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For ENIG gold plating, see ''[[Electroless nickel immersion gold]]''.
{{For|ENIG gold plating|Electroless nickel immersion gold}}
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{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|box_width =
|name = Mary G. Enig
|name = Dr. Mary G. Enig
|image = Dr Enig.jpg
|image = Dr Enig.jpg
|image_size = 157
|image_size = 157
|alt =
|alt =
|caption = <!-- Circa 2000 -->
|caption = <!-- Circa 2000 -->
|birth_date = 1931
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_date =
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|nationality =
|nationality =
|fields = [[Nutrition]]
|fields = [[Nutrition]]
|workplaces = [http://www.westonaprice.org/ The Weston A Price Foundation]
|workplaces = [[Weston A. Price Foundation]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
|known_for =
|known_for =
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|awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
|awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
}}
}}
'''Mary Gertrude Enig''', PhD is a [[nutritionist]] and early [[trans fat]] researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role [[fat]]s play in diet and health.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maloof|first=Rich|title=Coconut Oil|url=http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|publisher=MSN Health|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> She has promoted skepticism towards the widely held view in the medical community<ref>{{cite book | page = 257 | title = The European Society of Cardiology Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine | last1 = Camm | first1 = John | last2 = Luscher | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Serruys | first3 = Patrick | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-19-957285-4}}</ref> that high saturated fat diets lead to heart disease, while she advocates for a diet based on [[whole foods]] and rich in certain [[saturated fats]], such as those found in [[coconut oil]] and [[butter]].<ref name=Black>{{cite news|last=Black|first=Jane|title=The Great Divide|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/05/AR2008080501000_pf.html|accessdate=9 June 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=6 August 2008}}</ref>
'''Mary Gertrude Enig''', PhD (born 1931) is a [[nutritionist]] who reviews research on and writes articles about the nutritional aspects of [[fat]]s. Enig attended the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] (UMCP), receiving an [[Master of Science|MS]], and later a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web| title = Verification Page | publisher = Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice | url = https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878 | accessdate = }}</ref>


== Academic and professional history ==
Enig is a Fellow of the [[American College of Nutrition]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eauclaire |first=Sally |month=July 1996 |title=Soy backlash |publisher=Vegetarian Times |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895/}}</ref> and was one of three to be named a Master of the organization in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title = American College of Nutrition - Awards Information| url = http://www.americancollegeofnutrition.org/Default.aspx?tabid=121 | accessdate = 10 August 2008}}</ref> In 1987, Enig was accepted as an associate member of the [[American Society for Nutritional Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Meeting | publisher = American Institute of Nutrition | date = 29 March—2 April 1987|url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/117/8/1488.pdf | format = pdf| accessdate=}}</ref> She is also a member of [[The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics]] (THINCS).<ref>{{cite web | title = Member List | publisher = The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics | url = http://www.thincs.org/members.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>
Enig attended the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] (UMCP), receiving an [[Master of Science|MS]], and later a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.<ref name=Passwater>Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993–January 1994). [http://www.healthy.net/scr/interview.aspx?Id=162 Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats]. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. ''Whole Foods Magazine''.</ref> She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published scientific papers on food fats and oils and is a former editor of the ''[[Journal of the American College of Nutrition]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowden|first=Jonny|title=The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth: The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why|year=2007|publisher=Fair Winds Press|location=Gloucester,MA|isbn=1592332285|pages=108, 167, 177, 301, 311}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Burros|first=Marian|title=Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/07/garden/now-what-us-study-says-margarine-may-be-harmful.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=9 June 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 October 1992}}</ref>


Enig is a Master of the [[American College of Nutrition]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eauclaire |first=Sally. |month=July 1996 |title=Soy backlash |work=Vegetarian Times |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895/}}</ref><ref>[http://www.americancollegeofnutrition.org/Default.aspx?tabid=121 Awards Information]. Retrieved June 17, 2011 from the American College of Nutrition website.</ref> She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web| title = Verification Page | publisher = Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice | url = https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878 | accessdate = 8 June 2011}}</ref>
== Professional history ==
Enig is the co-founder, Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors of the [[Weston A. Price Foundation]] (WAPF).<ref>{{cite web
| title = Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/board.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}
| accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> Prior to the founding of the WAPF in 1999, Enig worked as a nutritional consultant for individuals, industry and governments worldwide through Enig Associates, Inc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}


