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== Social Effects and Impact ==
== Social Effects and Impact ==
Across numerous cultures, shadoofs have symbolized collective effort. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, for instance, the multi-tiered shadoof systems allowed the movement of water to higher levels through teamwork.<ref name=":0" /> Together with other [[Irrigation|irrigation technologies]] such as the [[Zhuji|Zhuji shadoof irrigation system]], shadoofs not only helped establish reliable methods of [[agriculture]] for growing [[Civilization|civilizations]] but also influenced cultural elements that intrinsically tied their daily life to the device.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tan |first=Xuming |title=Sustainability of Chinese civilization and historical irrigation projects |date=2023-03-01 |work=Water Projects and Technologies in Asia |pages=33–50 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222736-4 |access-date=2024-02-27 |place=London |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-22273-6}}</ref>
Across numerous cultures, shadoofs have symbolized collective effort. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, for instance, the multi-tiered shadoof systems allowed the movement of water to higher levels through teamwork.<ref name=":0" /> Together with other [[Irrigation|irrigation technologies]] such as the [[Zhuji|Zhuji shadoof irrigation system]], shadoofs not only helped establish reliable methods of [[agriculture]] for growing [[Civilization|civilizations]] but also influenced cultural elements that intrinsically tied their daily life to the device.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tan |first=Xuming |title=Sustainability of Chinese civilization and historical irrigation projects |date=2023-03-01 |work=Water Projects and Technologies in Asia |pages=33–50 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222736-4 |access-date=2024-02-27 |place=London |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-22273-6}}</ref>
[[File:Sõru-OlariPilnik-1.jpg|thumb||left|Shadoof in Ukraine.]]
[[File:Sõru-OlariPilnik-1.jpg|thumb|left|Shadoof in modern day Estonia.]]
For its time, shadoofs were highly efficient and remained essential for those with limited resources to support their livelihoods on large-scale farms around the Nile which contributed to the overall sustenance of Egypt. During the Egyptian Middle Empire and the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], pleasure gardens featuring shadoof irrigation became a hallmark of luxury residences and a status symbol that allowed for the prospering of fruits and vegetables.<ref name=":4" /> With the development of this irrigation system, it also helped control flooding in the Nile.
For its time, shadoofs were highly efficient and remained essential for those with limited resources to support their livelihoods on large-scale farms around the Nile which contributed to the overall sustenance of Egypt. During the Egyptian Middle Empire and the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], pleasure gardens featuring shadoof irrigation became a hallmark of luxury residences and a status symbol that allowed for the prospering of fruits and vegetables.<ref name=":4" /> With the development of this irrigation system, it also helped control flooding in the Nile.



[[File:MalyeKorely Shadoof MezenskySector 008 9700.jpg|thumb||left|Modern day shadoof in Russia.]]
Outside of ancient Egypt, the geographic spread of the shadoof is far reaching. In regions where irrigation is imperative, such as [[India]], and parts of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], they have played a crucial role in enabling agriculture to thrive in water-scarce areas. In places such as [[ancient Greece]] and [[Rome]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of Iran|Ancient Persia]], early [[Dynasties of China|Chinese dynasties]], shadoofs have gone hand in hand with cultural and technological evolution that have improved daily living conditions, involving food security, advancement of machinery and better sustainability.<ref name=":0" />
Outside of ancient Egypt, the geographic spread of the shadoof is far reaching. In regions where irrigation is imperative, such as [[India]], and parts of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], they have played a crucial role in enabling agriculture to thrive in water-scarce areas. In places such as [[ancient Greece]] and [[Rome]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of Iran|Ancient Persia]], early [[Dynasties of China|Chinese dynasties]], shadoofs have gone hand in hand with cultural and technological evolution that have improved daily living conditions, involving food security, advancement of machinery and better sustainability.<ref name=":0" />


Revision as of 22:47, 13 March 2024

Known by its Egyptian name[1], a shadoof or shaduf is an irrigation tool that is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin.[2]

Shadoof in Egypt, 1904

Comprised of a long counterbalanced pole on a pivot with a bucket attached to the end of it, the shadoof is similar to a seesaw. This device would have one side weighted down in order for the bucket to rest on the opposing side, being able to move freely. Usually put near some type of waterway or stream, the shadoof would hold a bucket and once it was filled, it would lift the bucket where it needed to be poured.[3]

