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1976 Tangshan earthquake

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Tangshan Earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude7.5Mw
Epicenter39°36′N 118°12′E / 39.60°N 118.20°E / 39.60; 118.20 （Tangshan, Hebei, China）
Areas affectedPeople's Republic of China
Casualties242,419 to 779,000 dead (2nd deadliest earthquake of all time)

The Tangshan Earthquake also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake,[1] was a natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll.[2] The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655,000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240,000 to 255,000.[2][3] A further 164,000 people were recorded as being severely injured.[4] The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.[5]

The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03:42:53.8 local time (1976 July 27 19:42:53.8 UTC), and lasted 23 seconds.[6] Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale,[4] though some sources listed it as high as 8.2. It was followed by a major 7.1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255,000. The cause was when the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city, ruptured due to tectonic forces caused from the Okhotsk Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.

Early warnings and predictions

Well water in a village outside of Tangshan reportedly rose and fell three times the day before the earthquake. Gas began to spout out of a well in another village on July 12 and then increased on July 25 and July 26. Also, dragonflies flew away all around the city, usually a traditional Chinese sign that signaled a large thunderstorm or rainfall.[citation needed] City dwellers from the "downtown" area who had fish discovered that the fish were restless, jumping out of the aquarium as if wanting to escape. Because animals do not insulate themselves from the ground with shoes like humans do, they are more sensitive to movements of the earth than people. It is believed that animals probably felt that the earthquake would come soon.[7]

More than half a month before the earthquake struck, Wang Chengmin (汪成民) of the State Seismological Bureau (SSB) Analysis and Prediction Department had already concluded that the Tangshan region would be struck by a significant earthquake between July 22, 1976 and August 5, 1976.[1] Abnormal signals were mentioned for Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Bohai and Zhangjiakou regions. Wang made an effort to publicize the information to 60 people. One of the people listening in Qinglong was official Wang Chunqing (王春青).[1]

The prepared: Qinglong County

After voicing the concerns to Wang Chunqing (王春青), his county took the report very seriously. Already some sources showed that the county had been preparing as much as two years earlier.[8] Up to 800 members of his county tried to respond.[1] On July 25 and 26, 1976 each community of Qinglong county had emergency meetings to prepare and instruct villagers. Buildings were examined and water reservoirs were given special attention. The county secretary in charge, Ran Guangqi (冉广岐) decided to risk his political career and certain jail term to prepare the 470,000 residents of the county for the upcoming earthquake by ordering officials to educate the people as well as evacuate the local population to safer areas.[1]

Damage

Buildings were flattened into rubble when the earthquake hit.

The high loss of life caused by the earthquake can be attributed to the time it struck and how suddenly it struck, as well as to the quality and nature of building construction in China. The earthquake lacked the foreshocks that sometimes come with earthquakes of this magnitude. It also struck at just before 4 AM, leaving many people asleep and unprepared.

Tangshan itself was thought to be in a region with a relatively low risk of earthquakes. Very few buildings had been built to withstand an earthquake, and the city lies on unstable alluvial soil. Therefore, hundreds of thousands of buildings were destroyed.

The earthquake devastated the city over an area of roughly 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) by 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). Many of the people who survived the initial earthquake were trapped under collapsed buildings. Tremors were felt as far away as Xi'an approximately 760 km(470 mi) away. Eighty-five percent of the buildings in the city were collapsed into ruins or became uninhabitable.[6]

The seismic waves spread far, with damage in cities such as Qinhuangdao and Tianjin, and a few buildings as far away as Beijing, 140 km from the epicenter, were damaged. The economic loss totaled to 10 billion yuan.[4]

Death toll

Controversial statistics

Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242,000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million[9] and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.

Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242,419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988,[2] while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650,000.[10] Others range as high as 700,000.[11] The initial estimates of 655,000 dead and 779,000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.[12]

Aftermath

A Tangshan earthquake memorial in Tianjin

The Chinese government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations, and insisted on self reliance.[12] Shanghai sent 56 medical teams to Tangshan, in addition to the People's Liberation Army who were assisting while also trying to fix their tarnished image of Red guards destructions earlier.[12] Rebuilding infrastructure started immediately in Tangshan, and the city was completely rebuilt. Today Tangshan city is home to nearly three million people and is known as "Brave City of China."