Enig is the co-founder, vice president, and board-member of the [[Weston A. Price Foundation]] (WAPF), started in 1999 to promote nutrition and health advice based on the work of early 20th century dentist and researcher [[Weston A. Price]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.westonaprice.org/board-of-directors|publisher=Weston A. Price Foundation|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
==Controversial dietary advice==
Much of Enig's dietary advice is in opposition to the consensus of the medical and scientific communities. She admits that she is "on the fringe" in her nutritional views and advice.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-616494190219208343&q=mary%2Benig&total=2&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 Interview of Mary Enig on her local cable station - 2006]</ref>


===Coconut oil===
==Dietary views==
Enig was a researcher of trans fatty acids for decades,<ref name=NYT/> with one newspaper calling her work in the area "pioneering".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Portsmouth Daily Times |title= From the Fat Front |author = Jean Carper |date=March 4, 2001 |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3M5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=utAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4828,629649&dq=mary+enig&hl=en |accessdate=June 10, 2011}}</ref> She was warning of the effects of trans fatty acids years before their dangers were widely accepted.<ref>[[Michael Pollan|Pollan, Michael]]. (2008). ''In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto''. Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 1594201455.</ref><ref name=star/> Enig believes that trans-fats lower the beneficial type of cholesterol ([[HDL]])<ref name=star/> and pushed for improved labeling of trans fats on products,<ref name=enignews3>{{cite news |title=Companies pull trans fats before label rules |author=Joe Milicia |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kMBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6717,1758291&dq=mary+enig&hl=en |newspaper=The Bryan Times |date=Jan 19, 2005 |accessdate=16 June 2011}}
Enig is a vocal advocate for dietary consumption of [[coconut oil]] and has written multiple articles regarding the health benefits she says it has.<ref>{{cite web | last = Enig | first = Mary
</ref> which has now become mandatory on products in the U.S. and in Europe.
| title = The Latest Studies on Coconut Oil | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-oil-studies.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = More Good News on Coconut Oil | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-antimicrobial.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig
| first = Mary
| title = Fat and Cholesterol in Human Milk
| publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/children/humanmilk.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Enig|first=Mary
|title=Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century
|publisher= The Weston A. Price Foundation
|url=<nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut_oil.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> She says [[lauric acid]], the main acid in coconut oil, "has antimicrobial properties and is the precursor to [[monolaurin]], the antimicrobial lipid."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
|date = May 2000| pages = 114 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref> She also states that lauric acid "gives human milk its major antimicrobial properties, and it may be a conditionally essential fatty acid <ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig|first=Mary
| title = More Good News on Coconut Oil
| publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/coconut-antimicrobial.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}|accessdate=}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> since it cannot be made by mammals other than the lactating female and must be obtained from the diet."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
|date = May 2000| page = 194 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref>
Enig also notes that the saturated fat in coconut oil consists of medium chain fatty acids, which are not only not harmful, but help in promoting healthy metabolism.


