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Al-Baggara

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Al-Baggara Tribe
Regions with significant populations
Syria1,000,000
JordanUnknown
TurkeyUnknown
Languages
Arabic
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam and a small proportion of Shia.

Al-Baggara or Bakara (Arabic: قبيلة البقّارة (البكّارة), al-Baqqārah or al-Bakkārah) is an Arab tribe of the Euphrates tribes spread widely between Syria, Jordan and Turkey. The [[tribe was named by the name of their grandfather, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, one of the grandsons of the faithful Ali ibn Abi Talib.[1]

The Baggara tribe is considered the largest Syrian tribe, and its men were known for their patriotism and strength, they fought the French colonization in immortal exploits, and were known for their generosity.

Baggara tribespeople In Syria mainly live west of Deir al-Zour city, ranging from the northern banks of the Euphrates to the Raqqa provincial border, in villages from Al-Husseiniyah to Mahamidah, where the Baggara's chiefdom family lives, to al-Kasrat, al-Kubar/Jazrat al-Boshams, and Jazra Al-Milaj, spanning a distance of some 80 km.

East of Deir al-Zour, the Baggara live in smaller numbers in the villages of Meratt, Khusham, and Jadid Baggara, Sources suggest a total of approximately 100,000 Baggara live in these areas east and west of the city. Although accurate figures are not available, a large number of people of Baggara lineage have integrated into Deir al-Zour city in fact, some say a full one-third of the city's residents have roots in the tribe, Prominent Baggara families there are Fadel Al-Aboud, Al-Ayesh, Al-Ayyash, where they had a major role in the political leadership of the city of Deir al-Zour.[2][3]

Other regions where the Baggara live include Hasaka province, in an area known as Baggara Al-Jabal (Baggara Mountain), Raqqa the city of Aleppo and other northern towns, and Idlib. Some reports indicate that their number in Syria as now exceeding one million.[4]

Religion

Al-Baggara were originally Sunni Muslims Until the late 20th century, when some of them started to convert to Shia Islam, especially in Hatla Village in Deir al-Zour, and Shia campaigns increased after the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011.

Structure

The tribe encompasses the following clans, mostly in Deir al-Zour province but also in Hasaka, Raqqa, and Aleppo:[2][3]

  • Abu Arab clan, This clan, for which the Al-Bashir family is central, inhabits Mahamidah, the effective capital of the Baggara tribe in Syria.
  • Al-Abdulkarim clan, This is the largest and most influential Baggara clan and is divided into four lineages: Al-Hawara, Al-Qataa, Al-Maazat, and Al-Sayyad. Decades ago, Al-Abdulkarim clansmen lived in the Deir al-Zour district known as Al-Sayyad—an etymological reference to the tribe's purported genealogical link to Muhammad Al-Baqir (the Fifth Imam), a descendant of the Prophet. Major families in Deir al-Zour city who belong to the Al-Abdulkarim from "Alsada" family include Al-Aboud, Al-Aish, Al-Ayash, Fakoush, Al-Talaa, Hattab, Al-Harwal, and others. These families also live in Jadid Baggara, the only village in Syria with the namesake of the tribe.
  • Abu Maesh clan, The Al-Talaa family holds the chief position.
  • Al-Ghassem Al-Obied and Al-Hamad Al-obied clan.
  • Abu Masaah clan, Chiefdom is held by the Al-Masawi family.
  • Al-klizat clan, Residents of Umm Madifah and Khawirah villages.
  • Al-Gharangah clan, Chief family is Batran, located in Umm Eshbah.
  • Abu Hamdan clan, Chiefdom is held by the Al-Wakaa family.
  • Baggara Aljabal clan.
  • Abu Rahmah clan, lives in Al-Tabeh and Dahla.
  • Abu Sheikh clan.
  • Abu Badranclan. This clan is located in Husieniah village, this clan includes the well-known writer Abdul-Salam Ojeili (1918–2006).
  • Abu Hassan clan.
  • Al-Rafiey clan.
  • Abu Alaw clan.
  • Al-Hamad Al-Hussien clan. This clan resides in villages of Jazira Abu Hamad.
  • Al-Mreikat clan.
  • Abu Saleh clan. Residing in al-Kasrat, the keyfamily is Al-Abdullah.
  • AL-Halaymiah clan.
  • Al-Mashhour clan, This clan resides in Tal Abyad, near the Turkish border. The chief family, Balikh Al-Tahri, opposes Assad yet supported the Iraqi Baath Party formerly led by Saddam Hussein, Most clansmen have backed anti-Assad activities, and most have ended up on the Turkish side of the border.
  • Abu Mislim clan.
  • Al-Abdulqader clan.
  • Al-Khangar clan. This clan resides in the village of Meratt.
  • Al-Rashied clan.
  • Abu Shames clan. This clan resides in Hawayij Shinan, in eastern Raqqa, the chief family is Al-Hayawi.
  • Abu Sultan clan.
  • Baggra of Aleppo city.

