Naliboki massacre: Difference between revisions
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In the cemetery in Naliboki, near the church, which was rebuilt in the 1990s, there is a monument with an inscription in Polish: "In tribute to 127 residents of Naliboki murdered on May 8, 1943 Parishioners." Belarusian authorities have refused to clearly identify the perpetrators of the crime.{{Sfn|Musiał|2009|p=211}} |
In the cemetery in Naliboki, near the church, which was rebuilt in the 1990s, there is a monument with an inscription in Polish: "In tribute to 127 residents of Naliboki murdered on May 8, 1943 Parishioners." Belarusian authorities have refused to clearly identify the perpetrators of the crime.{{Sfn|Musiał|2009|p=211}} |
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== Unsubstantiated allegations of Jewish |
== Unsubstantiated allegations of Jewish involvement in the massacre == |
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Allegations that Jews played a role in the massacre first appeared in the 1990s in the memoirs of witnesses to the crime<ref>The first to attribute the crime to [[Bielski partisans]] was former Naliboki resident Wacław Nowicki in his 1993 book ''Żywe echa'' ({{Literal translation|Living echoes}}), followed by Polish and Belarusian historians, including Zygmunt Boradyn in his monograph published in 1999, ''Niemen rzeką niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie'' ({{Literal translation|Niemen as river of discord. The Polish-Soviet partisan war in the Novogrudok region}}), as reported by {{cite news |last1= Głuchowski |first1= Piotr |last2= Kowalski |first2= Marcin |date= 6 January 2009 |title= Prawdziwa historia Bielskich |trans-title= The true story of the Bielskis |url=https://wyborcza.pl/7,75398,6124559,prawdziwa-historia-bielskich.html |url-access=subscription |language=pl |work=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]] |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |title=Rzecznik IPN nt. zbrodni w Nalibokach i braci Bielskich |url=https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C358262%2Crzecznik-ipn-nt-zbrodni-w-nalibokach-i-braci-bielskich.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Nauka w Polsce |language=pl}}</ref> and began to circulate more widely in the early 2000s, when the local branch of a right-wing organisation of Polish Canadians, the [[Canadian Polish Congress]], wrongly claimed that in Naliboki "Jewish partisans boast[ed] of killing [...] 130 Poles."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2001 |title=CPC Toronto District - Viewpoints. LETTERS TO BOOKS. |url=http://www.kpk-toronto.org/wp-content/uploads/viewpoints_020.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220907182445/http://kpk-toronto.org/wp-content/uploads/viewpoints_020.html |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=Canadian Polish Congress. Toronto District}}</ref><ref name="G&K">{{Cite journal |last=Grabowski |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Grabowski |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |date=2023 |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |journal=[[The Journal of Holocaust Research]] |pages=19-20 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939}}</ref> On March 20, 2001, at the request of the [[Canadian Polish Congress]], the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] resumed the investigation into crimes committed by Soviet partisans in 1941-1944 against Home Army soldiers and civilians in the [[Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Nowogródek Voivodeship]].<ref name="citinet">{{Citation |author=IPN |title=Investigation Reports on Koniuchy and Naliboki |date=1 March 2002 |url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/polska.php?Page=66&Lang=EN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723042847/http://www.citinet.net/ak/polska.php?Page=66&Lang=EN |publisher=Institute of National Memory |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Request Rejected |url=https://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/IZ4.nsf/main/1AF70353 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=orka2.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> Following the release of the film ''[[Defiance (2008 film)|Defiance]]'' in 2008, the allegation that a unit of [[Jewish partisans|Jewish fighters]], the [[Bielski partisans]], participated in the massacre was reported in the media and debated by historians, while the Polish nationalist press and websites denounced the attempt at glorifying a group of "[[Jewish Bolshevism|Jewish-communist]] bandits."<ref name="Wyborcza_movie">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=A Hollywood Movie About Heroes or Murderers? |url=https://wyborcza.pl/7,76842,5316759,a-hollywood-movie-about-heroes-or-murderers.html?disableRedirects=true |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=[[Wyborcza]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Warsaw |first=Kamil Tchorek in |date=31 December 2008 |title=Country split over whether Daniel Craig is film hero or villain |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/country-split-over-whether-daniel-craig-is-film-hero-or-villain-3fg9ktfl6qc |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> |
