Porphyra: Difference between revisions

Porphyra
	Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
Scientific classification
(unranked):	Archaeplastida
Division:	Rhodophyta
Class:	Bangiophyceae
Order:	Bangiales
Family:	Bangiaceae
Genus:	Porphyra; C.Agardh 1824
Species
	see text
Synonyms
	Conchocelis Batters 1892; Phyllona J.Hill 1773

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Porphyra is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species.^[2] It grows in the intertidal zone, typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori (in Japan) and gim (in Korea). There are considered to be 60–70 species of Porphyra worldwide^[3] and seven around Britain and Ireland, where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast.^[4] The species Porphyra purpurea has one of the largest plastid genomes known, with 251 genes.^[5]

Life cycle

Porphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations.^[6] The thallus we see is the haploid generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming spores which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female gametes are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered in 1949 by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis.^[7] It was later shown for species from other regions as well.^[2]^[8]

Food

Most human cultures with access to Porphyra use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,^[9] known as laver, rong biển (Vietnamese), nori (Japanese:海苔), amanori (Japanese),^[10] zakai, gim (Korean:김),^[10] zǐcài (Chinese:紫菜),^[10] karengo, sloke or slukos.^[3] The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).^[11]

P. umbilicalis is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including laverbread.^[12] In Hawaii, "the species P. atropurpurea is considered a delicacy, called Limu luau".^[12] Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast.^[12]

Vitamin B12

Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin.^[13] In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of B12 for vegans.^[14]

Species

Porphyra currently contains 57 confirmed species and 14 unconfirmed species.^[15]

Confirmed

Porphyra akasakae A.Miura, 1977
Porphyra angusta Okamura & Ueda, 1932
Porphyra argentinensis M.L.Piriz, 1981
Porphyra atropurpurea (Olivi) De Toni, 1897
Porphyra augustinae Kützing, 1843
Porphyra autumnalis Zanardini, 1860
Porphyra bulbopes (Yendo) Ueda, 1932
Porphyra capensis Kützing, 1843
Porphyra ceylanica J.Agardh, 1883
Porphyra chauhanii C.Anil Kumar & M.V.N.Panikkar, 1995
Porphyra coccinea J.Agardh
Porphyra corallicola H.Kucera & G.W. Saunders, 2012
Porphyra delicatula Welwitsch
Porphyra dentimarginata Chu Chia-yen & Wang Su-chuan, 1960
Porphyra dioica J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine, 1997
Porphyra fujianensis Zhang & Wang, 1993
Porphyra grateloupicola P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
Porphyra guangdongensis C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang, 1978
Porphyra inaequicrassa Perestenko, 1980
Porphyra indica V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami, 1984
Porphyra ionae R.W.Ricker, 1987
Porphyra irregularis E.Fukuhara, 1968
Porphyra kanyakumariensis V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami, 1984
Porphyra ledermannii Pilger, 1911
Porphyra linearis Greville, 1830
Porphyra longissima A.Meynard, M.E.Ramírez & L.Contreras-Porcia, 2018
Porphyra lucasii Levring, 1953
Porphyra luchea A.Meynard, M.E.Ramírez & L.Contreras-Porcia, 2018
Porphyra malvanensis Anilkumar & P.S.N.Rao, 2005
Porphyra marcosii P.A.Cordero, 1976
Porphyra marginata C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang, 1958
Porphyra microphylla Zanardini, 1860
Porphyra monosporangia S.Wang & J.Zhang, 1980
Porphyra mumfordii S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole, 1992
Porphyra njordii P.M.Pedersen, 2011
Porphyra ochotensis Nagai, 1941
Porphyra okamurae Ueda, 1932
Porphyra okhaensis H.V.Joshi, R.M.Oza & A.Tewari, 1992
Porphyra oligospermatangia C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng, 1981
Porphyra plocamiestris R.W.Ricker, 1987
Porphyra pujalsiae Coll & E.C.Oliveira, 1976
Porphyra punctata Y.Yamada & H.Mikami, 1956
Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh, 1824
Porphyra qingdaoensi C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng, 1988
Porphyra ramosissima Pan & Wang, 1982
Porphyra rizzinii Coll & E.C.Oliveira, 1976
Porphyra roseana M.Howe, 1928
Porphyra schistothallus B.F.Zheng & J.Li
Porphyra segregata (Setchell & Hus) V.Krishnamurthy, 1972
Porphyra subtumens J.Agardh
Porphyra tanakae Pham Hoang-Ho, 1985
Porphyra tenuis B.F.Zheng & J.Li
Porphyra tristanensis Baardseth, 1941
Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing, 1843
Porphyra violacea J.Agardh, 1899
Porphyra vulgaris Kützing, 1843
Porphyra woolhouseae Harvey, 1863