The development of the shadoof impacted future irrigation systems and water technologies that improved Egyptian culture and life as well as other civilizations.[4] To this day, the impact of the shadoof has left a significant mark on technological solutions to irrigation and water transportation that has continued to be seen in modern day cultures.[1]

History

Being so widely spread around ancient civilizations, the shadoof's origin is highly contested because of its distribution across cultures. Created as early as 3000 BCE, it was the first crane that ancient Mesopotamians used in the Nile Valley.[3] Due to this, it is said that the device's creation was created in Mesopotamia during the reign of Sargon of Akkad (around 24th and 23rd centuries BCE). This is argued because the earliest evidence of the shadoof was depicted on an Akkadian cylindrical seal from Mesopotamia around 2200 BCE.[5]

An Egyptian man using a Shaduf.  From the Tomb of Ipuy at Deir el Medina, Egypt, 13th century BC.
Ancient Eyptian shadoof on the Nile River

Varying culture to culture, many ancient civilizations would use their own version of this wooden device.[1] Some historians believe the Egyptians were the original inventors of the shadoof. The theory states that it originated along the Nile, using tomb drawings illustrating shadoofs at the Tomb of Apy in Thebes dating from 1250 BCE as evidence.[6] Eventually spreading to Egypt circa 1570 BCE, during the time of the 18th Dynasty [7], there is also hieroglyphic evidence in Egyptian tombs that revealed people using shadoofs in daily living.[8]

Other alternative origins place the shadoof in other cultural backgrounds. It is believed that the Minoans adopted this technology; evidence suggests the use of shadoofs as early as around 2100-1600 BCE. Around the same time, the shadoof reached China.[9] An alternative origin theory states that shadoof originated from India around the same time as in Mesopotamia. This theory owes to the fact that the shadoof was well spread in India; however, there is little to no other evidence that makes this theory any stronger.[1]

The origin and continuing evolution of the shadoof across time remains to be a convoluted one. With evidence spanning over thousands of years, the shadoof would be used as one of the most ancient, traditional and practical systems of water irrigation. The shadoof would be seen in various forms over civilizations including, Ancient Persia (1200-200 BC), the Shang Dynasty in Ancient China, the Classical and Hellenistic periods of Greece (480-67 BC), the late Chinese dynasties, the Byzantine Period and Venetian Rule (ca. 330–1600 AD), and pre-Columbian America. Since then, new inventions would eventually replace the shadoof, as newer, innovative technologies would come to fruition.[10] "left" To this modern day, the shadoof is still used and seen in many areas 5000 years later, especially in Egypt.[11] It is also seen in some parts of Africa and Asia and is very common in rural areas of India[12][13] and Pakistan. They are also seen throughout Eastern Europe in countries like Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states.[14]

To this modern day, the shadoof is still used and seen in many areas 5000 years later, especially in Egypt.[11] It is also seen in some parts of Africa and Asia and is very common in rural areas of India[15][16] and Pakistan. They are also seen throughout Eastern Europe in countries like Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states.[17]

Names across Cultures

  • Shadoof or shaduf comes from the Arabic word شادوف, šādūf.[1]
  • It is also called a lift, well pole, well sweep, or simply a sweep in the US. A less common English translation is swape.
  • Picotah (or picota) is a Portuguese loan word.[1]
  • It is also called a jiégāo (桔槹) in Chinese.[1]
  • The Tamil name is thulla (துலா), while the Telugu name is ethaamu (ఏతాము) or ethamu (ఏతము).[citation needed]
  • It was also known by the Ancient Greek name kēlōn (κήλων) or kēlōneion (κηλώνειον); this term (קילון) is also borrowed in Mishnaic Hebrew.[1]
  • In Ukrainian, it is called krynychnyi zhuravel (криничний журавель, "well crane") for its shape; it is also known as zvid (звід).[citation needed]
  • In Hungarian, is known as gémeskút (literally, "heron wells"). [citation needed]

Design and Function

Egyptian shadoof being used right above the Nile River.