Economy

Most Baggara tribespeople are farmers who cultivate fruit trees and vegetables, and some of them were engaged in business and became prominent businessmen in Syria, and many Baggara tribespeople work for the Syrian government, largely in Deir al-Zour, after which they return home to their surrounding suburbs or villages and Large numbers of Baggara also work in Lebanon and the Persian Gulf states.

Politics

Further information: Haj Fadel Government and Deir al-Zour
The Syrian National Congress in 1919

Baggara tribespeople who live in Deir al-Zour city have a long political history, Where some of the families of the tribe as Fadel Al-Aboud, Al-Ayesh, Al-Ayyash from the Abdulkarim clan led the city of Deir al-Zour since the Ottoman era and continued during the occupation of English and French and Some of the tribe leaders fought French and English colonialism, such as the leader Ayyash Al-Haj, who was exiled by the French authorities with his family to the city of Jableh in 1925 and executed some of his sons after being accused of preparing a revolution in Deir el-Zour to relieve pressure on the area of Jabal al-Arab during the Great Syrian Revolution in 1925.[5][6]

After the formation of the Syrian state, Minister Mohamed Al-Ayesh emerged as the first minister in the Eastern Province and continued for many years and was known as a man of ministries.[7][1]

In the modern era, Baggara tribespeople supported the Baath and Nasserist parties, One tribesman from the Abdulkarim clan, Yassin Al-Hafiz (1930–78), noted for his intellectualism, served as an architect of Baath party ideology. A large number of tribespeople belong to the Baath wings in both Syria and Iraq, and The Baggara tribe also includes members of the Communist Party.[3]

Many of Baggara tribespeople joined the Baath Party primarily for benefits and government employment, But many quickly turned against the regime and joined the 2011 uprising, During this period of anti-Assad activism, Sheikh Nawaf Ragheb Al-Bashir delivered anti-regime speeches attended by tribespeople who traveled to Deir al-Zour from their nearby villages. Originally, Sheikh Nawaf joined the Party of Socialist Unitarians and called for pan-Arabism, then he supports Iran’s Shia ideology and the Shia coalition in Syria.[3]

Celebrities of Tribe

Fadel Al-Aboud

Further information: Fadel Al-Aboud
Fadel Al-Aboud
President of Deir al-Zour government in 1918 and 1920.

Fadel Aboud Al-Hassan or Haj Fadel Al-Aboud, a Syrian leader and head of the Haj Fadel Government in eastern Syria after the Ottomans left the region in 1918.[8][9]

Al-Hassan was born in Deir al-Zour in 1872 for Al-Hassan family from the Abo Obaid clan from Al-Baggara tribe.[1][10]

Al-Hassan was of high social standing in Deir al-Zour, which enabled him to take over the leadership from his father Aboud Hassan. Al-Hassan worked in trade and had extensive commercial relations with Turkish merchants and Halbians, and with his cousins Najjar and Tayfur in the city of Hama.[11]

When the trouble broke out in the city of Deir al-Zour after the Ottomans left on 6 November 1918, people began looting and stealing from each other across the area, so it was necessary to have a strong authority for protecting the city and its people and that led Al-Hassan who was the mayor to form his first government in the city and asking all tribal leaders in the villages and surrounding districts to support him and pledge allegiance to him. One of the priorities of this government was maintain the security and running the affairs of the city. This government later known as the "government of Haj Fadel".[5][12]

The government continued until the arrival of Sharif Nasser, the cousin of Prince Faisal Bin Al-Hussein, on 1 December 1918, and Mari Basha Al-Mallah on 7 December 1918.[13]

After the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920 and occupation of Damascus by French forces, The city of Deir Ezzor was in a state of chaos and insecurity, which prompted Al-Hassan to form his second government, Which has done great services in protecting the city and maintaining the security of its people despite its limited capabilities.