Unconfirmed

Porphyra carnea Grunow, 1889
Porphyra cordata Meneghini, 1844
Porphyra cucullata De Notaris, 1865
Porphyra grayana Reinsch, 1875
Porphyra hospitans Zanardini, 1855
Porphyra livida De Notaris, 1846
Porphyra microphylla Reinsch, 1878
Porphyra minor Zanardini, 1847
Porphyra nobilis De Notaris, 1846 or J.Agardh, 1883
Porphyra reniformis Meneghini, 1849
Porphyra sericea (Wulfen) J.Agardh, 1883
Porphyra subtumens J.Agardh ex R.M.Laing, 1928
Porphyra tenuissima C.Agardh ex Frauenfeld, 1855

Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia: for example Pyropia tenera, Pyropia yezoensis, and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata, leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b Guiry, Michael D. (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06
^ ^a ^b Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.ISBN 1 898298 87 4
^ ^a ^b Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester ISBN 0-471-92947-6
^ Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X
^ The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2
^ Porphyra life cycle Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine ^{[dead link]}
^ Drew, Kathleen M. (1949). "Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz". Nature. 164 (4174): 748–749. Bibcode:1949Natur.164..748D. doi:10.1038/164748a0. S2CID 4134419.
^ Thomas, D. 2002. Seaweeds. The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-09175-1
^ Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8
^ ^a ^b ^c Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs (Food and food products from seaweeds). Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.
^ Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of Porphyra yezoensis Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 321-328.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses". eatweeds.co.uk. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
^ Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F (May 2014). "Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–73. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097. A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans.
^ Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.
^ Michael D. Guiry (2024). "Porphyra C.Agardh, 1824". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ Sutherland; et al. (October 2011). "A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)". J. Phycol. 47 (5): 1131–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x. PMID 27020195. S2CID 2779596.

External links

Media related to Porphyra at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Porphyra at Wikispecies
Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr

[WoRMS-1] Guiry, Michael D. (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06

[Brodie_02-2] Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.ISBN 1 898298 87 4

[Kain_91-3] Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester ISBN 0-471-92947-6

[Hardy_and_Guiry_06-4] Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X

[5] The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2

[6] Porphyra life cycle Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine ^{[dead link]}

[7] Drew, Kathleen M. (1949). "Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz". Nature. 164 (4174): 748–749. Bibcode:1949Natur.164..748D. doi:10.1038/164748a0. S2CID 4134419.

[Thomas_02-8] Thomas, D. 2002. Seaweeds. The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-09175-1

[Mumford_88-9] Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8

[Abbott-10] Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs (Food and food products from seaweeds). Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.

[Aoki_06-11] Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of Porphyra yezoensis Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 321-328.

[eatweeds-12] "Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses". eatweeds.co.uk. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.

[13] Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F (May 2014). "Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–73. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097. A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans.

[MelinaCraig2016-14] Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.

[WORMS1-15] Michael D. Guiry (2024). "Porphyra C.Agardh, 1824". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2024.

[16] Sutherland; et al. (October 2011). "A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)". J. Phycol. 47 (5): 1131–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x. PMID 27020195. S2CID 2779596.

