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| image = 2024 Sulphur Downtown Tornado Damage Wide 03.png
| image = 2024 Sulphur Downtown Tornado Damage Wide 03.png
| caption = Strong damage to downtown Sulphur after the tornado tracked directly through the town.
| caption = Strong damage to downtown Sulphur after the tornado tracked directly through the town.
| formed = April 27, 2024, 10:25 p.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] ([[UTC−05:00]])
| formed = 3:30 PM
| dissipated = 4:29 PM
| duration = 12 minutes
| dissipated = April 27, 2024, 10:37 p.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] ([[UTC−05:00]])
| duration =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Tornado
}}{{Infobox weather event/Tornado
| basin = atl
| basin = atl

Revision as of 10:22, 30 April 2024

Tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024
A home with severe damage with debris scattered around and large tree limbs snapped.
EF3 damage to a home west of Elba, Nebraska
Meteorological history
DurationApril 25–28, 2024
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes102+
Maximum ratingEF4 tornado
Duration~3 days
Highest windsTornadic – 170 mph (270 km/h) in Marietta, Oklahoma on April 27; a 224 mph (360 km/h) gust was measured by DOW on April 26 near Harlan, Iowa (unofficial academic analysis[a])
Non-tornadic – 78 mph (126 km/h) near Rotan, Texas on April 27
Largest hail3.0 in (7.6 cm) – multiple locations on April 26–27
Overall effects
Fatalities5+
Injuries157+ (+1 non-tornadic)
Missing1
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedMidwestern, Southern United States
Part of the Tornadoes of 2024

From April 25–28, 2024, two separate large and destructive tornado outbreaks occurred back-to-back across portions of the Midwestern and Southern United States, as multiple tornadoes were reported across several states.[2] The first of the tornado outbreaks is also known as the Arbor Day tornado outbreak.[3] On April 26, a tornado in Lancaster County, Nebraska, injured three people,[4] while a tornado occurred across northeastern Lincoln, Nebraska.[5] At least five fatalities were attributed to the tornadoes, with more than 155 people injured.[6][7][8][9][10] At least twenty eight tornadoes were confirmed, with ten in Iowa and one each in Nebraska and Texas.[11] Significant damage was also reported in Blair, Nebraska, and Elkhorn, Nebraska, with a tornado that prompted two tornado emergencies.[12][13] Another long-tracked tornado in Iowa that impacted Shelby County, Iowa, prompted two tornado emergencies as well.[14][15] On April 27, several tornadoes occurred in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Overnight, a significant tornado hit Holdenville, Oklahoma, causing at least two fatalities and four injuries.[16][17] A tornado impacted Sulphur, Oklahoma, as well, causing at least 30 injuries.[18][19]

Meteorological synopsis

A National Weather Service Doppler Radar that has supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26, 2024.
Supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26

On April 20, 2024, the National Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first delineated a severe weather risk for April 25–26, highlighting a zone extending from the Central Great Plains northeastward to the Midwestern U.S. The forecast was predicated on the development of thunderstorms downwind of an upper-tropospheric trough, where weather forecast models were depicting the advection of a moist airmass.[20] The forecast was maintained through the next two days. The risk area was expanded into northeastern Texas on April 22 and later extended to include the possibility of severe weather on April 27.[21][22]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

April 25

On the morning of April 25, the SPC predicted an enhanced risk of severe weather for parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, highlighting the risk of tornadoes and large hail in connection with storms developing along a dry line between the Texas Panhandle and northwestern Kansas.[23] This risk was later narrowed to two focal areas: one in northwestern Kansas associated with supercells during the afternoon and evening, and a second near the Red River, associated with an forecast cluster of storms during the overnight hours.[24] During the afternoon, numerous thunderstorms developed near the dry line in eastern Colorado and near a low-pressure area in northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and northwestern Kansas.[25] These storms weakened during the evening upon moving northeastward into areas with less atmospheric instability,[26] with the threat for tornadoes diminishing overnight.[27] The SPC received six tornado reports from April 25 from states affected by these storms. Another cluster of thunderstorms developed in the Permian Basin of Texas in the early overnight hours,[28] becoming and maintaining severe characteristics as they tracked northeast into the Red River Valley.[29] This cluster eventually organized into a quasi-linear convective system over southern Oklahoma, potentially producing at least one tornado.[30][31] The SPC received 3 reports of tornadoes from Oklahoma during the early morning hours of April 26.[32]

