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North Kosovo crisis (2022–2024)

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2022 North Kosovo crisis
Part of the Kosovo dispute
Date31 July 2022 – present
(1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
North Kosovo
Caused byExpiration of the documents and license plates for cars
StatusOngoing:
  • Agreement reached regarding license plates
  • Kosovo Serbs withdraw from Kosovo institutions
  • Local elections in North Kosovo scheduled for April 2023
  • Serbian officials state that they would ask Kosovo Force to deploy 1,000 Serbian troops to North Kosovo
  • Kosovo Serbs put up barricades on 10 December
  • Kosovo formally signs a document to seek candidate status for European Union membership
Parties

Kosovo Serbs

Supported by:
 Serbia
Lead figures

No official leadership
Supported by:
Serbia Aleksandar Vučić
Serbia Petar Petković

Casualties and losses
Serbian claim:
1 wounded
1 wounded

Beginning on 31 July 2022, tensions between Serbia and Kosovo[a] heightened due to the expiration of the eleven-year validity period of documents for cars on 1 August 2022, between the government of Kosovo and the Serbs in North Kosovo.

Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008, signed an agreement with Serbia in 2011 that concluded on the use of license plates in North Kosovo, which was supposed to change from the ones that were issued by Serbia to neutral ones. The agreement was extended in 2016 and it expired in 2021, after which a crisis occurred and it ended with an agreement that ended the ban of Kosovo-issued license plates in Serbia. After the announcement that Serbian citizens who enter Kosovo will receive entry and exit documents, a number of barricades were built in North Kosovo on 31 July 2022 but were removed two days later after Kosovo announced that it would postpone the ban on license plates issued by Serbia. In August, unsuccessful negotiations regarding license plates were held, although the ID document dispute was solved. A proposed agreement was sent to Aleksandar Vučić, the president of Serbia, and Albin Kurti, the prime minister of Kosovo, the next month which states that Kosovo would receive membership in the United Nations, while Serbia's accession to the European Union would be sped up in exchange. No progress has been made yet regarding the proposed agreement.

Kurti declined to postpone the deadline for license plates and instead announced a phased implementation that would last until April 2023. This began in November, and early on in the month, a number of Kosovo Serb police officers, mayors, judges, and members of parliament from the Serb List resigned from government institutions. Kosovo and Serbia negotiated again during November and they had found an agreement on 23 November which settled that license plates that Serbia issued would continue to be in use in North Kosovo. In December, Serbian officials had stated that Serbia would consider deploying 1,000 Serbian military forces in Kosovo; observers disputed whether it has the right to deploy forces. Another number of barricades were set up in North Kosovo on 10 December, while on 14 December Kosovo formally signed an application to seek the candidate status for European Union membership.

Background

See also: 2021 North Kosovo crisis, Kosovo independence precedent, and Kosovo War

In 1991, Kosovo Albanians proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of Kosova, with Albania only recognizing it as an independent state.[1][2] The aftermath of the Kosovo War led to United Nations establishing a governance in Kosovo and NATO establishing the Kosovo Force (KFOR).[3] Kosovo then proclaimed independence from Serbia in 2008; Serbia did not recognize its independence.[4][5] North Kosovo, a majority Serb region in Kosovo, is also largely opposed to independent Kosovo and prior to the 2013 Brussels Agreement it refused to acknowledge and recognize its independence.[6][7] According to the Brussels Agreement, the Community of Serb Municipalities was to be formed by 2016, although the government of Kosovo froze the deal in 2015, with the Constitutional Court declaring it as unconstitutional.[8][9]

An agreement between Serbia and Kosovo was concluded on the use of license plates in 2011.[10] Up to that point, Serbia issued Serbian license plates for North Kosovo, although after the agreement the license plates were changed to neutral ones.[10] This agreement was extended in 2016 and was valid until September 2021.[10] After the expiration of the agreement, a crisis occurred and it lasted until October 2021 when another agreement was reached, which effectively ended the ban of Kosovar license plates in Serbia.[11][12] This agreement was initially intended to be temporary, although in April 2022, the agreement was extended further.[13][14]

Timeline

July

A number of Kosovo Serb civilians in North Kosovo began building barricades on 31 July after Kosovo's announcement that citizens of Serbia who enter Kosovo will receive documents for entry and exit.[15][16] This led to KFOR sending troops to patrol the streets, while the Kosovo Police ended up closing the border crossings at Jarinje and Brnjak.[17][18] Nikola Selaković, then-minister of foreign affairs of Serbia, claimed that Albin Kurti, the prime minister of Kosovo, was "preparing hell in the coming days" for Serbs who live in Kosovo.[19] It was also reported that air raid sirens were turned on in Zubin Potok and North Mitrovica.[20] Roads were blocked near Jarinje and Brnjak border crossings.[21]