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@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ===Confirmed===
 {{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
-*''[[Pyropia abbottiae]]'' <small>(V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra akasakae]]'' <small>[[species:Akio Miura|A.Miura]], 1977</small>
-*''[[Pyropia acanthophora]]'' <small>(E.C.Oliveira & Coll) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra angusta]]'' <small>[[Kintarô Okamura|Okamura]] & [[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
-*''[[Pyropia aeodes]]'' <small>(N.J.Griffin, J.J. Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra argentinensis]]'' <small>[[M.L.Piriz]], 1981</small>
-*''[[Pyropia bajacaliforniensis]]'' <small>Aguilar Rosas & Hughey, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra atropurpurea]]'' <small>(Olivi) [[Giovanni Battista de Toni|De Toni]], 1897</small>
-*''[[Pyropia brumalis]]'' <small>(Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra augustinae]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
-*''[[Pyropia cinnamomea]]'' <small>(W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra autumnalis]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1860</small>
-*''[[Pyropia collinsii]]'' <small>Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson, 2017</small>
+*''[[Porphyra bulbopes]]'' <small>(Yendo) [[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
-*''[[Pyropia columbiensis]]'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra capensis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
-*''[[Pyropia columbina]]'' <small>(Montagne) W.A.Nelson, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra ceylanica]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
-*''[[Pyropia conwayae]]'' <small>(S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra chauhanii]]'' <small>[[species:C. Anil Kumar|C.Anil Kumar]] & [[species:M.V.N. Panikkar|M.V.N.Panikkar]], 1995</small>
-*''[[Pyropia crassa]]'' <small>(Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra coccinea]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]]</small>
-*''[[Pyropia dentata]]'' <small>(Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra corallicola]]'' <small>[[species:Hana Kucera|H.Kucera]] & [[species:Gary W. Saunders|G.W. Saunders]], 2012</small>
-*''[[Pyropia denticulata]]'' <small>(Levring) J.A.Philips & J.E. Sutherland, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra delicatula]]'' <small>[[Welwitsch]]</small>
-*''[[Pyropia drachii]]'' <small>(Feldmann) J.Brodie, 2016</small>
+*''[[Porphyra dentimarginata]]'' <small>[[Chu Chia-yen]] & [[Wang Su-chuan]], 1960</small>
-*''[[Pyropia elongata]]'' <small>(Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra dioica]]'' <small>[[species:Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]] & [[species:Linda Mary Irvine|L.M.Irvine]], 1997</small>
-*''[[Pyropia endiviifolia]]'' <small>(A.Gepp & E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra fujianensis]]'' <small>Zhang & Wang, 1993</small>
-*''[[Pyropia fallax]]'' <small>(S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra grateloupicola]]'' <small>[[species:Pierre Louis Crouan|P.L.Crouan]] & [[species:Hippolyte Marie Crouan|H.M.Crouan]], 1878</small>
-*''[[Pyropia francisii]]'' <small>W.A.Nelson & R.D'Archino, 2014</small>
+*''[[Porphyra guangdongensis]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & T.J.Chang, 1978</small>
-*''[[Pyropia fucicola]]'' <small>(V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra inaequicrassa]]'' <small>[[species:Luiza Pavlovna Perestenko|Perestenko]], 1980</small>
-*''[[Pyropia gardneri]]'' <small>(G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra indica]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[species:Murugesan Baluswami|M.Baluswami]], 1984</small>
-*''[[Pyropia haitanensis]]'' <small>(T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra ionae]]'' <small>[[species:Robert Wallace Ricker|R.W.Ricker]], 1987</small>
-*''[[Pyropia hiberna]]'' <small>(S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra irregularis]]'' <small>[[E.Fukuhara]], 1968</small>
-*''[[Pyropia hiemalis]]'' <small>(Kylin) Varela-Álvarez, Guiry & Serrão, 2023</small>
+*''[[Porphyra kanyakumariensis]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[species:Murugesan Baluswami|M.Baluswami]], 1984</small>
-*''[[Pyropia hollenbergii]]'' <small>(E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R.Aguilar Rosas, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra ledermannii]]'' <small>[[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilger]], 1911</small>
-*''[[Pyropia ishigecola]]'' <small>(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra linearis]]'' <small>[[Robert Kaye Greville|Greville]], 1830</small>
+*''[[Porphyra longissima]]'' <small>[[species:Andrés Meynard|A.Meynard]], [[species:Maria Eliana Ramírez|M.E.Ramírez]] & [[species:Loretto Contreras‐Porcia|L.Contreras-Porcia]], 2018</small>
-*''[[Pyropia islae]]'' <small>Dumilag, 2018</small>
