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Żywiec

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For the brewery, see Żywiec Brewery.
Żywiec
Top left: Market square with cathedral bell tower Top right: Holy Cross Church Middle left: Beskid Wyzsza University Middle right: Zamkowy Park Bottom left: Saint Mark Church Bottom middle: Monument of Pope John Paul II Bottom right: Habsburg Palace
Top left: Market square with cathedral bell tower
Top right: Holy Cross Church
Middle left: Beskid Wyzsza University
Middle right: Zamkowy Park
Bottom left: Saint Mark Church
Bottom middle: Monument of Pope John Paul II
Bottom right: Habsburg Palace
Coat of arms of Żywiec
Coat of arms
Country Poland
VoivodeshipSilesian
CountyŻywiec County
GminaŻywiec (urban gmina)
Government
 • MayorAntoni Paweł Szlagor
Area
 • Total
50.57 km2 (19.53 sq mi)
Highest elevation
400 m (1,300 ft)
Lowest elevation
344 m (1,129 ft)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total
32,078
 • Density630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
34-300 to 34-330
Car platesSZY
Websitewww.zywiec.pl

Żywiec /ˈʒɪvjɛts/ (Polish pronunciation: [ˈʐɨvjɛt͡s]) is a town in south-central Poland with 32,242 inhabitants (as of November 2007). Between 1975 and 1998, it was located within the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship, but has since become part of the Silesian Voivodeship.

The town is situated in the center of the Żywiec Basin, on the Soła river near Żywiec Lake in the Lesser Poland historic region and includes Żywiec Landscape Park, one of the eight protected areas in the voivodedship.

History

Żywiec Castle

Żywiec was first mentioned in a written document in 1308 as a seat of a Catholic parish. It was originally located in the place later known as Stary Żywiec (lit. "Old Żywiec"). It belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, and after 1315 to the Duchy of Oświęcim, which in 1327 became a fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The town was a focal point for the development of hitherto sparsely populated Żywiec Basin. The area of Stary Żywiec was prone to flooding so the town was moved to the current spot in 1448. In 1457 the Duchy of Oświęcim was purchased to the Polish Crown. In 1624 it was acquired by Constance of Austria, queen consort of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa. During the Deluge, Żywiec was plundered and destroyed by Swedish troops in 1656. From 1672 it was a possession the Polish chancellor (Kanclerz) Jan Wielopolski.

The Old Castle was built in the mid-14th century. The castle has undergone several restorations and boasts a number of styles of architecture and decoration, including Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Żywiec's Old Castle is encompassed by a 260,000 square metre landscape park, which was established initially in the 17th century.[1]

The Church of the Holy Cross was built towards the end of the 14th century, and expanded twice, once in 1679 and again in 1690. In the 18th century, a Baroque church was later constructed on the site and still stands today. A second noteworthy church, the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary's Birth, was constructed and expanded during the first half of the 15th century, before being renovated in Baroque fashion after a fire in 1711.[1]

Upon the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Żywiec became part of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia. In 1810 it was purchased by Prince Albert of Saxony, son of King Augustus III of Poland and again ruled with the neighbouring Silesian Duchy of Teschen. When he died in 1822, his estates fell to Archduke Charles from the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The town also houses the Żywiec Brewery, established by Charles' son Archduke Albert in 1852, and purchased by Heineken International in the 1990s. A museum was founded at the site in 2006.[2]

Second World War

Action Saybusch. Expelled Poles await transport at a railway crossing

Following the 1939 Invasion of Poland, Żywiec was occupied by Nazi Germany. The last Habsburg owner Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria refused to sign the German Volksliste, whereafter he was ousted and arrested.

Between September and December 1940, the Nazi authorities deported 17,413–20,000 Polish inhabitants from around Żywiec county in the so-called Action Saybusch conducted by Wehrmacht and Gestapo.[3] The expelled Poles were taken to the General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo), a different region within Poland under German military occupation. The incident formed part of the Nazis' efforts, led by Reich Minister Dr. Alfred Rosenberg and his deputy Dr. Alfred Meyer, to develop the Occupied Eastern Territories for settlement by German migrants.[4]

Habsburg Palace

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Żywiec

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Żywiec is twinned with:[5]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Żywiec". Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  2. ^ "Heineken International". Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  3. ^ Mirosław Sikora (20 September 2011). "Saybusch Aktion - jak Hitler budował raj dla swoich chłopów". OBEP Institute of National Remembrance, Katowice (in Polish). Redakcja Fronda.pl. Retrieved May 5, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Etlin, R. A., John. Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Internetowy Serwis Miejski". zywiec.pl. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  6. ^ "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  7. ^ (encompassing Shoreham-by-Sea, Lancing, Sompting, and Southwick)

Żywiec travel guide from Wikivoyage

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