430s

The 430s decade ran from January 1, 430, to December 31, 439.

Events

430

By place

Roman Empire

Spring – The Vandals under King Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop).
Flavius Aetius gains appointment as master of both services (magister utriusque militiae), after gaining victories in Gaul over Visigoth and Frankish forces.
The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.^[1]
Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of patricius (Roman nobility).

Asia

Feng Ba abdicates as emperor of the Northern Yan, one of the states vying for control of China. He is succeeded by his brother Feng Hong.

By topic

Religion

August 28 – Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo Regius at age 75, leaving behind his monumental work The City of God and other works that will have influence on Christianity.
Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition (approximate date).
Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.

431

By place

Roman Empire

Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier.
Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire.^{[citation needed]}

Africa

Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage.
Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage.^{[citation needed]}

Central America

March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435.^[2]
Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador.

By topic

Arts and Sciences

Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens.

Religion

June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.
October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople.
Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish.

432

By place

Roman Empire

Roman civil war: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy) in battle. His rival comes Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge with the Huns.^{[citation needed]}
Sebastianus, son-in-law of Bonifacius, becomes supreme commander (magister militum) of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy.^{[citation needed]}

Europa

The Huns are united by King Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He exacts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire.^{[citation needed]}

By topic

Art

The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria.^[3]
Assembly begins on The Parting of Lot and Abraham, a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

July 27 – Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope.^[4]
Saint Patrick, Roman Britain-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until his death around 460.^{[citation needed]}
December 25 – Christmas is celebrated for the first time in Alexandria (approximate date).^[5]

433

By place

Roman Empire

Flavius Aetius returns to Italy with the support of the Huns. He gains control over the young emperor Valentinian III, and becomes his "protector".^[6]
Petronius Maximus is appointed consul of the Western Roman Empire.

By topic

Religion

Pope Sixtus III helps to settle a Christological dispute between the patriarchs Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch, that has continued since the First Council of Ephesus, two years ago. They sign the "Formula of Reunion", thus ending their conflict over Nestorianism.

434

By place

Roman Empire

Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum) in the service of Emperor Valentinian III, begins to hold power in Rome (this will continue for 20 years). He allows the Huns to settle in Pannonia, along the Sava River.
Justa Grata Honoria, older sister of Valentinian, becomes pregnant from an officer in her household. Circles in the court at Ravenna assume inevitably that Honoria is planning to raise her paramour to imperial rank and challenge her brother. Valentinian then has him executed.^[7]
Summer – The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls.^[8]
Emperor Theodosius II bribes the Huns (after the death of Rugila) to keep the peace in the Eastern Roman Empire.

Africa

The Vandals in North Africa defeat the Roman general Aspar and force him to withdraw. He serves as consul at Constantinople.

Europe

Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda.

By topic

Religion

April 12 – Maximianus dies on Great and Holy Thursday. He is succeeded by Proclus, who becomes archbishop of Constantinople.

435

By place

Roman Empire

Roman general (magister militum) Flavius Aetius begins a campaign in Gaul against the Burgundians, following their raids into neighbouring Gallia Belgica by King Gunther.^{[citation needed]}
November 14 – Emperor Theodosius II orders a new edict for the death penalty of all heretics and pagans in the Empire. Judaism is considered a legal non-Christian religion.^{[citation needed]}

Africa

King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans, under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as foederati (allies under a special treaty) of Rome.^{[citation needed]}
The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as a port for their expeditions. Genseric establishes a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland.^{[citation needed]}
Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.^{[citation needed]}

Central America

August 10 – A figure known to Mayanist scholars as "Casper" begins a 52-year reign in the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, and reigns until his death in 487.^{[citation needed]}
December 8 – On the Mayan calendar, the era of the 9th Baktun begins. There is a change in political alliances just preceding the event when royal personages from the Mexican highland city of Teotihuacan consolidate power individually as Mayan kings.^{[citation needed]}

By topic

Religion

August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria.^[9]
Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and openly preaching heretical doctrines in public.^{[citation needed]}

436

By place

Europe

End of the Burgundian Revolt of Gunther: Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), attempts to put an end to Burgundian raids in Gaul. He calls in Hun mercenaries under the command of Attila and his brother Bleda, which plunder Augusta Vangionum, killing some 20,000 Burgundians.^[10] The Kingdom of the Burgundians is destroyed; King Gunther and his family are killed (this epic disaster will later provide the source for the Nibelungenlied).
In the Gothic War (436-439) besieges king Theodoric I the city of Narbonne; the Visigoths obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees.^{[citation needed]}

By topic

Religion

The Buddhist Srimala Sutra is translated into Chinese by Gunabhadra.^[11]

437

By place

Europe

Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), secures the besieged city of Narbonne (Southern Gaul) against King Theodoric I. He concludes a peace treaty with the Visigoths, and becomes consul for the second time.
July 2 – Valentinian III, age 18, rules as emperor over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence until her death in 450.
October 29 – Valentinian III cements an alliance with the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, by marrying his daughter Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople. This marks the reunion of the two branches of the House of Theodosius.^[12]
Battle of Wallop: Ambrosius Aurelianus, leader of the Romano-British, defeats the Anglo Saxons under King Vortigern. He is given all the kingdoms of the western side of Britain (according to Historia Brittonum).