Enig disputes the widely accepted view in the medical community that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.<ref name=Black/><ref name=science>{{cite journal |author=Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, ''et al.'' |title=Studies of dietary fat and heart disease |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5559 |pages=1464–6 |year=2002 |month=February |pmid=11859893 |doi=10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c |url=}}</ref> Her chapter in the book ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists'', was reviewed in the ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'', which noted that while she provided an appropriate discussion of trans fats in diet, she did not accurately depict the medical literature on the connection between diet and coronary disease, and that she wrote with an inflammatory tone that was unjustified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Neil J. |year=1994 |title=Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=9 |pages=943–944 |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |doi= 10.1056/NEJM199403313301321|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199403313301321 |accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> Enig responded to the review in a [[letter to the editor|letter]] published in the journal.<ref>Enig MG. (September 1, 1994). [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199409013310914 More on Coronary heart disease: the dietary sense and nonsense]. ''New England Journal of Medicine'' '''331''' (9): 615. {{PMID|8047097}}.</ref>
Enig is critical of lowfat diets for weight loss and states in summary: "Perhaps the best way to lose unwanted weight (excess weight in the form of fat, that is) is to change the type of fat in the diet to the type of fat found in the coconut."<ref>{{cite web
|last=Enig|first=Mary
|title=Lowfat Diets| publisher= The Weston A. Price Foundation
|url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/lowfatdiets.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}}}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> In collaboration with [[Sally Fallon]], co-founder of the WAPF, Enig wrote a book about coconut-based diets for weight loss called ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat''.<ref>Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-based [[Coconut]] Diets'', Plume, ISBN 0-45228-566-6{{Page needed|date=October 2010}}</ref>


Enig believes both butter and coconut oil are not eaten enough and are good for heart health. Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of [[coconut oil]], and she is a vocal advocate for its consumption,<ref name=star>{{cite news|last=Webb|first=Densie|title=Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BaUsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2981,2080798&dq=mary-enig&hl=en|accessdate=9 June 2011|newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star|date=5 September 1990}}</ref><ref>Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). ''The Washington Post''.</ref> going against the widely held view in the medical community that due to coconut oil's high saturated fat content, its use should be minimized or avoided. Citing the work of Jon J. Kabara, Enig says that [[lauric acid]] has [[antimicrobial]] properties,<ref name=Know>{{cite book | last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press |date = May 2000| page = 114 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils | date = September 1995 | journal = Indian Coconut Journal | url = http://coconutboard.gov.in/English-Article-MaryEnig.pdf | accessdate = March 11, 2011}}</ref> and that unprocessed coconut oil could be effective in the treatment of viral infections, including [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=611111&publicationSubCategoryId=77 |title=Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof |author= |date=September 12, 2010 |work= |publisher=The Philippine Star |accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jJkkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8DEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6447,3991868&dq=mary+enig&hl=en |title=Research on coconuts for Aids urged | date=December 29, 1997 |work= |publisher=The Nation |accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
Enig also says that natural coconut oil may be effective in the treatment of [[AIDS]] and other viral infections.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = ON NATURAL COCONUT OIL FOR AIDS AND OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS | date =
| url = http://www.aspartame.ca/page_oho2b.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>


Some of Enig's work has been inspired by the research of [[Weston A. Price]], a dentist who traveled the world researching traditional diets in the 1920s and '30s. Sally Fallon, an advocate for the nutritional theories of Price, recruited Enig to utilize her nutritional training to co-write a book to popularize Price's work in 1989 called ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats.'' It explained Price's findings and provided recipes of traditional foods such as chicken liver pâté, sauerkraut, sourdough breads and bone broths,<ref name=bweek>{{cite web|author=Food Industry |url=http://bx.businessweek.com/food/view?url=http%3A%2F%2Fc.moreover.com%2Fclick%2Fhere.pl%3Fr1545006363%26f%3D9791 |title=The Great Divide: Who Says Good Nutrition Means Animal Fats? Weston A. Price. - Business Exchange |publisher=Bx.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-10}}</ref> as well as raw milk, [[kombucha]], [[probiotics]] (yogurt, kim-chee), [[trans-fat]] avoidance, organ meats, coconut oil, and butter and has sold more than 400,000 copies as of 2011.<ref name=chicagotribune>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-03-17/features/ct-food-0316-fallon-20110317_1_raw-milk-atkins-diet-books-trans-fat |title=Sally Fallon is not afraid of fat - Chicago Tribune |publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-06-10}}</ref>
===Cholesterol===
Enig maintains that [[cholesterol]] does not contribute to heart disease and calls it a "phony issue."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Cholesterol and Heart Disease—A Phony Issue | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/fats_phony.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>