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According to a 2008 press release from the Institute of National Remembrance, after the massacre some eyewitnesses reported that the killings were carried out by by "bandits", "Soviet partisans", and people of Jewish nationality, including former residents of Naliboki and Bielski partisans; subsequent historical research, however, found no documentary evidence of the participation of Jewish combatants.<ref name="Komunikat_2008">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 June 2008 |title=Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10278,Komunikat-dot-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zbrodni-popelnionych-przez-partyzantow-sowiecki.html?fbclid=IwAR2_bzQIP5HdXQPg4ARnUp-PkxnR-4NcJZuT_1GGrHhkcZz2-eIHlg70zFs |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=[[Institute of National Remembrance|Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]] |language=pl}}</ref> As reported by the Institute, the massacre was carried out by partisans from the "Stalin" brigade, accompanied by partisans from the "Dzerzhinsky", "Bolshevik", "Suvorov" units.<ref name="Komunikat_2008" /> According to Magdalena Semczyszyn, the participation of Jewish partisans from Bielski's unit is unlikely, as they only moved to the vicinity of Naliboki in July 1943, and the participation of Jewish partisans from [[Simcha Zorin|Zorin]]'s unit is possible, but uncertain.{{Sfn|Semczyszyn|2021|p=166}} |
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[[Jan Grabowski]] rejects Jewish involvement in the massacre and notes such insinuations to have been the product of a right-wing political climate.<ref name="G&K" /> Magdalena Semczyszyn speculates that Jewish partisans from [[Simcha Zorin|Zorin]]'s unit might have been participants but there is no evidence in support.{{Sfn|Semczyszyn|2021|p=166}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 13:50, 2 March 2023
| Naliboki massacre | |
|---|---|
 Naliboki self-defence unit | |
| Location | Naliboki, German-occupied Poland |
| Date | May 8, 1943 |
| Weapons | Automatic and semi-automatic weapons |
| Deaths | 129 |
| Victims | Poles |
| Perpetrators | Soviet |
The Naliboki massacre (Polish: zbrodnia w Nalibokach) was the 8 May 1943 mass killing of 129 Poles,[1] including women and children, by Soviet partisans[2] in the small town of Naliboki in German-occupied Poland (the town is now in Belarus).[3]
Background
Before the 1939 German-Soviet invasion of Poland, Naliboki was part of eastern Poland's Stołpce County, Nowogródek Province.
Following Operation Barbarossa, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet resistance forces operated in eastern Poland, behind German lines. Since the spring of 1942, the 125th "Stalin" unit operated in the Naliboki forest. Its first documented action was the destruction of a detachment of German police near Naliboki on June 9, 1942.[4] In addition to them, two other Soviet partisan units operated in the Nalibok forest: the Nikitin's unit and the "Chkalov" unit.[5] Local partisans were recruited from Red Army soldiers of all ethnicities who had been cut off by German encirclements,[6] and from Ukrainians and pro-Soviet Belarusians. These troops had no contact with the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (CSPD), limited their attacks on German units for lack of ammunition, and raided nearby villages for supplies. They forcibly took provisions from villagers, whom they treated as enemies.[7] The murder of peasants by way of terrorizing them into giving up provisions began in 1943 when villages such as Kamień, Derewno, Borowikowszczyzna, Dziagwie, and Rodziewszczyzna were raided. Naliboki was among the raided villages.[3] Consequently, in August 1942, by order of the Germans, the villagers formed a self-defense unit, and the village police station was opened.[8] Both the local self-defense and police were infiltrated by the Home Army.[9]
In the spring of 1943, NKVD leaders were sent to Soviet partisans by CSPD, and the partisans were airdropped material. They were led by Vasily Chernyshov "Platon" who, equipped with a radio station, reached the Naliboki forest in April, where he took command of the entire partisan movement in the Baranovichi oblast.[8] In May, there were more than 5,000 partisans under his command, divided into 36 divisions and 4 brigades, most of them operating in the Naliboki forest.[8]
In March and April 1943, the Soviet partisans arranged two meetings with the Polish self-defense leaders. During the talks, the Soviet partisans insisted that the Poles join them, but the Poles refused. However, an agreement was signed with the Poles, who were represented by Eugeniusz Klimowicz,[10] concerning a truce and joint operations against robbers hiding in the forest. The Soviet partisans violated the truce and decided to attack Naliboki.[3]
The massacre
In the early morning of 8 May 1943, Soviet partisans raided Naliboki.[9] According to Chernyshov's report, the "Dzerzhinsky" unit, the "Bolshevik" unit and the "Suvorov" unit took part in the assault and were commanded by the commander of the "Stalin" brigade.[8] Naliboki's self-defense was outnumbered, with only 26 rifles and 2 light machine guns.[9] However, the policemen managed to barricade themselves in the station, located in an unfinished church building, and retreated in the evening after the Soviet partisans left, despite heavy losses.[9]
A few of the Soviet attackers, including a political officer, were killed by the defenders.[11] Polish men were dragged from their homes and shot individually or in small groups. Mass looting followed. Many farmhouses were set on fire.[3] Also killed during the Soviet attack were three Polish women, several teenagers, and a ten-year-old boy. The town's church was set on fire, along with the public school, fire station, and post office. The raid took two to three hours.
