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Port Pirie

Coordinates: 33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694
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Port Pirie
South Australia
The lead smelter and grain silos at the wharf of Port Pirie
Port Pirie is located in South Australia
Port Pirie
Port Pirie
Coordinates33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694
Population14,188 (2018)[1]
Established1845
Postcode(s)5540
Elevation4 m (13 ft)
Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30)
 • Summer (DST)ACDT (UTC+10:30)
Location223 km (139 mi) from Adelaide
LGA(s)Port Pirie Regional Council
State electorate(s)Frome
Federal division(s)Grey

Port Pirie is a city and seaport on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia, 223 km (139 mi)[2] north of the state capital, Adelaide. The settlement was founded in 1845 and at June 2018 had an estimated urban population of 14,188. Port Pirie is the eighth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Gawler, Mount Barker, Whyalla, Murray Bridge, and Port Lincoln.

The city's economy is dominated by one of the world's largest lead smelters,[3] operated by Nyrstar.[4] The smelter is currently undergoing a $650 million upgrade to replace some of the old existing plant and to reduce airborne lead emissions drastically. It also produces refined silver, zinc, copper and gold. Port Pirie is the largest city and the main retail centre of the Mid North region of South Australia.

History

Prior to European settlement, the location that became Port Pirie was occupied by the indigenous tribe of Nukunu. The location was called 'Tarparrie', which is suspected to mean "Muddy Creek". The first European to see the location was Matthew Flinders in 1802 as he explored the Spencer Gulf by boat. The first land discovery of the location by a European was by the explorer Edward Eyre, who explored regions around Port Augusta. John Horrocks also discovered a pass through the Flinders Ranges to the coast, now named Horrocks Pass.

The town was originally called Samuel's Creek after the discovery of Muddy Creek by Samuel Germein. In 1846, Port Pirie Creek was named by Governor Robe after the John Pirie, the first vessel to navigate the creek when transporting sheep from Bowman's Run near Crystal Brook. In 1848, Matthew Smith and Emanuel Solomon bought 85 acres (34 ha) and subdivided it as a township to be known as Port Pirie. Little development occurred on site and by the late 1860s there were only three woolsheds on the riverfront.[5]

The locality was surveyed as a government town in December 1871 by Charles Hope Harris. The thoroughfares and streets were named after the family of George Goyder, Surveyor General of South Australia. In 1873 the land of Solomon and Smith was re-surveyed and named Solomontown. On 28 September 1876, with a population of 947, Port Pirie was declared a municipality.

With the discovery of rich ore bearing silver, lead and zinc at Broken Hill in 1883, and the completion of a narrow gauge railway from Port Pirie to close to the Broken Hill field in 1888, the economic activities of the town underwent profound change. In 1889 a lead smelter was built by the British Blocks company to treat the Broken Hill ore. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company initially leased the smelter from British Blocks but began constructing its own smelter from 1892. In 1913 the Russian consul-general Alexander Abaza reported that Port Pirie had a population of more than 500 Russians, mostly Ossetians, who had come to work at the smelter. At that time the town supported a Russian-language school and library.[6]

In 1915 the smelter was taken over by Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS) – a joint venture of companies operating in Broken Hill. Led by the Collins House Group, by 1934 BHAS became the biggest lead smelter in the world.[7] The smelter gradually passed to Pasminco, then Zinifex, and since 2007 has been operated by Nyrstar.

By 1921, the town's population had grown to 9801 living in 2308 occupied dwellings. By this date there were 62 boarding houses to cater for the labour demands at the smelter and on the increasingly busy waterfront.[8] Port Pirie was declared South Australia's first provincial city in 1953, and today it is South Australia's second largest port.

Heritage listings

The former Sampson's butcher shop at 64-68 Ellen Street has been converted into a residence.

The city is characterised by an attractive main street and some interesting and unusual historic buildings.[9] Heritage-listed sites include:

Demographics

According to the 2006 Census, the population of the Port Pirie census area was 13,206 people. Approximately 51.8% of the population were female, 86.9% are Australian born, over 92.7% of residents are Australian citizens and 2.6% were Aboriginal people.

