyclopaedist]] [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html#9|title=LacusCurtius • Celsus – On Medicine – Book IV|website=Penelope.uchicago.edu|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> The Roman agricultural writer [[Columella]] lists it as a remedy for [[Deworming|expelling worms]] in farm animals in his important first-century work ''On Agriculture''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.org/stream/onagriculturewit02coluuoft/onagriculturewit02coluuoft_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "On agriculture, with a recension of the text and an English translation by Harrison Boyd Ash"|website=Archive.org|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> Since then, horehound has appeared for similar purposes in numerous [[herbal]]s over the centuries, such as ''The Herball, or, Generall historie of plantes'' by [[John Gerard]], and ''Every Man His Own Doctor: or, The Poor Planter’s Physician'' by Dr. John Tennent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/homemedicalguides.pdf|title= Every Man His Own Doctor: OR, The Poor Planter's Physician, ca. 1727|author=John Tennent|website=Nationalhumanitiescenter.org|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> |
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''M. vulgare'' has become a popular dietary supplement in the U.S. It has been described in the monographs of the German [[ |
''M. vulgare'' has become a popular dietary supplement in the U.S. It has been described in the monographs of the German [[Commission E]] as a treatment for colds, as a digestive, and as a [[choleretic]]. It is one of the ingredients of the [[Ricola]] [[throat lozenge]].<ref name=myth/> Its use as a therapy {{asof|lc=yez|2016}} has been under investigation for decades, and has been found in peer-reviewed publications to have antiinflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, and vasorelaxant properties.<ref name=myth>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodríguez Villanueva J, Martín Esteban J |title=An Insight into a Blockbuster Phytomedicine; Marrubium vulgare L. Herb. More of a Myth than a Reality? |journal=Phytother Res |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1551–1558 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27271209 |doi=10.1002/ptr.5661 |s2cid=22341794 |type=Review}}</ref> The [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] does not endorse the plant for use as a drug, but has declared it to be [[Generally Regarded as Safe|generally safe]] as a [[food additive]].<ref name="Tyler">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_et40asEIkwC |title=Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies |last1=Foster |first1=Steven |last2=Tyler |first2=Varro E. |last3=Tyler |first3=Virginia M. |date=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780789007056 |pages=218 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{anchor|Horehound candy}} |
{{anchor|Horehound candy}} |
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Revision as of 20:19, 26 May 2023
| Marrubium vulgare | |
|---|---|
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| Marrubium vulgare[1] | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Marrubium |
| Species: | M. vulgare
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| Binomial name | |
| Marrubium vulgare | |
Marrubium vulgare (white horehound or common horehound) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern and central Asia. It is also widely naturalized in many places, including most of North and South America.
It is a grey-leaved herbaceous perennial plant, and grows to 25–45 centimetres (10–18 in) tall. The leaves are 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long with a densely crinkled surface, and are covered in downy hairs. The flowers are white, borne in clusters on the upper part of the main stem.
Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary derives the word horehound from Old English hoar ("white," "light-colored," as in "hoarfrost") and hune (a word of unknown origin designating a class of herbs or plants). The second element was altered by folk etymology.
Uses
Folk medicine
Horehound has been mentioned in conjunction with use as a folk medicine dating at least back to the 1st century BC, where it appeared as a remedy for respiratory ailments in the treatise De Medicina by Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus.[2] The Roman agricultural writer Columella lists it as a remedy for expelling worms in farm animals in his important first-century work On Agriculture.[3] Since then, horehound has appeared for similar purposes in numerous herbals over the centuries, such as The Herball, or, Generall historie of plantes by John Gerard, and Every Man His Own Doctor: or, The Poor Planter’s Physician by Dr. John Tennent.[4]
M. vulgare has become a popular dietary supplement in the U.S. It has been described in the monographs of the German Commission E as a treatment for colds, as a digestive, and as a choleretic. It is one of the ingredients of the Ricola throat lozenge.[5] Its use as a therapy as of 2016[update] has been under investigation for decades, and has been found in peer-reviewed publications to have antiinflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, and vasorelaxant properties.[5] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not endorse the plant for use as a drug, but has declared it to be generally safe as a food additive.[6]
Culinary
Horehound candy drops are bittersweet hard candies like cough drops made with sugar and an extract of M. vulgare. They are dark-colored, dissolve in the mouth, and have a flavor that has been compared to menthol and root beer. Like other products derived from M. vulgare, they are sometimes used as an unproven folk treatment for coughs and other ailments.[7][8]
M. vulgare is used to make beverages such as horehound beer (similar to root beer), horehound herbal tea (similar to the Maghrebi mint tea), and the rock and rye cocktail.[9]
As an invasive weed
Horehound was introduced to southern Australia in the 19th century as a medicinal herb. It became a weed of native grasslands and pastures where it was introduced with settlers' livestock and was first declared under noxious weeds legislation. It now appears to have reached its full potential distribution.
In New Zealand, efforts are being made to control its spread with biocontrol measures using the horehound clearwing moth (Chamaesphecia mysiniformis) and the horehound plume moth (Wheeleria spilodactylus), which could eat their way through many plants.[10][11]
Horehound is usually found in disturbed and overgrazed areas. It is highly unpalatable to livestock, so livestock eat other plants around it, a process that favors the persistence and spread of the weed. It may persist in native vegetation that has been grazed.
As biocontrol
Marrubium vulgare is also used as a natural grasshopper repellent in agriculture.
In astrology
According to 14th century English poet John Gower, in Book 7 of his Confessio Amantis, this plant was the herb of the fourth star of Nectanebus' astrology[clarify], Capella. Gower uses the older name, Alhaiot (VII:1338).
Gallery
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Wild horehound -
Flowers -
Foliage of young plants -
Horehound bug (Agonoscelis rutila), an insect that feeds on the plant -
Leaves (detail)
See also
References
- ^ Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
- ^ "LacusCurtius • Celsus – On Medicine – Book IV". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ "Full text of "On agriculture, with a recension of the text and an English translation by Harrison Boyd Ash"". Archive.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ John Tennent. "Every Man His Own Doctor: OR, The Poor Planter's Physician, ca. 1727" (PDF). Nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ a b Rodríguez Villanueva J, Martín Esteban J (October 2016). "An Insight into a Blockbuster Phytomedicine; Marrubium vulgare L. Herb. More of a Myth than a Reality?". Phytother Res (Review). 30 (10): 1551–1558. doi:10.1002/ptr.5661. PMID 27271209. S2CID 22341794.
- ^ Foster, Steven; Tyler, Varro E.; Tyler, Virginia M. (1999). Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies. Psychology Press. p. 218. ISBN 9780789007056.
- ^ Vandersteen, Eric (18 March 2019). Horehounds Are the Old-School Candy You're Missing Out On. Saveur.
- ^ Sharrock, Jane (2004-08-03). Who Wants Candy?. Penguin. p. 50. ISBN 9781440625534.
- ^ "Rock & Rye - Imbibe Magazine". Imbibemagazine.com. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ "Moths may be the key to controlling spreading infestations of horehound". Stuff. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ "Horehound". Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
Further reading
- Everist, D.L. (1981) Poisonous Plants of Australia. 3rd ed. (Angus & Robertson: Sydney). ISBN 0-207-14228-9
- Parsons, W. & Cuthbertson, E. (2001) Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood). ISBN 0-643-06514-8
External links
| Authority control databases: National |
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