Ice rise
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An ice rise is a clearly defined elevation of the otherwise very much flatter ice shelf, typically dome-shaped and rising several hundreds of metres above the surrounding ice shelf .[1] An ice rise forms where the ice shelf touches the seabed due to a locally increased elevation of the seabed, which however remains below sea level. (In contrast, an elevation in the seabed that extends above sea level is defined as an island). The ice shelf flows over the seabed elevation, completely covering it with ice, thereby forming an ice rise. The resulting stress increases cause crevasse formation around the ice rise.
An island within and totally covered by the ice shelf may appear the same as an ice rise. Elaborate measurements may be required to distinguish between these two geographic features.
Although ice rises are typically located within the ice shelf area, they can partially face the open sea. At present, ice rises are found only within the ice shelves of Antarctica. The largest ice rises exceed dimensions of 50 by 200 km, or 10 000 km² in area. Some ice rises are incorrectly called islands, but also a few totally ice-covered islands within an ice shelf are also called ice rises.
Ice rises are of scientific significance because they (a) exert considerable buttressing,[1] which affects the existence and rate of the marine ice sheet instability; and (b) they are very good sites for ice coring,[2] owing to their being somewhat thinner than the main ice-sheet (hundreds of metres compared with thousands of metres).[1]
Ice rises, grouped by ice shelf, clockwise starting in East Antarctica:
- Brunt Ice Shelf
- Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf
- King Baudouin Ice Shelf
- Amery Ice Shelf
- Budd Ice Rumples
- IR1 to IR5 near the ice front[3]
- Shackleton Ice Shelf
- Green Ice Rises (the northernmost ice rise, at 66°21'S)
- Harrisson Ice Rises
- Ross Ice Shelf
- Crary Ice Rise (the southernmost ice rise, at 82°56'S)
- Roosevelt Island
- Crosson Ice Shelf
- Bach Ice Shelf
- George VI Ice Shelf
- Wilkins Ice Shelf
- Wordie Ice Shelf
- Müller Ice Shelf
- Larsen-C Ice Shelf
- Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
Henry and Korff Ice Rises are the largest ice rises, with areas of roughly 1 500 to 1 600 km².
References
- ^ a b c Matsuoka, K.; Hindmarsh, R.C.A.; Moholdt, G.; Bentley, M.J.; Pritchard, H.D.; et al. (2015). "Antarctic ice rises and rumples: their properties and significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution". Earth-Science Reviews. 150: 724–45. Bibcode:2015ESRv..150..724M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004.
- ^ Bertler, N.A.N.; Conway, H.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Emanuelsson, D.B.; Winstrup, M.; et al. (2018). "The Ross Sea Dipole - Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, over the Past 2,700 Years". Climate of the Past. 14 (2): 193–214. Bibcode:2018CliPa..14..193B. doi:10.5194/cp-14-193-2018.
- ^ Fricker et al., 2009, doi:10.1017/S095410200999023X