-*''[[Pyropia kanakaensis]]'' <small>(Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra lucasii]]'' <small>[[species:Carl Tore Christian Levring|Levring]], 1953</small>
+*''[[Porphyra luchea]]'' <small>[[species:Andrés Meynard|A.Meynard]], [[species:Maria Eliana Ramírez|M.E.Ramírez]] & [[species:Loretto Contreras‐Porcia|L.Contreras-Porcia]], 2018</small>
-*''[[Pyropia katadae]]'' <small>(A.Miur) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, N.Kikuch & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia kinositae]]'' <small>(Yamada & Tak. Tanaka) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra malvanensis]]'' <small>[[species:C. Anilkumar|Anilkumar]] & [[species:P. Satyanarayana Rao|P.S.N.Rao]], 2005</small>
-*''[[Pyropia kitoi]]'' <small>(Ma, Abe, N.Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas.Kobayasi) D.J.Kim, T.O.Cho & B.Y.Won, 2023</small>
+*''[[Porphyra marcosii]]'' <small>[[species:Paciente A. Cordero|P.A.Cordero]], 1976</small>
-*''[[Pyropia koreana]]'' <small>(M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra marginata]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[T.J.Chang]], 1958</small>
-*''[[Pyropia kuniedae]]'' <small>(Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1860</small>
-*''[[Pyropia kurogii]]'' <small>(S.C.Lindstrom) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra monosporangia]]'' <small>[[S.Wang]] & [[J.Zhang]], 1980</small>
-*''[[Pyropia lacerata]]'' <small>(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra mumfordii]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[K.M.Cole]], 1992</small>
-*''[[Pyropia lanceolata]]'' <small>(Setchell & Hus) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra njordii]]'' <small>[[species:Poul Møller Pedersen|P.M.Pedersen]], 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia leucosticta]]'' <small>(Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra ochotensis]]'' <small>[[species:Masaji Nagai|Nagai]], 1941</small>
-*''[[Pyropia lunae]]'' <small>Dumilag, 2018</small>
+*''[[Porphyra okamurae]]'' <small>[[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
-*''[[Pyropia meridionalis]]'' <small>M.M.Reddy, R.J.Anderson & J.J.Bolton, 2020</small>
+*''[[Porphyra okhaensis]]'' <small>[[species:H.V. Joshi|H.V.Joshi]], [[R.M.Oza]] & [[A.Tewari]], 1992</small>
-*''[[Pyropia montereyensis]]'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra oligospermatangia]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]], 1981</small>
-*''[[Pyropia moriensis]]'' <small>(Ohmi) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra plocamiestris]]'' <small>[[species:Robert Wallace Ricker|R.W.Ricker]], 1987</small>
-*''[[Pyropia nereocystis]]'' <small>(C.L.Anderson) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra pujalsiae]]'' <small>[[species:Javier Coll|Coll]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 1976</small>
-*''[[Pyropia nitida]]'' <small>L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra punctata]]'' <small>[[Y.Yamada]] & [[species:Hideo Mikami|H.Mikami]], 1956</small>
-*''[[Pyropia njordii]]'' <small>Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus, 2012</small>
+*''[[Porphyra purpurea]]'' <small>(Roth) [[C.Agardh]], 1824</small>
-*''[[Pyropia novae-angliae]]'' <small>T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson, 2017</small>
+*''[[Porphyra qingdaoensi]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]], 1988</small>
-*''[[Pyropia onoi]]'' <small>(Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra ramosissima]]'' <small>Pan & Wang, 1982</small>
-*''[[Pyropia orbicularis]]'' <small>M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin, 2014</small>
+*''[[Porphyra rizzinii]]'' <small>[[species:Javier Coll|Coll]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 1976</small>
-*''[[Pyropia parva]]'' <small>A.Vergés & N.Sánchez, 2014</small>
+*''[[Porphyra roseana]]'' <small>[[M.Howe]], 1928</small>
-*''[[Pyropia peggicovensis]]'' <small>H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders, 2012</small>
+*''[[Porphyra schistothallus]]'' <small>[[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pendula]]'' <small>(E.Y.Daywson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R.Aguilar rosas, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra segregata]]'' <small>(Setchell & Hus) [[V.Krishnamurthy]], 1972</small>
-*''[[Pyropia perforata]]'' <small>(J.Agardh) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra subtumens]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]]</small>
-*''[[Pyropia plicata]]'' <small>W.A.Nelson, 2013</small>
+*''[[Porphyra tanakae]]'' <small>[[species:Pham-Hoàng Hô|Pham Hoang-Ho]], 1985</small>
-*''[[Pyropia protolanceolata]]'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom & J.R.Hughey, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra tenuis]]'' <small>[[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pseudolanceolata]]'' <small>(V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra tristanensis]]'' <small>[[Baardseth]], 1941</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pseudolinearis]]'' <small>(Ueda) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pseudolobata]]'' <small>(L.-E.Yang, J.Brodie & Q.-Q.Lu) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, 2022</small>