The Soviet commander reported to the NKVD the killing of 250 people, the capture of weapons, the rounding up of 100 cows and 78 horses, and the destruction of a German garrison. In reality, the number of victims was lower (now estimated at 129),[6] no Germans were present or killed, and only one Belarusian auxiliary policeman happened to be sleeping in the town on the night of the attack.[3]
Aftermath
Naliboki was almost completely burned down on August 6, 1943, during the pacification carried out by German troops, as part of the punitive Operation Hermann. Its purpose was to destroy the partisan movement, as well as the villages in the Naliboki forest that supported it. In Naliboki alone, 100 people were killed and more than 1,500 deported to forced labor in Germany.[12]
The Soviet NKVD persecuted the pro-German Belarusian populace at least as badly as the anti-Nazi Poles. Thousands of Belarusian collaborators were killed, including teachers, local administrators and members of the Belarusian Auxiliary Police, and dozens of Polish communities were destroyed. Resulting from this, on at least ten occasions the Nowogródek District division (pl) of the Armia Krajowa attempted to negotiate with the Soviet partisans to stop the attacks on hapless villages. Those attempts were futile. In May 1943, the entire Polish delegation was murdered by the Soviets in the powiat of Szczuczyn and the pacifications continued. Apart from Naliboki, other massacres were committed in Koniuchy (Koniuchy massacre), Szczepki, Prowżały, Kamień, Niewoniańce, Izabelin, Kaczewo, Babińsk, and Ługomowicze, including murders around Dokudów and near the Narocz and Kromań lakes, as well as in Derewno.[6]
Home Army officer and commander of the self-defense in Naliboki, Eugeniusz Klimowicz, was accused by the Communist prosecutors after the war of "murdering Soviet partisans" because during the Naliboki massacre the defending Poles managed to shoot several attackers. As a "Fascist-Hitlerite criminal", he was sentenced to death in 1951, reduced to life imprisonment. The sentence was overturned in 1957.[13]
In the cemetery in Naliboki, near the church, which was rebuilt in the 1990s, there is a monument with an inscription in Polish: "In tribute to 127 residents of Naliboki murdered on May 8, 1943 Parishioners." Belarusian authorities have refused to clearly identify the perpetrators of the crime.[14]
Unsubstantiated allegations of Jewish involvement in the massacre
Allegations that Jews played a role in the massacre first appeared in the 1990s in the memoirs of witnesses to the crime[15] and began to circulate more widely in the early 2000s, when the local branch of a right-wing organisation of Polish Canadians, the Canadian Polish Congress, wrongly claimed that in Naliboki "Jewish partisans boast[ed] of killing [...] 130 Poles."[16][17] On March 20, 2001, at the request of the Canadian Polish Congress, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance resumed the investigation into crimes committed by Soviet partisans in 1941-1944 against Home Army soldiers and civilians in the Nowogródek Voivodeship.[11][18] Following the release of the film Defiance in 2008, the allegation that a unit of Jewish fighters, the Bielski partisans, participated in the massacre was reported in the media and debated by historians, while the Polish nationalist press and websites denounced the attempt at glorifying a group of "Jewish-communist bandits."[19][20]
According to a 2008 press release from the Institute of National Remembrance, after the massacre some eyewitnesses reported that the killings were carried out by by "bandits", "Soviet partisans", and people of Jewish nationality, including former residents of Naliboki and Bielski partisans; subsequent historical research, however, found no documentary evidence of the participation of Jewish combatants.[21] As reported by the Institute, the massacre was carried out by partisans from the "Stalin" brigade, accompanied by partisans from the "Dzerzhinsky", "Bolshevik", "Suvorov" units.[21] According to Magdalena Semczyszyn, the participation of Jewish partisans from Bielski's unit is unlikely, as they only moved to the vicinity of Naliboki in July 1943, and the participation of Jewish partisans from Zorin's unit is possible, but uncertain.[22]
See also
References
- ^ Klimowicz, Mieczyslaw (2008). The Last Day of Naliboki: The Untold Story Behind the Massacre. American Literary Press. ISBN 9781934696262.