Later that day, the ministry of defence of Serbia stated that "the Serbian Army did not cross the border into Kosovo", amid reports that it did enter Kosovo.[22] Aleksandar Vučić, the president of Serbia, also stated that he would want the ban to be postponed.[23] He also added that "if they don't want to keep the peace, Serbia will win", while Kurti accused Vučić and Petar Petković, the director of the office for Kosovo and Metohija, for being responsible for the unrest.[24][25] According to Serbia, one Serb was wounded at the Jarinje border crossing, although Kosovo denied it and stated that only some shooting occurred.[26][27] Additionally, one gunmen also fired on the Kosovo Police.[21]

August

Anti-Kosovo license plate posters in North Mitrovica
A number of posters in favor of Serbian license plates were put up in North Mitrovica on 1 August

After negotiations with the representatives of the United States and the European Union, Kosovo announced on 1 August that it would temporarily postpone the ban on license plates that were issued by Serbia, after stating the decision a day prior.[28][29] This agreement was welcomed by Josep Borrell, the high representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and Miroslav Lajčák, the European Union Special Representative for the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue.[28] Additionally, Kurti announced that Kosovo would apply to become a member of the European Union.[30] On the same day, Balkan Insight reported that social media users spread disinformation about a "full-scale war".[31] A day later, KFOR confirmed that the barricades that were put up on 31 July were removed, after which the border was opened again.[32][33]

The Kosovo Police reported that one of their patrols was attacked with fire on 6 August near the border with Serbia.[34] Opposition political parties in Kosovo accused Kurti of "scaring investors about a possible new conflict with Serbia"; Kurti denied the accusations and instead blamed Russia and Vladimir Putin, accusing them of spreading disinformation.[35][36] At a joint news conference and negotiations with Kurti and Vučić, Jens Stoltenberg, the secretary general of NATO, stated that "NATO urges restraint but stands ready to intervene if needed".[37][38] A day later, Borrell met with Kurti and Vučić; Borrell stated that the meeting ended without an agreement, but that the talks would also resume in the following days.[39][40] On 19 August, NATO deployed further KFOR forces in North Kosovo for peacekeeping purposes.[41] Additionally, Vučić stated that KFOR forces should "do their job" and vowed to "defend Kosovo Serbs if NATO failed to do so".[42]

Borrell announced that the ID document dispute was settled on 27 August.[43] It was announced that Serbia agreed to abolish entry and exit documents for Kosovo ID holders while Kosovo committed to refrain from implementing such measures for Serbian ID holders.[43] Vučić stated that he was "very happy that we found a solution", while Igor Simić, the vice president of the Serb List, stated that "this was the victory of Serbian diplomacy".[44][45] Kurti also praised the agreement, but received criticism from opposition parties in Kosovo due to allegedly continuing the policy of his opponent Hashim Thaçi.[46][47] The centre-right People's Party and far-right Dveri political parties in Serbia also criticized the agreement.[47]

September

The agreement, which was signed on 27 August, started being implemented on 1 September.[48][49] Ana Brnabić, the prime minister of Serbia, visited North Mitrovica on 5 September where she met with leaders of the Serb List.[50][51] During her speech, she stated that she would be willing to "compromise in the interest of peace and stability".[52] On the same day, Emmanuel Macron, the president of France, and Olaf Scholz, the chancellor of Germany, urged Vučić and Kurti to "move past differences at a moment of crucial importance for security".[53] In a speech to the National Assembly of Serbia on 13 September, Vučić stated that "a realistic solution should be offered for Kosovo, but Serbia will not recognize its independence".[54] Vjosa Osmani, the president of Kosovo, clarified that Kosovo would apply to become a member of the European Union during Czech Republic's presidency of the Council of the European Union, which will end on 31 December 2022.[55]

A proposed agreement that was sent by Lajčák, Jens Plötner [de] and Emmanuel Bonne, associates of Scholz and Macron respectively, was leaked on 19 September.[56][57][58] Vučić stated that he read the document but refused to take it with him.[59] A day later, NATO announced that it would send more KFOR forces in case of new tensions.[60] The ministry of internal affairs of Kosovo confirmed on 21 September that cars with license plates that were issued by Serbia will be considered to be unregistered after 1 November.[61]

October

In early October, Kosovo and Serbia confirmed the existence of the proposed agreement.[62] Vučić stated that according to the proposed agreement, Kosovo would receive membership in the United Nations, while Serbia in exchange would receive a sped up accession to the European Union.[63][64] Gabriel Escobar, the U.S. State Department special envoy for the Balkans, stated on 20 October that Kosovo should postpone the deadline.[65] Goran Rakić, the leader of the Serb List, met with Vučić on 27 October.[66] During a press conference, Rakić stated that "if Kosovo starts enforcing the confiscation of vehicles and license plates, we will use all means against it" but assured that "all democratic and peaceful means" would be only used.[66][67]