The most popular industries for employment were Basic Non-Ferrous Metal Manufacturing (9.7%), School Education (6%), Hospitality (only including hotels) (11%),[citation needed] Health (5.4%) and Animal Husbandry (4%), while the unemployment rate is approx. 11%. The median weekly household income is A$608 or more per week, compared with $924 in Adelaide. 27.1% of the population identify themselves as Catholic, while 23.7% identify with no religion at all.[24]

Geography

Port Pirie is at an elevation of 4 metres above sea level. It is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland, on the Pirie River, which is a tidal saltwater inlet from Spencer Gulf. It is on the coastal plain between Spencer Gulf (to the west) and the Flinders Ranges to the east.

Climate

Port Pirie exists in a region with a semi-arid climate, outside Goyder's Line, surrounded by mallee scrub. Average daily maximum temperatures vary from a mild 16.4 °C in winter to 32.0 °C in summer. Its average annual rainfall is 345.2 millimetres, most of which falls in winter.

According to the Köppen climate classification, Port Pirie has a warm semi-arid climate, noted as BSh.

Climate data for Port Pirie
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 48.6
(119.5) 		45.5
(113.9) 		42.5
(108.5) 		37.7
(99.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		44.0
(111.2) 		46.6
(115.9) 		48.6
(119.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		16.0
(60.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.7
(54.9)
Record low °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−1.7
(28.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 18.6
(0.73) 		17.8
(0.70) 		18.6
(0.73) 		27.5
(1.08) 		38.2
(1.50) 		40.7
(1.60) 		33.9
(1.33) 		34.9
(1.37) 		35.5
(1.40) 		33.1
(1.30) 		24.1
(0.95) 		23.0
(0.91) 		345.9
(13.62)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[25]

Transport

Port Pirie is 5 km (3 mi) off the Augusta Highway. It is serviced by Port Pirie Airport, six kilometres south of the city.

Railways

The first railway in Port Pirie opened in 1875 when the South Australian Railways 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge Port Pirie-Cockburn line opened to Gladstone, ultimately being extended to Broken Hill.[26] The original Ellen Street station was located on the street with the track running down the middle.[27][28] The station today is occupied by the Port Pirie National Trust Museum.[29]

In 1937, it became a break-of-gauge station when the broad gauge Adelaide-Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. At the same time the Commonwealth Railways standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was extended south from Port Augusta to terminate at the new Port Pirie Junction station where it met the broad gauge line, in the suburb of Solomontown.[30][31]

As far back as 1943, a plan existed to build a new station to remove trains from Ellen Street.[32] As part of the gauge conversion of the Port Pirie to Broken Hill line, Mary Elie Street station was built to replace both Ellen Street and Port Pirie Junction stations.[33]

When opened, the new station was the meeting point for the Commonwealth Railways and South Australian Railways networks with through trains changing locomotives and crews, so the disadvantages were not as notable. However, after both became part of Australian National in July 1975 and trains began to operate in and out with the same locomotives, trains began to operate via Coonamia station on the outskirts of the city.

Mary Ellie Street station was eventually closed in the 1990s and in 2009 was redeveloped as the city's library. Until 2012, a GM class locomotive and three carriages were stabled at the platform.[34]

A freight line continues to operate into Port Pirie, feeding the metals plant with raw materials from Broken Hill, and transporting the processed material to Adelaide. This line is managed by Bowmans Rail.[35]

Sea transport

Port Pirie's marine facilities, managed by Flinders Ports, handle up to 100 ship visits annually, up to Handymax size, for commodities such as mineral concentrates, refined lead and zinc, coal, grain, and general cargo.[36]

Industry and employment

The main industries are the smelting of metals, and the operation of silos to hold grain.