April 26–27

Evolution of the Minden–Harlan tornado

On April 24, a widespread slight risk (level 2) area was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for April 26.[33] With an enhanced risk of severe weather in place, the Storm Prediction issued a tornado watch for eastern Oklahoma on the morning of April 26.[34] Several hours later, on the afternoon of April 26, another tornado watch was implemented for northeastern Nebraska, which included the possibility for "a couple of intense tornadoes."[35] At 3:41 p.m. CDT, a tornado emergency was issued for West Elkhorn as a large and destructive tornado moved through the area.[12] Some homes were completely leveled and many more structures suffered significant damage.[36] Another storm produced a large tornado near Harlan, Iowa, causing widespread destruction. The Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radar truck measured 1-second wind speeds of approximately 224 mph (360 km/h) at a height of ~282 yards (258 m) with the Harlan storm.[37][38]

In the morning hours of April 27, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk (level 4) for central Oklahoma, north-central Texas, extreme southwestern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas. The moderate risk included a significant 15% tornado risk, a significant 30% wind risk, and a significant 45% hail risk.[39] Multiple supercells formed that afternoon in northern Texas, western Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and northwestern Missouri. A 'particularly dangerous situation' (PDS) tornado watch was issued for western Oklahoma and northern Texas, warning of elevated probabilities for numerous tornadoes, some of which could be intense.[40]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

As the day went on, multiple tornadoes touched down, including a large tornado that passed near the town of Knox City, and another near Burkburnett, both in Texas. Numerous PDS tornado warnings were issued for large tornadoes near Cedar Vale, Kansas, as well as Newkirk, Oklahoma. As the day went on, supercells in the center of the main risk area waned, and a more linear mode developed.[41] The 00:00 UTC upper-air sounding from Norman, Oklahoma, depicted very strong shear, with storm-relative helicity in the 0–3 kilometer layer of 400 m2/s2 and mixed-layer CAPE of around 2300 J/kg.[42] As the lower-level jet further increased 0-1km SRH was observed at 600 m2/s2 which is unusually intense.[43] Over the course of the successive hours, new tornadic supercells developed ahead of the main squall line and produced multiple large and intense tornadoes in southern and eastern Oklahoma. These tornadoes caused significant damage and prompted PDS tornado warnings for the towns of Ardmore, Holdenville, Marietta, Okemah and Sulphur.[44] A total of 23 PDS tornado warnings were issued as the intense storms caused damage.[45]

Confirmed tornadoes

See also: List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of April 25–28, 2024
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
8 28 42 15 8 1 0 102+

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa
The EF3 tornado to the north of Elkhorn, Nebraska as seen on a NEXRAD radar velocity scan
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 3:30 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 4:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration59 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties0 fatalities, 0 injuries

A high-end EF3 tornado was confirmed in the northwestern Omaha Metro, which prompted a tornado emergency for the area.[46]

The tornado touched down at south of West Q Road near the Platte River and traveled northeastward, damaging trees and farmstead outbuildings.[47][48] As the tornado crossed the intersection of Grover Street and South 252nd Street, it strengthened to mid-EF2 strength, where it ripped the roof off a home.[47] The tornado maintained EF2 strength as it crossed N-92, near the intersection of US 275, where it damaged numerous homes and hit an acreage.[48] In the acreage, multiple center pivots were overturned.[48] A grain silo was also sustained EF2 damage in this area.[47] Crossing US 275, the tornado struck several more acreages and damaged multiple homes and outbuildings at EF1 to EF2 intensity.[47][48] The tornado weakened as it crossed 234th Street and L-28B, where it damaged a horse farm and a home at EF1 intensity. As the tornado crossed the Elkhorn River, it caused EF0 to EF1 damage to several trees and other center pivots.[47][48]