+*''[[Porphyra violacea]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1899</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pulchella]]'' <small>(Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Zuccarello) T.J.Farr & J.E.Sutherland, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra vulgaris]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
-*''[[Pyropia pulchra]]'' <small>(Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey, 2016</small>
+*''[[Porphyra woolhouseae]]'' <small>[[William Henry Harvey|Harvey]], 1863</small>
+}}
-*''[[Pyropia rakiura]]'' <small>(W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson, 2011</small>
+===Unconfirmed===
-*''[[Pyropia raulaguilarii]]'' <small>Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes, 2012</small>
+{{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
-*''[[Pyropia retorta]]'' <small>S.-M.Kim, H.-G.Choi & H.-S.Kim , 2018</small>
-*''[[Pyropia saldanhae]]'' <small>(Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra carnea]]'' <small>[[Albert Grunow|Grunow]], 1889</small>
-*''[[Pyropia santacruzensis]]'' <small>Guiry, 2023</small>
+*''[[Porphyra cordata]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Meneghini]], 1844</small>
-*''[[Pyropia seriata]]'' <small>(Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra cucullata]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1865</small>
-*''[[Pyropia spathulata]]'' <small>T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson, 2017</small>
+*''[[Porphyra grayana]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]], 1875</small>
-*''[[Pyropia spiralis]]'' <small>(E.C.Oliveira & Coll) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra hospitans]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1855</small>
-*''[[Pyropia stamfordensis]]'' <small>C.Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson, 2017</small>
+*''[[Porphyra livida]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1846</small>
-*''[[Pyropia submarina]]'' <small>Y.H.Koh & M.S.Kim, 2018</small>
+*''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]], 1878</small>
-*''[[Pyropia suborbiculata]]'' <small>(Kjellman) J.E.Sutherland, H.G.Choi, M.S.Hwang & W.A.Nelson, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra minor]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1847</small>
-*''[[Pyropia taeniata]]'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom, 2015</small>
+*''[[Porphyra nobilis]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1846</small> or <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
-*''[[Pyropia tanegashimensis]]'' <small>(Shinmura) N.kikuchi & E. Fujiyoshi, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra reniformis]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Meneghini]], 1849</small>
-*''[[Pyropia tenera]]'' <small>(Kjellman) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra sericea]]'' <small>(Wulfen) [[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
-*''[[Pyropia tenuipedalis]]'' <small>(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra subtumens]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]] ex [[species:Robert Malcolm Laing|R.M.Laing]], 1928</small>
-*''[[Pyropia thulaea]]'' <small>(Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus, 2011</small>
+*''[[Porphyra tenuissima]]'' <small>[[C.Agardh]] ex [[Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld|Frauenfeld]], 1855</small>
-*''[[Pyropia thuretii]]'' <small>(Setchell & E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R. Aguilar Rosas, 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia torta]]'' <small>(V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom, 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia unabbottiae]]'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom, 2015</small>
-*''[[Pyropia variabilis]]'' <small>J.Zapata, A.Meynard, M.E.Ramírez & L.Contreras-Porcia, 2018</small>
-*''[[Pyropia vietnamensis]]'' <small>(Tak. Tanaka & P.H.Ho) J.E.Sutherland & Monotilla, 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia virididentata]]'' <small>(W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson, 2011</small>
-*''[[Pyropia yezoensis]]'' <small>(Ueda) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
 }}
 Following a major reassessment of the  genus in 2011, many species previously included in ''Porphyra'' have been transferred to ''[[Pyropia]]'': for example ''[[Pyropia tenera]]'', ''[[Pyropia yezoensis]]'', and the species from New Zealand ''[[Pyropia rakiura]]'' and ''[[Pyropia virididentata]]'', leaving only five species out of seventy still within ''Porphyra'' itself.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sutherland|title=A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)|journal=J. Phycol.|date=October 2011|volume=47|issue=5|pages=1131–1151|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x|pmid=27020195|s2cid=2779596|display-authors=etal}}</ref>