Political aftermath

The earthquake came as an event in one of the most dramatic years in the history of the People's Republic of China. The earthquake was preceded by the death of Zhou Enlai in earlier months, followed by the deaths of Zhu De and Mao Zedong; just a year before the disaster, the Gang of Four seemed unstoppable in 1975.[13]

The political repercussions of the disaster and its aftermath contributed to the end of the Cultural Revolution in China.[14] The Gang of Four accused Deng Xiaoping of sabotaging relief efforts as part of its "Criticize Rightist Deviationism" campaign. Mao's chosen successor Hua Guofeng showed concern, thereby solidifying his status as China's paramount leader. He, with Chen Yonggui, made a personal visit to Tangshan on August 4 to survey the damage. This visit earned him considerable prestige and two months later, he staged what amounted to a coup by arresting the Gang of Four.

Generally, authorities who were unfavourable of Deng Xiaoping reminded residents in Tangshan and the rest of China that the struggle against Deng should not be hindered by a natural disaster. The Gang of Four filled the press about their concern for the victims, but explicitly said that the nation should not be diverted by the earthquake, and that the priority was to denounce Deng Xiaoping instead.[15] Many of the first hand accounts of the quotes came from the autobiography of Wild Swans.

Jiang Qing said:

There were merely several hundred thousand deaths. So what? Denouncing Deng Xiaoping concerns 800 million people.[15]


Other Gang of Four slogans said:

Be alert to Deng Xiaoping's criminal attempt to exploit earthquake phobia to suppress revolution![15]

Other rally slogans read:

Solemnly condemn the capitalist-roaders who use the fear of an earthquake to sabotage the denunciation of Deng.[15]

Comparison

Within China's geography, the deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China. The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake is estimated to have killed 830,000 people in China, although reliable figures from this period are hard to verify.[16] Another earthquake is the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in Gansu Province, which killed an estimated 235,000. In 1927 another earthquake struck in the same area, this time at Xining; measuring 8.6 on the Richter scale it also resulted in 200,000 deaths. Other earthquakes that have caused an extreme loss of life in the same decade include the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which killed 143,000 in Tokyo in 1923.

The 2008 Sichuan earthquake had the same measurement on the Richter scale at 8.0 in magnitude. It, however, occurred in a mountainous region where relief efforts were noticeably hampered by the geographical makeup of the land nearby. The Sichuan earthquake also had a much quicker and more organized response system than Tangshan, as the political, social and technological environment was different. The Chinese government allowed international aid and open media access to the disaster area.

Cultural references

Personal accounts of the earthquake are related by two characters in Xinran's debut novel The Good Women of China (2002) and is addressed in Liu Zongren's book about the Cultural Revolution from a Beijing citizen's perspective called 6 Tanyin Alley. Chinese director Feng Xiaogang's 2010 film Aftershock gives a dramatic account about this tragic earthquake.

The 2011 Malaysian Television Series, Tribulations of Life wrote in into its plot for one of its episodes, to reinforce the setting of it during the 70s and used as a storyline where villagers show their charitable side.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Zschau, Jochen. Küppers, Andreas N. [2003] (2003). Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction. ISBN 3540679626
  2. ^ a b c Spignesi, Stephen J. [2005] (2005). Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time. ISBN 0806525584
  3. ^ "Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2008: North America and Asia suffer heavy losses" (PDF). Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. 21 January 2009. p. 38. Retrieved 18 January 2010. [dead link‍]
  4. ^ a b c Stoltman, Joseph P. Lidstone, John. Dechano, M. Lisa. [2004] (2004). International Perspectives On Natural Disasters. Springer publishing. ISBN 1402028504
  5. ^ http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs4/Pelling-Disasters-1.pdf
  6. ^ a b Roza, Greg. [2007] (2007). Earthquake: True Stories of Survival. The Rosen Publishing. ISBN 1404209972
  7. ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Tangshan: The Deadliest Earthquake". About.com. Accessed 2009-09-30. Archived 2009-10-02.
  8. ^ "State Council Document No. 69". Archived from the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2011-03-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ News.bbc.co.uk on this day 4132109
  10. ^ Pickering, Kevin T. Owen, Lewis A. [1997] (1997). An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. Routledge. ISBN 0415140994.
  11. ^ Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1568063717
  12. ^ a b c Spence, Jonathan. [1991] (1991). The Search for Modern China. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393307808
  13. ^ Lu, Ning. [2000] (2000). The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Decisionmaking in China. Westview Press. ISBN 0813337461
  14. ^ "NPR : A Disaster's Long-Term Effect in China". Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  15. ^ a b c d Chang, Jung. [2003] (2003). Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China. Simon and Schuster. China. ISBN 0743246985
  16. ^ neic.usgs.gov
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