Enig co-wrote another book with Sally Fallon called ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat'' which promotes what Enig considers "good" fats, including coconut, butter, cream, nuts, meat, lard, goose fat, and eggs. In the book, Enig criticizes the use of [[Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated oils]] which most diets recommend, because of the way they are processed and also argues that many who follow low-fat diets feel low on energy because they are "fat deficient".<ref name=newsday>{{cite web|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/774046851.html?dids=774046851:774046851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+05%2C+2005&author=Sylvia+Carter&pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&desc=A+LA+CARTER%2C+Chewing+the+fat+to+lose+weight&pqatl=google |title=A LA CARTER, Chewing the fat to lose weight |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-10}}</ref>
===Raw milk===
Enig and the [[Weston A. Price Foundation|WAPF]] advocate [[raw milk]] as part of a healthy diet.<ref>{{cite web
| title = What is Real Milk?| url = http://www.realmilk.com/what.html| accessdate = 25 July 2009}}</ref>

===Saturated and trans fats===
Enig disputes the [[lipid hypothesis]], which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
| title = The Skinny on Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/skinny.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref> and asserts that the true culprit is [[trans fat]]. Her position regarding saturated fats is supported by recent meta-analyses of randomized intervention trials, which indicate that saturated fats are no riskier than monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates when substituted on an isocaloric basis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakobsen |first1=MU |last2=O'Reilly |first2=EJ |last3=Heitmann |first3=BL |last4=Pereira |first4=MA |last5=Bälter |first5=K |last6=Fraser |first6=GE |last7=Goldbourt |first7=U |last8=Hallmans |first8=G |last9=Knekt |first9=P |title=Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies |journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1425–32 |year=2009 |pmid=19211817 |pmc=2676998 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mozaffarian |first1=D |last2=Micha |first2=R |last3=Wallace |first3=S |last4=Wallace |first4=Sarah |title=Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=PLoS medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e1000252 |year=2010 |pmid=20351774 |pmc=2843598 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252}}</ref> {{Or|date=July 2010}} The negative effects of trans fats are now widely recognized, spurring efforts to remove them from food supplies world wide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L'abbé |first1=M R |last2=Stender |first2=S |last3=Skeaff |first3=C M |last4=Tavella |first4=M |last5=Ebert |first5=DS |last6=Delp |first6=EJ |title=Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=63 |pages=S50 |year=2009 |pmid=19190645 |pmc=2830089 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2009.14}}</ref>

She states that big business and other powerful vested interests played a significant role in the negative portrayals of saturated fats in order to sell [[margarine]] and similar spreads, which often contained substantial levels of trans fats.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary | coauthors = Sally Fallon
| title = The Oiling of America | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = 1999 | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/oiling.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>

She claims that a study conducted during the early 1970s by Canadian scientists on [[rapeseed]] and [[canola oil]], concluded that at least 25% of fat in the diet should be in the form of saturated fat, but does not provide any information by which this assertion may be checked.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = The Importance of Saturated Fats for Biological Functions | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = 2004 | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/import_sat_fat.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>

Enig says that the "maintenance of a healthy digestive system requires input from lipids, which include molecules such as cholesterol, appropriate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other lesser known components such as [[glycosphingolipids]]."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = Digestion and Absorption of Food Fats | publisher = The Weston A. Price Foundation
| date = | url = <nowiki>http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/fat_absorption.html</nowiki>{{Dead link|date=October 2010}} | accessdate = }}{{Self-published inline|date=October 2010}}</ref>


== Selected works ==
== Selected works ==
=== Books ===
=== Books ===
⚫
* Mary Enig, ''Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research'', (Enig Associates, 1993).
* Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'', (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
* Mary Enig, ''Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol'', (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
* Mary Enig, ''Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol'', (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
* Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'', (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
* Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, ''Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats'', (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.
* [Chapter] Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists''. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36–60. ISBN 1857560728.
⚫
* Mary Enig, ''Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research'', (Enig Associates, 1993).