As the tornado entered the city of Elkhorn around the intersection of 216th Street and N-64, it restrengthened to EF2 intensity as it collapsed metal light poles near the Prospect Hill Cemetery.[47][48] Several headstones in the cemetery were damaged.[48] The tornado then damaged the Heritage Nursery landscaping business before moving into the Ramblewood subdivision, where it was approximately 0.7 mi (1.1 km) in width.[47][48] As the tornado struck the subdivision, it strengthened to mid-EF3 intensity, where it damaged or destroyed numerous homes with winds up to 152 mph (245 km/h).[47][48] Twelve homes along North 215th Street and Arabian Road sustained EF3 damage and dozens of others sustained EF2 damage throughout the subdivision.[47] Continuing northeast, the tornado struck multiple homes along Fowler Street and Larimore Avenue. Two homes along Larimore Avenue were completely destroyed at mid-EF3 strength, with one home being newly built and newly anchored with nails and anchor bolts to a sill plate.[47][48] As the tornado crossed Fort Street, it damaged several new homes at EF2 intensity. At least one home along North 212th Street sustained low-end EF3 damage.[47][48] Exiting the subdivision, the tornado began crossed rural land. As it crossed N-31, it snapped power poles and was approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in width.[48]

The tornado continued northeastward, passing near Bennington, Washington, and Blair before crossing the Missouri River into Iowa. The tornado dissipated southwest of Modale.[47][48]

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa
The tornado viewed as it was moving near Minden, Iowa
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 5:25 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 6:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration64 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties2 fatalities

A very large multiple-vortex tornado damaged or destroyed homes and outbuildings and flipped cars. It prompted the issuance of two tornado emergencies. Preliminary information.[10][49][47]

Sulphur, Oklahoma

Sulphur, Oklahoma
Strong damage to downtown Sulphur after the tornado tracked directly through the town.
Meteorological history
FormedApril 27, 2024, 10:25 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 27, 2024, 10:37 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration12 minutes
EF3+ tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality

A deadly and destructive EF3+ tornado struck the community of Sulphur, Oklahoma, causing one fatality and injuring at least 30 others.[50] This was the second major tornado to strike Sulphur on April 27,[51] and this tornado dissipated near Hickory.[52] A state of emergency was issued for Sulphur,[53] and the tornado caused extreme damage to the city's downtown.[54] Preliminary information.[47][55]

Marietta–Dickson–Baum, Oklahoma

Marietta–Dickson–Baum, Oklahoma
Low-end EF4 damage sustained to a Dollar Tree Distribution Center adjacent to Marietta, Oklahoma.
Meteorological history
Formed3:30 PM
Dissipated4:29 PM
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds170 mph (270 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality

An EF4 tornado was confirmed by NWS Norman. This was the first EF4 tornado recorded in Oklahoma since May 9, 2016. One person was killed on I-35 near Marietta. Preliminary information.[47][55][56]

Non-tornadic effects

Numerous roads were forced to close as a result of flooding, including US 77, US 177, and US 266 in Oklahoma, as well as US 54, US 160, and US 400 in Kansas.[57][58][59] I-35 near the Texas border line was also briefly closed due to downed power lines and overturned vehicles.[57] There were more than 29,000 power outages across Texas, and nearly 11,000 power outages occurred across Nebraska, including nearly 10,000 across the Lincoln, Nebraska area.[5][60][8] Flooding also injured one person in Everman, Texas.[61]

Aftermath

On April 26, a disaster declaration was declared in Pottawattamie County by Iowa governor Kim Reynolds.[62] Following major damage, Eppley Airfield in Omaha, Nebraska, was briefly closed, but was re-opened after damage assessments.[63][64] A curfew was also implemented in Washington County, Nebraska, from 10pm to 6am for several days.[65]

Early in the morning of April 28, 2024, Oklahoma governor Kevin Stitt issued a state of emergency in 12 Oklahoma counties due to the large amount of damage and ongoing SAR. These include Carter, Cotton, Garfield, Hughes, Kay, Lincoln, Love, Murray, Okfuskee, Oklahoma, Payne and Pontotoc counties.[66] The town of Sulphur, Oklahoma, was heavily damaged, with shops, restaurants and other businesses completely destroyed.[67] A state of emergency was declared in Sulphur.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024.