As of 2020, Port Pirie is the locality of the largest lead smelter and refinery in the southern hemisphere; a lead smelter has been there since the 1880s. The owner since 2007, Nyrstar, is the city's main employer.,[4] and high blood lead levels in the local population are an ongoing concern.[3] The Stack, which can be seen kilometres away, is 205 metres tall, and is the tallest structure in the state.[citation needed] In 2006 Zinifex formed a joint venture with Umicore to create Nyrstar, which owns the smelter, with the intention that it would eventually be an entity separate from the parent companies.[37][38]

Flinders Industrial, a new industrial estate, is currently[when?] in its second stage and is planned to be home to the new council depot.[when?] There were plans to build a sulphuric acid plant for the benefit of the Nyrstar Smelter, but this project has been shelved and deemed not feasible.[citation needed]

Development

A $3.3 million cultural precinct funded by the Port Pirie Regional Council and the Federal Government was completed in 2010. A committee is also looking at building a multi-purpose stadium.[needs update] The swimming pool was modernised after receiving a $1 million refit. A major waste recovery facility was opened in 2013, in which all waste and recycled material is sorted under one roof. In 2012 Port Pirie Regional Council completed a $5 million community water recycling project with Nyrstar which allows 350 megalitres of water from the smelter to be reused. Plans are under way to establish a large shopping complex in the city with an additional supermarket and department store. The city's population is continually growing and property prices continue to rise. The Port Pirie Regional Council has a number of large projects that will be launched or completed next financial year.[needs update]

Waterfront development

The PPRC completed a major redevelopment of its foreshore area in 2014 including the construction of the Solomontown Beach Plaza, opening up Beach abroad to through traffic, replacing lighting along the beach and improving security. In addition, by the end of 2014, the council aims to replace and duplicate the current Solomontown boat ramp and undertake dredging in the vicinity of the ramp. This investment is aimed at creating a waterfront which will revitalise the area from the Main Road boat ramp up to the area off Ellen street.[needs update]

Tenby10 (Lead levels)

Further information: Lead poisoning

Lead smelters contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised lead levels in the blood of some of the town population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the area. A state government project addressed this.[39][needs update] Nyrstar plans to progressively reduce lead in blood levels such that ultimately 95% of all children meet the national goal of 10 micrograms per decilitre. This has been known as the tenby10 project. Community lead in blood levels in children are now at less than half the level that they were in the mid 1980s.[40]

The Port Pirie smelter conducted a project to reduce lead levels in children to less than 10 micrograms per decilitre by the end of 2010.[41][needs update]

The goal we are committed to achieving is for at least 95% of our children aged 0 to 4 to have a blood lead level below ten micrograms per decilitre of blood (the first ten in tenby10) by the end of 2010 (the second ten in tenby10).[41]

Higher concentrations of lead have been found in the organs of bottlenose dolphins stranded near the lead smelter, compared to dolphins stranded elsewhere in South Australia.[42] The health impacts of these metals on dolphins has been examined and some associations between high metal concentrations and kidney toxicity were noted.[43]

Education and culture

The former Ellen Street railway station, now a museum

Port Pirie is the main centre for the Mid North area. Many towns in the area rely on Port Pirie for shopping and employment. It also has many educational institutions such as John Pirie Secondary School[44] (years 8-12), St Mark's College[45] (reception - year 12), Mid North Christian College[46] (reception - year 12), many preschools and primary schools, and a TAFE campus (adult education).

Port Pirie is home to the National Trust Historic and Folk Museum and Memorial Park. Every September and October the city hosts a country music festival. It has significant Italian and Greek communities. The Keith Michell Theatre, within the Northern Festival Centre, is named after the renowned actor Keith Michell, who grew up in Warnertown, 5 km (3 mi) from Port Pirie.

News media

The town's main newspaper, The Recorder, was first published 21 March 1885 as The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News. In 1971, a brief experiment, known as the Northern Observer (7 July - 30 August 1971), occurred when The Recorder and The Transcontinental from Port Augusta were published under a combined title in Port Pirie.[47] The Recorder, which is still in print today (Tuesdays and Thursdays), has recently changed to a morning paper, after being delivered at around 3:00 pm.[48] Other Port Pirie newspapers include the free The Flinders News (Wednesdays), and The Advertiser, which covers some Port Pirie news, but to a very small extent.

Another newspaper, the Port Pirie Advertiser (7 April 1898 – 28 June 1924) was also published by Robert Osborne.[49] A further publication was the short-lived Saturday Times (6 December 1913 – 15 August 1914), printed by Roy Harold Butler and closed at the start of the Great War.[50]

Television coverage in the city is provided by the ABC, SBS, Southern Cross (7, 9 and 10) and Austar. Several radio stations cover Port Pirie, including ABC 639AM, ABC 891AM, 1044 5CS, 1242 5AU, triple j, Magic FM and Trax FM (a community station).