The shadoof is easy to construct and is highly efficient in use, due to its practicality. Making it easier for the irrigation of crops for farmers and slaves in Ancient Egypt, the contraption would be placed near river banks, wells, rivers, cisterns or canals to move water into fields.[18][1] Consisting of an upright frame which is suspended with a long pole or branch attached with a bag and rope on one side, with a counterbalance on the short end side, this device has a seesaw-like build.[11]

While the shadoof has its usual components that makes it what it is, its style can vary from region to region. The main stick that holds the contraption together can either have a single pole or two; and the bucket can also vary in style by its base. At the long end of this pole hangs a bucket, skin bag, or bitumen-coated reed basket.[19] The bucket itself can also be placed in various ways such as being tied to a rope or being tacked on to the thinner stick. The weight that is placed on the short end of the shadoof can be made of anything from clay, mud, stone, as well as other materials that can be used as a balance.[20]

Using the actual shadoof comprises of a swift, lifting motion that can move and fill water into the attached bucket to spread it wherever it needs to be. Doing this, an operator would pull down on the rope that is attached to the long end, which then places the bucket into the water to fill the container, while the counterweight eventually raises the said vessel.[1] Once this process is finished, the water is pushed into its respective irrigation ditches as its emptied from the bucket. It was generally used in a crop irrigation system using basins, dikes, ditches, walls, canals, and similar waterways.[21][20] This process would massively assist Egyptian farmers during dry summers because it would open up more irrigation and water access.[22]

The function of the shadoof was advanced for its time, however it had its limits. A typical water lifting rate of the shadoof was said to be about 2.5 m3/d and 1 to 6 m (3-20 ft), and it could irrigate 0.1 ha of land in 12 h.[1][23] Being dependent on solely human power, the shadoof would age out of its utility. It would be eventually replaced by other various water technologies such as the water wheel, water pumps, and other progressive instruments throughout civilizations.[1]

Social Effects and Impact

Across numerous cultures, shadoofs have symbolized collective effort. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, for instance, the multi-tiered shadoof systems allowed the movement of water to higher levels through teamwork.[1] Together with other irrigation technologies such as the Zhuji shadoof irrigation system, shadoofs not only helped establish reliable methods of agriculture for growing civilizations but also influenced cultural elements that intrinsically tied their daily life to the device.[24]

Shadoof in modern day Estonia.

For its time, shadoofs were highly efficient and remained essential for those with limited resources to support their livelihoods on large-scale farms around the Nile which contributed to the overall sustenance of Egypt. During the Egyptian Middle Empire and the New Kingdom, pleasure gardens featuring shadoof irrigation became a hallmark of luxury residences and a status symbol that allowed for the prospering of fruits and vegetables.[4] With the development of this irrigation system, it also helped control flooding in the Nile.


Modern day shadoof in Russia.

Outside of ancient Egypt, the geographic spread of the shadoof is far reaching. In regions where irrigation is imperative, such as India, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa, they have played a crucial role in enabling agriculture to thrive in water-scarce areas. In places such as ancient Greece and Rome, Mesopotamia, Ancient Persia, early Chinese dynasties, shadoofs have gone hand in hand with cultural and technological evolution that have improved daily living conditions, involving food security, advancement of machinery and better sustainability.[1]

With these cultural developments, this would lead to further innovative mechanisms that progressed multiple societies that led to the lessened use of the shadoof because of its double-edged simplicity. While easing the physical demands of water retrieval, the shadoof requires manual labor, posing a barrier for individuals with certain physical disabilities. It also could only move the bucket so far inland to a certain degree because of the beam's height, as well as only being able to lift a certain amount of water.[25]

Due to these impediments, the inventions of the water wheel, water pump, noria, hydraulic screws, vacuum pumps, piston pumps, steam and engine technologies, from various cultures would be brought to the forefront from Ancient Persia, Ancient China, Ancient Greece and Rome that would evolve into modern society that stemmed from the creation of the shadoof.[11]

Though it would slowly disappear over the ages (but is still seen in some places around the world), a shadoof's influence continued the creation of further irrigation developments that advanced water technologies.[1]

Shadoofs seen throughout the World

  • Shadoof in Egypt
    Shadoof in Egypt
  • Shadoof in Pyrohiv Museum, Ukraine
    Shadoof in Pyrohiv Museum, Ukraine
  • Shadoof in Belarus
    Shadoof in Belarus
  • Shadoof in Turkey
    Shadoof in Turkey
  • Shadoof in Germany
    Shadoof in Germany

