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The [[Triliteral|triconsonantal root]] '''Q-D-S''' is a common [[Semitic]] form in use in various ancient and modern languages since at least the 3rd millenium BCE.<ref name=Bernalp141>Bernal and Moore, 2001, p.141-142.</ref> The meanings expressed by this root are "[[holy]]", "[[sacred]]", "[[divine]] power", "to set apart", and "[[sanctuary]]".<ref name=Bernalp141/><ref name=Beckingp129>Becking, 2001, p. 129.</ref>
'''Q-D-S''' ({{lang-he|ק-ד-ש}}) is a common [[Triliteral|triconsonantal]] [[Semitic]] root form used in various ancient and modern languages since at least the 3rd millenium BCE.<ref name=Bernalp141>Bernal and Moore, 2001, p.141-142.</ref> The meanings expressed by this root are "[[holy]]", "[[sacred]]", "[[divine]] power", "to set apart", and "[[sanctuary]]".<ref name=Bernalp141/><ref name=Beckingp129>Becking, 2001, p. 129.</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 15:11, 15 November 2008

Q-D-S (Hebrew: ק-ד-ש) is a common triconsonantal Semitic root form used in various ancient and modern languages since at least the 3rd millenium BCE.[1] The meanings expressed by this root are "holy", "sacred", "divine power", "to set apart", and "sanctuary".[1][2]

History

The root qdš was used frequently in West Semitic languages as a verb meaning "consecrate", whereas in Akkadian texts, the verb conjugated from the root meant to "clean, purify."[3][4] It could also used as an adjective meaning "holy", and a substantive referring to a "sanctuary, sacred object, sacred personnel."[4] It was used this way in Ugaritic, as for example, in the words qidšu (meaning "holy place" or "chapel") and qad(i)šu (meaning "consecrated gift" or "cultic personnel").[4] In some Ugaritic texts, qdš is used as a divine epithet. For example, the gods are referred to as "the sons of qdš", and in the 2nd millienium BCE epic poem the Legend of Keret, the hero is described as "the son of El and the offspring of the Benevolent One and qdš".[4]

William Foxwell Albright is one of a number of scholars who believe that Qudšu (meaning "holiness") was a common Canaanite appellation for the goddess Asherah, and Albright's mentor Frank Moore Cross claimed qdš was used as a divine epithet for both Asherah and the Ugaritic goddess, Athirat.[5][4][6] Depictions of a goddess in inscriptions from Dynastic Egypt, thought to Canaanite since she is referred to as Qdš (often transliterated in English as Qetesh), show a woman in the nude, with curly hair and raised arms carrying lilies and serpents.[5][7] Qdš is also depicted in the pantheon of gods at Memphis, Egypt possibly indicating worship of her as independent deity there.[7] The word qdš also appears in the Pyrgi Tablets, a Phoenician text found in Italy that dates back to 500 BCE.[8]

Qudšu was also later used in Jewish Aramaic to refer to God,[5] and Qudš is the proto-form of the Hebrew word qadōš, meaning "holy".[1] The triconsonantal root Q-D-S appears some 830 times in the Bible's Old Testament, where it is used to express the notion of holiness, and when attributed to God, is used to refer to his unspeakable nature.[9][10] Its use in the Hebrew Bible evokes ideas of separation from the profane and the Otherness of God, while in nonbiblical Semitic texts, recent interpretations of its meaning link it to ideas of consecration, belonging, and purification.[11]

The Arabic name for Jerusalem is al-Quds (meaning "the holy one"), and it is the most common of seventeen names used in Islam to refer to Jerusalem.[12][13] The Turkish word for Jerusalem, Kudüs, derives from the Arabic name.[13]

The word "kudos" which entered English by way of the Greek language is thought to derive originally from the Semitic root Q-D-S.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Bernal and Moore, 2001, p.141-142.
  2. ^ Becking, 2001, p. 129.
  3. ^ Botterweck et al., 1974, p. 525.
  4. ^ a b c d e van der Toorn et al., 1999, p. 415.
  5. ^ a b c Albright, 1990, p. 121-122.
  6. ^ Hadley, 2000, p. 49.
  7. ^ a b van der Toorn, et al., 1999, p. 416.
  8. ^ Azize, 2005, p. 184.
  9. ^ Bales, 1991, p. 48.
  10. ^ Joosten, 1996, p. 123.
  11. ^ Deiss et al., 1996, p. 81.
  12. ^ Binz, 2005, p. 2.
  13. ^ a b Room, 2003, p. 171.

Bibliography

  • Albright, William Foxwell (1990), Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths, EISENBRAUNS, ISBN 0931464013, 9780931464010 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Azize, Joseph (2005), The Phoenician Solar Theology: An Investigation Into the Phoenician Opinion of the Sun Found in Julian's Hymn to King Helios, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 1593332106, 9781593332105 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Bales, Norman (1991), He Died to Make Men Holy, College Press, ISBN 0899002714, 9780899002712 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Vriezen, Karel J. H. (2001), Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 1841271993, 9781841271996 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Bernal, Martin; Moore, David Chioni (2001), Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics, Duke University Press, ISBN 0822327171, 9780822327172 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Binz, Stephen J. (2005), Jerusalem, the Holy City, Twenty-Third Publications, ISBN 1585953652, 9781585953653 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (1974), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 080282336X, 9780802823366 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Deiss, Lucien; Burton, Jane M.-A. (1996), Visions of Liturgy and Music for a New Century, Liturgical Press, ISBN 0814622984, 9780814622988 {{citation}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |lastt3= ignored (help)
  • Hadley, Judith M. (2000), The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521662354, 9780521662352 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Joosten, Jan (1996), People and Land in the Holiness Code: An Exegetical Study of the Ideational Framework of the Law in Leviticus 17-26, BRILL, ISBN 9004105573, 9789004105577 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Room, Adrian (2003), Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites, McFarland, ISBN ISBN 0786418141, 978078641814 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • van der Toorn, K.; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible: DDD, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0802824919, 9780802824912 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
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