Governance

State and federal

Port Pirie West
State Elections
2006[51] 2009[52]
  Labor 60.2% 36.6%
  Liberal 28.8% 16.9%
  Family First 5.7%
  SA Greens 3.4% 2.6%
  Democrats 1.9%
  Geoff Brock 40.9%
  Nationals SA 2.4%
  One Nation 0.5%
Port Pirie West
2007 Federal Election[53]
  Labor 58.79%
  Liberal 28.02%
  Family First 5.18%
  Greens 4.29%
  National 1.46%
  Democrats 1.38%
  Independent 0.89%

The results shown are from "Port Pirie West", the largest polling booth in Port Pirie, which is at the SA TAFE Campus.

Port Pirie is part of the federal division of Grey, and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 4.43% but is considered a safe Liberal seat.

The city is part of the state electoral district of Frome, which had been held since 1993 by former Liberal Premier, Rob Kerin, with a margin of 3.4%. It also has been considered a safe Liberal seat.

Although the region is generally Liberal-leaning because of its agricultural base, Port Pirie is an industrial centre that is favourable to the Australian Labor Party.

In late 2008 Rob Kerin announced his retirement, which led to a by-election being held in January 2009. Port Pirie mayor Geoff Brock announced his candidacy as an independent, and subsequently took the seat from the Liberals at the 2009 Frome by-election. After the poll for the by-election had closed and first preferences had been counted, (but before other preferences had been distributed), the result was Lib: 39.2%; ALP: 26.1%; Brock 23.6%; Nat: 6.6%; Greens: 3.8%; Other: 0.7%.[54][55]

State Opposition Leader Martin Hamilton-Smith (Liberal Party) claimed victory, prematurely.[56] Distribution of National Party, Greens and other preferences placed Brock ahead of the ALP candidate. Hence with the assistance of the ALP candidate's preferences, Geoff Brock won the by-election 51.7% to 48.3% for the Liberal candidate.[54][55]

Local government

Port Pirie and some of the sparsely inhabited areas around it are in the Port Pirie Regional Council local government area.

Notable residents

Sportspeople
  • Nip Pellew (1893-1981), Australian Test cricketer and North Adelaide player
  • Mark Bickley (1969-), Adelaide Crows dual premiership captain
  • Mark Jamar (1982-), Melbourne Demons player and all-Australian
  • David Tiller (1958-), North Adelaide Roosters captain and premiership player
  • Brodie Atkinson (1972-), St. Kilda, Adelaide Crows, North Adelaide premiership player (1991), Sturt premiership player (2002) and Magarey Medal winner (1997)
  • Elijah Ware (1983-), Port Adelaide and Central Districts player and premiership player
  • Abby Bishop (1989-), Canberra Capitals player
  • Lewis Johnston (1991-), Sydney Swans, Adelaide Crows
  • Sam Mayes (1994-), North Adelaide, Brisbane Lions (2013-)
Others