In Heraldry

The use of shadoofs in certain areas influenced heraldry.[26] Below are some examples of heraldic elements of various subdivisions.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Yannopoulos, Stavros I.; Lyberatos, Gerasimos; Theodossiou, Nicolaos; Li, Wang; Valipour, Mohammad; Tamburrino, Aldo; Angelakis, Andreas N. (2015-09). "Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide". Water. 7 (9): 5031–5060. doi:10.3390/w7095031. ISSN 2073-4441. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ T. H. Mirti; W. W. Wallender; W. J. Chancellor; M. E. Grismer (1999). "PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHADUF: A MANUAL WATER-LIFTING DEVICE". Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 15 (3): 225–231. doi:10.13031/2013.5769. ISSN 1943-7838.
  3. ^ a b From the Shadoof to the Dominant Drive, an Outline of the History of Power Transmission, Compiled by the Engineering Research Committee of the Multiple V-Belt Drive Association. Illinois: Multiple V-belt drive association. 1944. pp. 7–8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  4. ^ a b "Human Nature, Technology & the Environment". fubini.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  5. ^ nadeemrezavi (2018-04-30). "The Early Waterlifting Devices: Dhenkli or Shaduf and the Araghatta (Noria)". ASHA: Blast From The Past. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  6. ^ T. H. Mirti; W. W. Wallender; W. J. Chancellor; M. E. Grismer (1999). "PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHADUF: A MANUAL WATER-LIFTING DEVICE". Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 15 (3): 225–231. doi:10.13031/2013.5769. ISSN 1943-7838.
  7. ^ Hordon, Robert M. (2011). "Ancient Water Systems and Hydraulic Devices". Water Resources IMPACT. 13 (6): 3–5. ISSN 1522-3175.
  8. ^ James (2013-12-19). "Shaduf: Facts and Information". Primary Facts. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  9. ^ LI , TAN ,WAN, ZHOU, ZHOU, Yunpeng, Xuming, Jinhong, Changhai, Changrong (2016). "STUDY ON ZHUJI SHADOOF IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND HERITAGE VALUES" (PDF). {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 45 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Ancient Egyptian Shadoof,Shaduf Water Irrigation Tool – Facts About Ancient Egyptians". ancientegyptianfacts.com. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  11. ^ a b c d "Early Water Handling". www.conceptsnrec.com. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  12. ^ "800-year-old traditional Tamil shadoof found near Trichy". The Times of India. 2018-08-19. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  13. ^ nadeemrezavi (2018-04-30). "The Early Waterlifting Devices: Dhenkli or Shaduf and the Araghatta (Noria)". ASHA: Blast From The Past. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  14. ^ "Prints of Traditional water well (well sweep or shadoof) in the hungarian lowland plains also". Media Storehouse Photo Prints. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  15. ^ "800-year-old traditional Tamil shadoof found near Trichy". The Times of India. 2018-08-19. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  16. ^ nadeemrezavi (2018-04-30). "The Early Waterlifting Devices: Dhenkli or Shaduf and the Araghatta (Noria)". ASHA: Blast From The Past. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  17. ^ "Prints of Traditional water well (well sweep or shadoof) in the hungarian lowland plains also". Media Storehouse Photo Prints. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  18. ^ Grit, Abigail (2022-11-01). "Shaduf is an ancient African invention that aided Crop Irrigation - Gajreport". Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  19. ^ "Water Delivery Systems - Ancient to Modern". My Luxor by Bernard M. Adams. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  20. ^ a b "Ancient Egypt Water Engineering". Ancient Engineering Technologies. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  21. ^ "Lane, Sir Allen (Lane Williams), (21 Sept. 1902–7 July 1970), Hon. Fellow: Royal College of Art; Royal Institute of British Architects; Chairman, Penguin Publishing Co.; Chairman, Allen Lane The Penguin Press; Director: Penguin Books Inc. (America); Penguin Books Australia Ltd; City of London Board, Royal Insurance Co. Ltd", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-02-20
  22. ^ "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". waterhistory.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  23. ^ Wallender, Mirti, Grisler, Chancellor, T.H, W.W, W,J, Mark (1999). "Performance characteristics of the shaduf: a manual water-lifting device". Retrieved February 26 2024. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Tan, Xuming (2023-03-01), "Sustainability of Chinese civilization and historical irrigation projects", Water Projects and Technologies in Asia, London: CRC Press, pp. 33–50, ISBN 978-1-003-22273-6, retrieved 2024-02-27
  25. ^ De Feo, G.; Mays, L.W.; Angelakis, A.N. (2011), "Water and Wastewater Management Technologies in the Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations", Treatise on Water Science, Elsevier, pp. 3–22, retrieved 2024-02-27
  26. ^ Crabben, Jan van der. "Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
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