===Scientific papers===
===Journal articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M. |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=M. G. |last2=Pallansch |first2=LA. |last3=Sampugna |first3=J. |last4=Keeney |first4=M. |title=Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components1 |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society |volume=60 |pages=1788 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02680357}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Pallansch |first2=LA |last3=Sampugna |first3=J |last4=Keeney |first4=M. |title=Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society |volume=60 |page=1788 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02680357 |issue=10}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Budowski |first2=P |last3=Blondheim |first3=SH |title=Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel |journal=Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=223–30 |year=1984 |pmid=6086551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Budowski |first2=P |last3=Blondheim |first3=SH |title=Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel |journal=Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=223–30 |year=1984 |pmid=6086551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Atal |first2=S |last3=Keeney |first3=M |last4=Sampugna |first4=J |title=Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=471–86 |year=1990 |pmid=2258534}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Atal |first2=S |last3=Keeney |first3=M |last4=Sampugna |first4=J |title=Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=471–86 |year=1990 |pmid=2258534}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lieberman | first1 = Shari | last2 = Enig | first2 = Mary G. | last3 = Preuss | first3 = Harry G. | year = 2006 | title = A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents | url = | journal = Alternative and Complementary Therapies | volume = 12 | issue = 6| pages = 310–314 | doi = 10.1089/act.2006.12.310 }}

== See also ==
* [[Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease controversy]]
* [[Diet and heart disease]]
* [[Nutrition]]
* [[Healthy diet]]


== References ==
== References ==
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Revision as of 16:38, 3 August 2011

For ENIG gold plating, see Electroless nickel immersion gold.
Mary G. Enig
Alma materUniversity of Maryland, College Park
AwardsMaster of the American College of Nutrition
Scientific career
FieldsNutrition
InstitutionsWeston A. Price Foundation

Mary Gertrude Enig, PhD is a nutritionist and early trans fat researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role fats play in diet and health.[1] She has promoted skepticism towards the widely held view in the medical community[2] that high saturated fat diets lead to heart disease, while she advocates for a diet based on whole foods and rich in certain saturated fats, such as those found in coconut oil and butter.[3]

Academic and professional history

Enig attended the University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), receiving an MS, and later a PhD in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.[4] She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published scientific papers on food fats and oils and is a former editor of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition.[5][6]

Enig is a Master of the American College of Nutrition.[7][8] She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.[9]

Enig is the co-founder, vice president, and board-member of the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF), started in 1999 to promote nutrition and health advice based on the work of early 20th century dentist and researcher Weston A. Price.[10]

Dietary views

Enig was a researcher of trans fatty acids for decades,[6] with one newspaper calling her work in the area "pioneering".[11] She was warning of the effects of trans fatty acids years before their dangers were widely accepted.[12][13] Enig believes that trans-fats lower the beneficial type of cholesterol (HDL)[13] and pushed for improved labeling of trans fats on products,[14] which has now become mandatory on products in the U.S. and in Europe.

Enig disputes the widely accepted view in the medical community that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.[3][15] Her chapter in the book Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists, was reviewed in the New England Journal of Medicine, which noted that while she provided an appropriate discussion of trans fats in diet, she did not accurately depict the medical literature on the connection between diet and coronary disease, and that she wrote with an inflammatory tone that was unjustified.[16] Enig responded to the review in a letter published in the journal.[17]

Enig believes both butter and coconut oil are not eaten enough and are good for heart health. Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of coconut oil, and she is a vocal advocate for its consumption,[13][18] going against the widely held view in the medical community that due to coconut oil's high saturated fat content, its use should be minimized or avoided. Citing the work of Jon J. Kabara, Enig says that lauric acid has antimicrobial properties,[19][20] and that unprocessed coconut oil could be effective in the treatment of viral infections, including HIV/AIDS.[21][22]

Some of Enig's work has been inspired by the research of Weston A. Price, a dentist who traveled the world researching traditional diets in the 1920s and '30s. Sally Fallon, an advocate for the nutritional theories of Price, recruited Enig to utilize her nutritional training to co-write a book to popularize Price's work in 1989 called Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. It explained Price's findings and provided recipes of traditional foods such as chicken liver pâté, sauerkraut, sourdough breads and bone broths,[23] as well as raw milk, kombucha, probiotics (yogurt, kim-chee), trans-fat avoidance, organ meats, coconut oil, and butter and has sold more than 400,000 copies as of 2011.[24]