Kurti declined to postpone the deadline,[68] although on 28 October he announced a phased implementation of the change of license plates up to 21 April.[69][70] He also added that cars with license plates that were issued by Serbia will be "reprimanded, then fined, and then forced to attach probationary plates to their cars".[69]

November

A Serbian Army base at the Ground Security Zone which is located near the Serbia–Kosovo border
A Serbian Army base located near the Serbia–Kosovo border

The phased implementation began on 1 November.[71][72] A day later, Nenad Đurić, the director of the Regional Police Directorate for North Kosovo, stated that the police in North Kosovo would not implement the decision on the re-registration of license plates that were issued by Serbia to the ones that are issued by Kosovo.[73] On 5 November, hundreds of Kosovo Serb police officers, mayors, judges, and members of parliament from the Serb List withdrew from government institutions in protest.[74][75][76] In response, Kurti, Borrell, and Christopher R. Hill, the United States ambassador to Serbia, stated that "withdrawing is not the answer to the crisis", while Vučić accused Kurti of ignoring the Brussels Agreement; Kurti stated three days prior that the "Community of Serb Municipalities" does not exist.[74][77] On 6 November, a protest that was organized by the Serb List was held in North Mitrovica.[78][79] Mass resignations of Kosovo Serbs continued to take place after the resignations on 5 November, after which Kurti accused Serbia of "trying to destabilize Kosovo".[80][81] As a response, NATO deployed more KFOR peacekeeping troops.[82]

Ivica Dačić, now-minister of foreign affairs of Serbia, stated on 6 November that the proposed agreement is "unacceptable" and claimed that the agreement "starts from the position that Kosovo is independent".[83] Kurti and Vučić met with Macron and Borrell in France on 11 November where they discussed about the crisis.[84][85] Borrell stated that Kurti and Vučić did not reject the proposed agreement, and said that Kosovo Serbs should return to the government institutions, while he also urged Kurti to form the Community of Serb Municipalities.[85][86] Vučić also accused Germany and United Kingdom of allegedly backing Kurti.[87] Following the meeting, Osmani announced that local elections will be held in four municipalities in North Kosovo in December 2022; the election was later postponed to April 2023.[88] Kurti and Vučić met again with Lajčák and Borrell to discuss about the implementation of license plates on 21 November.[89] They failed to reach an agreement, although Kurti soon after announced that he had accepted the proposal from the United States to postpone the application of the measure to punish car owners who have not changed license plates that were issued by Serbia for two days.[89][90] A day later, another series of talks were held, during which an agreement between Kosovo and Serbia was reached.[91] Borrell stated that Kosovo and Serbia would now "concentrate on normalizing their relations", while Petković, who was one of the negotiators, stated that license plates that were issued by Serbia would continue to be in use in North Kosovo.[91][92][93]

Amidst the crisis, the ministry of defence of Serbia claimed that "several drones have entered Serbian airspace from Kosovo over past three days" on 2 November.[94] Vučić ordered to "eliminate" any drones that enter the Serbian airspace and placed the Serbian Army on "high alert".[94][95] The ministry of defence of Serbia also claimed that a "commercial drone" was destroyed near army barracks in Raška, although Armend Mehaj, the minister of defence of Kosovo, denied that any drones from Kosovo entered the Serbian airspace.[95][96]

December

A barricade in North Kosovo on 12 December
A barricade in North Kosovo on 12 December
An ultranationalist protest in support of Kosovo Serbs in Belgrade on 12 December 2022
A protest was held in Belgrade on 12 December in support of Kosovo Serbs

Kurti appointed Nenad Rašić as the minister of communities and returns on 1 December, a position which was held by Rakić until his resignation on 5 November.[97] Serb List claimed that his appointment was "unconstitutional", while Vučić called Rašić the "worst Serbian scum" during a press conference.[98][99] During the EU-Western Balkans summit in Tirana on 6 December, Vučić and Osmani received an updated version of the proposed agreement.[100][101] Additionally, Osmani officially announced that Kosovo would apply to join the European Union in December 2022.[100][102]