- ^ pg. 247
- ^ a b c d e IPN (November 2013). "Śledztwo w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów radzieckich na żołnierzach Armii Krajowej i ludności cywilnej na terenie powiatów Stołpce i Wołożyn woj. nowogródzkie (S 17/01/Zk)". Śledztwa w biegu - Zbrodnie komunistyczne. Instytut Pamieci Narodowej. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ Musiał 2009, p. 207-208.
- ^ Musiał 2009, p. 208.
- ^ a b c Kazimierz Krajewski. "Ginęli, ratując Żydów" [Dying while Rescuing Jews] (PDF). „Opor”? „Odwet”? Czy po prostu „polityka historyczna”? O Żydach w partyzantce sowieckiej na Kresach II RP. NR 3 (98), March 2009. Warsaw: IPN Bulletin: 99–120. ISSN 1641-9561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Musiał 2009, p. 208-209.
- ^ a b c d Musiał 2009, p. 209.
- ^ a b c d Musiał 2009, p. 210.
- ^ Geraldine Bereziuk Lowrey (March 5, 2015). "Book Review". The Last Day of Naliboki By Mieczyslaw Klimowicz (American Literary Press, 2009). The Am-Pol Eagle, Cheektowaga, NY.
At the time, Mieczyslaw Klimowicz, the son of Eugeniusz Klimowicz, was in his teens.
- ^ a b IPN (1 March 2002), Investigation Reports on Koniuchy and Naliboki, Institute of National Memory, archived from the original on 23 July 2011, retrieved 19 January 2014
- ^ "Partyzancki szlak po puszczy Nalibockiej - Shtetl Routes - Teatr NN". shtetlroutes.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "Bohater w cieniu zbrodni". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ Musiał 2009, p. 211.
- ^ The first to attribute the crime to Bielski partisans was former Naliboki resident Wacław Nowicki in his 1993 book Żywe echa (lit. 'Living echoes'), followed by Polish and Belarusian historians, including Zygmunt Boradyn in his monograph published in 1999, Niemen rzeką niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie (lit. 'Niemen as river of discord. The Polish-Soviet partisan war in the Novogrudok region'), as reported by Głuchowski, Piotr; Kowalski, Marcin (6 January 2009). "Prawdziwa historia Bielskich" [The true story of the Bielskis]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish); "Rzecznik IPN nt. zbrodni w Nalibokach i braci Bielskich". Nauka w Polsce (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "CPC Toronto District - Viewpoints. LETTERS TO BOOKS". Canadian Polish Congress. Toronto District. 23 June 2001. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research: 19–20. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939.
- ^ "Request Rejected". orka2.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "A Hollywood Movie About Heroes or Murderers?". Wyborcza. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ^ Warsaw, Kamil Tchorek in (31 December 2008). "Country split over whether Daniel Craig is film hero or villain". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ^ a b "Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). 19 June 2008. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ^ Semczyszyn 2021, p. 166.
Bibliography
- Musiał, Bogdan (2009). Sowjetische Partisanen 1941-1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit (in German). Ferdinand Schöningh.
- Semczyszyn, Magdalena (2021). "Żydzi w sowieckich oddziałach partyzanckich na północno-wschodnich terenach Drugiej RP 1941–1944 – zarys problematyki" [Jews in Soviet partisan units in the northeastern territories of the Second Polish Republic 1941-1944 - outline of subject matter]. Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały. 17.
External links