Mesoamerica

K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' dies after an 11-year reign. He is the founder and first ruler of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization centered at Copán (modern Honduras).

By topic

Religion

A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the Pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and Pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki.

438

By place

Byzantium

Emperor Theodosius II forbids the divulging of secrets of naval carpentry, probably to avoid its spread to the rising Vandal power in North Africa.^{[citation needed]}
February 15 – The Codex Theodosianus, a collection of edicts of Roman law, is published.
Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II, goes on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith.

Europe

The last gladiatorial fights are held in the Colosseum in Rome.^{[citation needed]}
King Hermeric of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia is forced to retire after a seven-year illness. He hands the government over to his son Rechila.
In the Gothic War (436-439) besieges Aetius over the Visigoths in the Battle of Mons Colubrarius.

Persia

Bahram V dies after an 18-year reign as Sassanid king of the Persian Empire. He is succeeded by his son Yazdegerd II.^[13]

By topic

Religion

Relics of John Chrysostom are transported to Constantinople.

439

By place

Europe

Battle of Guoloph: Vitalinus (possibly Vortigern) is defeated at the hands of Ambrosius Aurelianus, and a combined force of Romano-British forces from across southern Britain.
Gothic War (436-439): Litorius, Roman general (Magister militum per Gallias), lays siege to Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat and is killed, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes King Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the status quo.
Licinia Eudoxia, wife of emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of Augusta following the birth of their daughter Eudocia.

Byzantium

Winter – Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda, who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold.^[14]

Africa

Vandal War (439-442): King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis.
October 19 – Carthage falls to the Vandals. Genseric makes it his capital and establishes the Vandal Kingdom.
The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations, who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples.

By topic

Religion

Isaac the Great, Armenian apostolic patriarch, dies at Ashtishat. He helped to develop a Greek-inspired alphabet, and translate the Bible, along with various Christian writings, into Armenian.
The Historia Ecclesiastica of Socrates of Constantinople is concluded, perhaps due to the author's death.
The monastery of Mar Saba is founded near Bethlehem (Palestine).

Significant people

Births

Flavius Iulius Nepos, better known as Julius Nepos. Born c. 430, he would eventually become a Western Roman emperor.

Deaths

References

^ The End of Empire (p. 95). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^ "Rulers of Palenque". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
^ Stroik, Duncan (2009). The Church Building as a Sacred Place: Beauty, Transcendence, and the Eternal. Chicago: Hillenbrand Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-59525-037-7.
^ Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. New York: Facts on File. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-43813-026-2.
^ Roll, Susan K. (1995). Toward the Origins of Christmas. Kampen: Kok Pharos. p. 198. ISBN 978-9-03900-531-6.
^ Hughes, Ian (2012-07-19). Aetius: Attila's Nemesis. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78346-134-9.
^ Theodosian Empresses: Woman and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, by Kenneth G. Holum
^ The End of Empire (p. 90). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^ Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015). Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-19965-377-5.
^ Hydatius, Chronicles 110
^ Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Findly, Ellison Banks (1985). Women, Religion, and Social Change. SUNY Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780887060694.
^ Herrin, Judith. Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe. United Kingdom, Princeton University Press, 2020. 40.
^ Daryaee, Touraj (2023). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. London: I. B. Tauris & Company. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-75561-842-2.
^ The End of Empire (p. 117). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2

[1] The End of Empire (p. 95). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2

[2] "Rulers of Palenque". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008.

[3] Stroik, Duncan (2009). The Church Building as a Sacred Place: Beauty, Transcendence, and the Eternal. Chicago: Hillenbrand Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-59525-037-7.

[4] Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. New York: Facts on File. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-43813-026-2.

[5] Roll, Susan K. (1995). Toward the Origins of Christmas. Kampen: Kok Pharos. p. 198. ISBN 978-9-03900-531-6.

[6] Hughes, Ian (2012-07-19). Aetius: Attila's Nemesis. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78346-134-9.

[7] Theodosian Empresses: Woman and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, by Kenneth G. Holum

[8] The End of Empire (p. 90). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2

[9] Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015). Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-19965-377-5.

[10] Hydatius, Chronicles 110

[11] Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Findly, Ellison Banks (1985). Women, Religion, and Social Change. SUNY Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780887060694.

[12] Herrin, Judith. Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe. United Kingdom, Princeton University Press, 2020. 40.

[13] Daryaee, Touraj (2023). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. London: I. B. Tauris & Company. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-75561-842-2.

[14] The End of Empire (p. 117). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2

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