On 8 December, Petković stated that Serbia would consider deploying 1,000 Serbian military forces to Kosovo, citing content of the Article 4 and Annex 2, Article 6 of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, due to claims that the Regional Operational Support Unit (ROSU) allegedly raided North Mitrovica.[103][104][105] The government of Kosovo denied that ROSU entered North Mitrovica, stating that "it was the police, and not some other unit".[103][106] On the same day, Kosovo Police reported that a group of armed people attacked one of their police officers.[107][108] A day later, Brnabić agreed with Petković and accused KFOR of "failing to protect Serbs" from an alleged harassment of Kosovo Serbs.[109] Osmani described the consideration as "an act of aggression".[110] On 10 December, Vučić stated that he will send a request to KFOR in order to deploy military and police forces in Kosovo, although he also added that he "knows that this request will be rejected".[111][112][113]

A number of barricades began forming after an arrest of a former police officer of Serb ethnicity on the same day.[114][115] It was reported that the barricades were seen at Leposavić and Zvečan and that air raid sirens were also turned on.[114] Kosovo Police then announced that border crossings at Jarinje and Brnjak will be closed.[114] Xhelal Sveçla, the minister of internal affairs of Kosovo, stated that the former police officer was one of the suspects who attacked police officers in the days preceding the formation of the barricades.[115] A day later, a stun grenade was thrown at a car that belonged to the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX), although there were no reported injuries.[116][117] Borrell and NATO condemned the attack, with Borrell also stating that the barricades should be removed.[118][119] On the same day, Kurti asked KFOR to guarantee "freedom of movement" after accusing demonstrators of blocking the roads, while Vučić vowed to "maintain peace".[116][120] Since then, protests have remained peaceful while schools in North Kosovo have been temporarily closed.[121][122]

An ultranationalist protest in support of Kosovo Serbs was held in Belgrade on 12 December; demonstrators chanted slogans such as "Kosovo is Serbia" and burned Kosovo flags.[123][124] The protest was attended by far-right groups such as Dveri, People's Patrol, and Serbian Right.[125] On the same day, Borrell announced that the European Union would reinforce EULEX, which is tasked with patrolling North Kosovo.[126][127] Escobar stated on 13 December that "the United States is against Serbia sending military forces to Kosovo".[128] After a meeting with Kurti on the same day, Lajčák said that the "barricades should be removed with a political agreement, rather than with bulldozers", while Escobar said that he expects an agreement regarding the Community of Serb Municipalities.[129][130] On 14 December, Kosovo formally signed an application to seek the candidate status for European Union membership, with Vučić claiming that Kosovo violated the Washington Agreement by signing the application.[131][132][133]

Reactions

In early August, Edi Rama, the prime minister of Albania, commented on the tensions that occurred on 31 July and stated that Kosovo should join the Open Balkan economic and political zone in order to avoid potential war;[134] this was later echoed by Hill.[135] Maria Zakharova, the spokeswoman of the ministry of foreign affairs of Russia, accused Kosovo Albanians of escalating the conflict, while Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin press secretary, stated that Russia demands that "all rights of Serbs to be respected".[136] Richard Grenell, the special presidential envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations under the administration of Donald Trump, stated that he was disappointed with the progress of the negotiations.[137]

After the leak of the proposed agreement in late September 2022, Dušan Janjić from the Belgrade Forum for Ethnic Relations stated that the agreement is about "putting the dialogue exclusively on a political level", while Bodo Weber, a journalist and political analyst, stated that the agreement "might change the flow of the dialogue" but he also assessed that "Kosovo and Serbia are still far from a final agreement".[138] Milorad Dodik, the president of Republika Srpska, stated that the Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is "ready to help the Serbian people in Kosovo, even beyond its capacity".[139] Milan St. Protić, a historian and diplomat, stated that Serbia should accept the agreement.[140] Weber described the mass resignation of Kosovo Serbs from Kosovo institutions as "the crisis as a consequence of the de facto absence of negotiations".[141] Konrad Clewing, an expert for the Leibniz Institute for Eastern and Southeastern European Research, stated that the mass resignation could create "huge consequences".[142]

Following the announcement that Serbia would consider deploying 1,000 Serbian military forces to Kosovo, there were disputes whether or not it has the right to deploy forces.[110][143] Radio Free Europe stated that according to the Resolution 1244, Serbian personnel could return and perform certain functions in Kosovo, although these functions only include connection with the international civilian mission and international security presence, clearing minefields, maintaining a presence at Serbian cultural heritage sites and at main border crossings.[110] Boris Tadić, former president of Serbia, criticized the government of Serbia and stated that Petković and Brnabić "misled the public", while Momir Stojanović, the former head of the Military Security Agency, said that the return of Serbian forces to Kosovo is "impossible".[144][145] Janjić stated that "it is not illegal to consider doing this" but that "in this case it is not desirable", while Ivo Visković, a former professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, stated that "now is the time when diplomacy should work".[110][146] Additionally, the United States and Peter Stano, the spokesperson of the European Union, asked for deescalation.[146][147]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Template:Kosovo-note

References

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