Notes

  1. ^ A Doppler on Wheels measured this wind speed from the tornado 282 yards (258 m) above the surface.[1]

References

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  2. ^ Gilbert, Mary (April 25, 2024). "Powerful tornado tears across Nebraska, weather service warns of 'catastrophic' damage". CNN. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
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  36. ^ Fischer, Mark (2024-04-27). "Weather service confirms EF-3 tornado hit Lincoln, Waverly and Omaha". KLKN-TV. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  37. ^ "Preliminary Wind Summary Measurements and Analysis from Harlan, IA tornado on Friday (26 April 2024)" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). University of Illinois: Doppler on Wheels. 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024. Winds of ~224 mph and diameter of max winds of ~2966 ft. Observations were taken as part of the @NSF -sponsored #BEST project led by @karen_kosiba and @JoshuaWurman
  38. ^ Kosiba, Karen (28 April 2024). "@DOWFacility research RE many peoples' questions:" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). @karen_kosiba. Retrieved 29 April 2024. These data: Height ~258 m ARL (see 2) Gate 12m/beam 122m, gusts ~1sec
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  40. ^ "Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) Tornado Watch 146". www.spc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
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  45. ^ akrherz@iastate.edu, daryl herzmann. "IEM :: Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Warnings Listing". mesonet.agron.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  46. ^ "IEM valid time code event". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved April 28, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Various National Weather Service offices (2024). "Damage Assessment Toolkit" (Interactive map and database). DAT. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m National Weather Service (29 April 2024). "NWS Damage Survey for the Arbor Day Tornado Outbreak of April 26, 2024 - Initial Assessment" (Public Information Statement). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Omaha, Nebraska: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  49. ^ "Today's Storm Reports". Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
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  52. ^ "Daylight Reveals Devastation in Sulphur, Oklahoma - Videos from The Weather Channel". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  53. ^ Kliewer, Addison (2024-04-28). "Gov. Stitt issues state of emergency for 12 Oklahoma counties after deadly tornado outbreak". KOCO. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  54. ^ Speck, Emilee (2024-04-28). "Drone video shows Sulphur, Oklahoma, nearly unrecognizable after direct hit from tornado". FOX Weather. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  55. ^ a b "...NWS Damage Survey for 4/27/24 and 4/28/24 Tornado Event..." (Public Information Statement). Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service Norman OK. April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  56. ^ Barker, Aaron (April 29, 2024). "Killer EF-4 tornado in Oklahoma is state's first since 2016". FOX Weather. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  57. ^ a b "Injuries reported, widespread damage in Southern Oklahoma tornado outbreak". KXII. April 28, 2024. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  58. ^ Nixon, Kara (2024-04-29). "Severe storms cause flooding, road closures in SE KS". https://www.kwch.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  59. ^ "4 dead, 100 injured after tornado outbreak, severe weather across Oklahoma". KOKI-TV. April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  60. ^ Wesner Childs, Jan (April 26, 2024). "Violent Tornadoes Hit Nebraska, Iowa". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  61. ^ Jefferson, Scoop (April 28, 2024). "Families attempting to 'dry out' after flood waters damage cars, homes in Everman". WFAA. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  62. ^ Stavas, Nick (April 26, 2024). "Small Iowa town flattened by tornado, Gov. Reynolds proclaims disaster". WOWT. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
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  65. ^ Fili, Sarah (April 27, 2024). "'I've never seen anything like this': Woman rescued from rubble as tornado hits Blair". KETV. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
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  67. ^ Speck, Emilee (2024-04-28). "Drone video shows Sulphur, Oklahoma, nearly unrecognizable after direct hit from tornado". FOX Weather. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
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