Enig co-wrote another book with Sally Fallon called Eat Fat, Lose Fat which promotes what Enig considers "good" fats, including coconut, butter, cream, nuts, meat, lard, goose fat, and eggs. In the book, Enig criticizes the use of polyunsaturated oils which most diets recommend, because of the way they are processed and also argues that many who follow low-fat diets feel low on energy because they are "fat deficient".[25]

Selected works

Books

  • Mary Enig, Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research, (Enig Associates, 1993).
  • Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
  • Mary Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol, (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
  • Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats, (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.
  • [Chapter] Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36–60. ISBN 1857560728.

Journal articles

  • Enig, MG; Munn, RJ; Keeney, M. (1978). "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique". Federation proceedings. 37 (9): 2215–20. PMID 566221.
  • Enig, MG; Pallansch, LA; Sampugna, J; Keeney, M. (1983). "Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 60 (10): 1788. doi:10.1007/BF02680357.
  • Enig, MG; Budowski, P; Blondheim, SH (1984). "Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel". Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition. 38 (3): 223–30. PMID 6086551.
  • Enig, MG; Atal, S; Keeney, M; Sampugna, J (1990). "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9 (5): 471–86. PMID 2258534.
  • Lieberman, Shari; Enig, Mary G.; Preuss, Harry G. (2006). "A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 12 (6): 310–314. doi:10.1089/act.2006.12.310.

See also

References

  1. ^ Maloof, Rich. "Coconut Oil". MSN Health. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  2. ^ Camm, John; Luscher, Thomas; Serruys, Patrick (2009). The European Society of Cardiology Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Blackwell Publishing. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-957285-4.
  3. ^ a b Black, Jane (6 August 2008). "The Great Divide". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  4. ^ Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993–January 1994). Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. Whole Foods Magazine.
  5. ^ Bowden, Jonny (2007). The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth: The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why. Gloucester,MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 1592332285.
  6. ^ a b Burros, Marian (7 October 1992). "Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  7. ^ Eauclaire, Sally. "Soy backlash". Vegetarian Times. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Awards Information. Retrieved June 17, 2011 from the American College of Nutrition website.
  9. ^ "Verification Page". Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  10. ^ "Board of Directors". Weston A. Price Foundation. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  11. ^ Jean Carper (4 March 2001). "From the Fat Front". Portsmouth Daily Times. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  12. ^ Pollan, Michael. (2008). In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 1594201455.
  13. ^ a b c Webb, Densie (5 September 1990). "Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol". Wilmington Morning Star. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  14. ^ Joe Milicia (19 January 2005). "Companies pull trans fats before label rules". The Bryan Times. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  15. ^ Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D; et al. (2002). "Studies of dietary fat and heart disease". Science. 295 (5559): 1464–6. doi:10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c. PMID 11859893. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Stone, Neil J. (1994). "Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists". New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (9). Massachusetts Medical Society: 943–944. doi:10.1056/NEJM199403313301321. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  17. ^ Enig MG. (September 1, 1994). More on Coronary heart disease: the dietary sense and nonsense. New England Journal of Medicine 331 (9): 615. PMID 8047097.
  18. ^ Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). The Washington Post.
  19. ^ Enig, Mary (May 2000). Know Your Fats. Bethesda Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-96781-260-7.
  20. ^ Enig, Mary (September 1995). "Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils" (PDF). Indian Coconut Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  21. ^ "Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof". The Philippine Star. 12 September 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  22. ^ "Research on coconuts for Aids urged". The Nation. 29 December 1997. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  23. ^ Food Industry. "The Great Divide: Who Says Good Nutrition Means Animal Fats? Weston A. Price. - Business Exchange". Bx.businessweek.com. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  24. ^ "Sally Fallon is not afraid of fat - Chicago Tribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  25. ^ "A LA CARTER, Chewing the fat to lose weight". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved 10 June 2011.

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