This government continued its work until 23 November 1920, when it was dissolved by a decision of the French occupation authorities.[14][11]

Al-Hassan represented the Euphrates region at the Syrian National Congress held in late June 1919, which proclaimed the independence of Syria and establishment of the Syrian Arab Kingdom on 8 March 1920, and appointed Faisal bin Sharif Hussein as a king.[15] Al-Hassan participated in the coronation of Faisal as king of Iraq on 23 August 1921 and supported his inauguration.[16][17]

Al-Hassan died in 1936 in Deir al-Zour and was buried there. His sons continued his political work. His son, Dr. Badri Fadel Aboud, became the Minister of Health in the government of Said Al-Ghazi in 1955, under the presidency of President Shukri al-Quwatli. He was the first Minister of Health from Deir al-Zour.

Ayyash Al-Haj

Further information: Ayyash Al-Haj and The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
Ayyash Al-Haj

Ayyash Al-Haj Hussein Al-Jassim, a Syrian leader from Deir al-Zour city, began the armed struggle against the French colonizer in governorate of Deir al-Zour in 1925 coinciding with the outbreak of the Great Syrian Revolution in Jabal al-Arab and Ghouta of Damascus. He was sentenced by the French to exile to Jableh city with his family after they were convicted of planning and carrying out several military operations against the French forces, the latest was in "Ain Albu Gomaa". They also sentenced his eldest son Mohammed 20 years in prison on the island of Arwad, and executed his son Mahmoud by shooting with a number of other revolutionaries.[18][19][20][21]

Ayyash was born in Deir al-Zour in 1864 for Al-Haj family from the Abo Obaid clan from Al-Baggara tribe.,[1][10] He grew up in a national family that contributed to the struggle against the colonizers throughout history, Therefore, Ayyash was liking his city and his homeland, and a lover of its material and immaterial traditions, and that is why he devoted most of his life to the service and protection of his city.[22][23][24][25] When the Ottomans left Deir ez-Zor, Ayyash Al-Haj contributed to protecting the people of Deir ez-Zor from the chaos and the absence of security left by the absence of the Ottoman authority. He formed a local government known as Haj Fadel Government with the dignitaries of Deir ez-Zor, headed by his cousin from the Abu Obaid clan, Fadel Al-Aboud in 1918.[26]

He established a national army from the people of the city with Mr. Omar Al-'Abd Al-'Aziz and Mr. Khalaf Al-'Abd Al-Hamid to counter the invasion of the English and clashed with them at the site of Salhiya in 1919.

Ayyash Al-Haj also contributed to resolving many conflicts and revolutions between the people of Deir ez-Zor and between them and the people of the countryside due to his close ties with Al-Baggara tribes, his cousins and close friends of the Albu Saraya clan, who later participated with his sons in the formation of armed revolutionary groups against the French forces.[27][28]

The French sentenced him to exile in the city of Jableh with his family members in 1925, they also sentenced his eldest son Mohammad to 20 years' imprisonment and executed his son Mahmoud by firing squad, after being convicted of planning and carrying out several military operations against French forces in Syria, the most recent of which was the epic of Ain Bou Juma in 1925.[29][30]

Ayyash and his family left to their exile in the city of Jableh where the people of the city embraced him and were respected him for their struggle and virtues.[31][32][33][21]