See also

References

  1. ^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  2. ^ UBD South Australia and Northern Territory Country Road Atlas, 6th Edition, 2005. Universal Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 0 7319 1606 9
  3. ^ a b Port Pirie's lead smelter at risk of breaching licence to operate due to spike in lead levels ABC News, 8 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Port Pirie Overview". Nyrstar Limited. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  5. ^ Erik Eklund, Mining Towns: making a living, making a life'', New South Publishing, Sydney, 2012, p. 137
  6. ^ Massov, Alexander; Pollard, Marina; Windle, Kevin, eds. (2018). "Alexander Abaza" (PDF). A New Rival State?: Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications. ANU Press. p. 304.
  7. ^ Eklund, Mining Towns, pp. 137-138.
  8. ^ Eklund, Mining Towns, pp. 143-144.
  9. ^ "Port Pirie", Travel section, smh.com.au, 17 February 2005. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  10. ^ "Barrier Chambers Offices". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  11. ^ "Former Adelaide Steamship Company Building". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  12. ^ "Dwelling (former Sampson's Butcher Shop)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  13. ^ "National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Customs House)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  14. ^ "National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Railway Station)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  15. ^ "Port Pirie Post Office". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  16. ^ "Development Board Building (former Port Pirie Courthouse, later Customs House)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  17. ^ "Sample Rooms, rear of Jubilee (former Royal Exchange) Hotel". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  18. ^ "Family Hotel". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  19. ^ "Dwelling ('Carn Brae')". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  20. ^ "Waterside Workers' Federation (former Amalgamated Workers' Association) Building". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  21. ^ "Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  22. ^ "Second World War Memorial Gates". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  23. ^ "Former AMP [Australian Mutual Provident Society] Port Pirie Office Building". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  24. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Port Pirie (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
  25. ^ "Port Pirie Nyrstar Comparison AWS". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  26. ^ Wilson, John, Port Pirie - The Narrow Gauge Era (1873–1935), Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March 1970, pp. 49–62
  27. ^ Bakewell, Guy and Wilson, John, Farewell to Ellen Street, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin September 1968, pp. 210–213
  28. ^ Ward, Andrew (1982). Railway Stations of Australia. South Melbourne: MacMillan Company of Australia. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-333338-53-7.
  29. ^ Port Pirie National Trust Museum Explore South Australia
  30. ^ Solomontown Railway Station Adelaide Advertiser 14 July 1937
  31. ^ Port Pirie Archived 28 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine National Railway Museum
  32. ^ Council Wants No Trains in Ellen Street The Recorder 31 March 1943
  33. ^ The Planning & Evaluation of Rail Standardisation Projects in Australia GR Webb 1976
  34. ^ Port Pirie Marie Elie Street Display Western Langford Railway Photography
  35. ^ http://www.bowmansrail.com.au/about-us/
  36. ^ Access to Prime Infrastructure Port Pirie Regional Council. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  37. ^ "Zinifex and Umicore seek to create the world's leading producer of zinc metal". Zinifex Limited. ASX. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  38. ^ "Zinifex, Umicore to combine zinc assets". The Age. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  39. ^ "Pt Pirie Environmental Health Centre". Retrieved 11 June 2006.
  40. ^ "Zinifex Port Pirie Strategy". Zinifex Limited. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
  41. ^ a b "10 by Ten – 10 Ways To Have An Impact". www.tenby10.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  42. ^ Lavery, T.J., Butterfield, N., Kemper, C.M., Reid, R.J., Sanderson, K. 2008. Metals and selenium in the liver and bone of three dolphin species from South Australia, 1988–2004. Science of the Total Environment, 390: 77–85
  43. ^ Lavery, T.J., Kemper, C.M., Sanderson, K., Schultz, C.G., Coyle, P., Mitchell, J.G., Seuront, L. 2008. Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in South Australian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), doi:10.1016/jmarenvres.2008.09.005
  44. ^ "Welcome to John Pirie Secondary School's website". www.johnpirihs.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  45. ^ St Mark's College Archived 30 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ "Mid North Christian College - Port Pirie, SA - Home". www.midnorthcc.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  47. ^ Laube, Anthony. "LibGuides: SA Newspapers: M-N". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  48. ^ The Recorder - About Us Accessed 2 June 2013.
  49. ^ "Port Pirie advertiser". www.samemory.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  50. ^ Laube, Anthony. "LibGuides: SA Newspapers: S". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  51. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth, District of Frome, House of Assembly Division First Preferences, 2006 State Election. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  52. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth, District of Frome, House of Assembly Division First Preferences, 2009 By-election, 24 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009.
  53. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth, Division of Grey, House of Representatives Division First Preferences, 2007 Federal Election. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  54. ^ a b Frome 2009 By-election results, abc.net.au, 2 February 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009.
  55. ^ a b District of Frome - Electoral Results, Electoral Commission SA, 24 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009.
  56. ^ Libs claim Frome victory, AdelaideNow, 21 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009.
  57. ^ Late Port Pirie-raised music mogul Robert Stigwood who changed the entertainment world, The Advertiser, 5 January 2016. Accessed 6 January 2016.
  58. ^ Robert Stigwood, music mogul behind Bee Gees and Clapton, dies aged 81, ABC News, 5 January 2016. Accessed 6 January 2016.
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