Shortly after Ayyash Al-Haj family's living in Jableh, The French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city by poisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body to Deir Ezzor city for reasons of public security, He was buried in Jableh in the cemetery of Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adham Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyr mujahid in all the Syrian cities.[34][35][36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "محمد العايش 1880 -1968". 7 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ a b Al-Baggara، Wikipedia.
  3. ^ a b c d "A Tale of Six Tribes: Securing the Middle Euphrates River Valley". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Ayed, Adel, Who is the Bakara tribe in Syria?, Aletihad Press, 3/01/2017". Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  5. ^ a b Bukhapur revolution with dates and evidence، Website Al-Muhasan City.. Archived 10 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Alayyash، Abdul Qader، Prepare: Walid al-Mashouh، Hadarat Wady Alfurat ،Al Ahali for printing publishing and distribution، First Edition، 1989، P 152..
  7. ^ "الحاج فاضل العبود". www.baqqarah.net. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  8. ^ "موقع دير الزور – "فاضل العبود" .. حكومة الحاج فاضل الأولى". esyria.sy. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. ^ "Waleed، Alaa، The sons of Deir al-Zour evoke the experience of the government of Haj Fadel، An article published in orient news Web site، 09/02/2013". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  10. ^ a b Marzouq, Yasser (2012). "Mohammed Al-Ayesh" (PDF). Syrianna Magazine. 55: 11.
  11. ^ a b Alshamary, Anwar, Biggest Baggara Tribe, Dar Almaref, Homs, 1996, Page: 363..
  12. ^ Alayyash، Abdul Qader، Prepare: Walid al-Mashouh، Hadarat Wady Alfurat ،Al Ahali for printing publishing and distribution، First Edition، 1989، P 152..
  13. ^ "Alhaj Fadel Alaboud, An article published in Baggara tribe Web site, 30/03/2009". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  14. ^ Alayyash، Abdul Qader، Prepare: Walid al-Mashouh، Hadarat Wady Alfurat ،Al Ahali for printing publishing and distribution، First Edition، 1989، P 154..
  15. ^ "King's Complete History of the World War, William C. King, The History Associates, 1922, page 665". Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  16. ^ Alshamary, Anwar, Biggest Baggara Tribe, Dar Almaref, Homs, 1996, Page: 362..
  17. ^ Syrian National Congress، Arabic Wikipedia.
  18. ^ Sabbagh, Rand (2017). "Deir Ezzor a city on the banks of paradise" (PDF). Al-Quds Al-Arabi Newspaper. 8789: 34–35.
  19. ^ "Memoirs of Lawyer Fathallah Al-Saqqal" (PDF). Al-Furat Magazine: 28. 2009.
  20. ^ Sheikh Khafaji, Ghassan (2018). "Abdelkader Ayyash in his folk museum". The Culture and Heritage of Deir Ezzor. Archived from the original on 2018. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  21. ^ a b Al-Shaheen, Mazen Mohammad Fayez (2009). History of Deir Ezzor Governorate. Syria – Deir ezzor: Dar Alturath. p. 753.
  22. ^ Farouk Alimam, Mohammed (2017). "The men of Syria Minister Mohammed Ayesh". Nesan News.
  23. ^ Sheikh Khafaji, Ghassan (2019). Golden Biography – Deir ez-Zor Bride of the Euphrates and the Syrian island (PDF). Syria - Damascus: House of the Raslan Foundation for Printing. pp. 320–321. ISBN 9789933005962.
  24. ^ Nassif, Labib (2017). "Greetings to the victorious Deir Ezzor". Al-Benaa Newspaper. 2473: 9.
  25. ^ Farouk Imam, Mohammed (2017). "The men of Syria Minister Mohammed Ayesh". Sabr Newspaper.
  26. ^ Al-Shaheen, Mazen Mohammad Fayez (2009). History of Deir Ezzor Governorate. Syria – Deir ezzor: Dar Alturath. p. 753.
  27. ^ Al-Hussein, Mohammed (2016). "Epic Po Juma Championship increased national cohesion". esyria. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ Al-Katib, Hassan (1973). "Abdelkader Ayyash Folkloric researcher and historian Al Furati". Orient Magazine. 10: 32.
  29. ^ Raddawi, Lamia (2009). "Mohammed Ayesh deputy minister and political". esyria.
  30. ^ Marzouq, Yasser (2014). "Abdel Kader Ayyash". Syrianna Magazine. 159: 14.
  31. ^ Qaisar, Saab (2015). "Abdul Qader Ayash, Mirror of the Euphrates Valley". Al-Watan Newspaper. 2220: 10.
  32. ^ Alngers, Mahmoud (2005). "One of the epics of heroic martyrdom in the Euphrates Valley". Al-furat Newspaper.
  33. ^ Alarfi, Subhi (2008). "Denshway in Syria hero Mahmoud Ayyash". Manaraa Euphrates Magazine: 46.
  34. ^ "Deir Ezzor in the Syrian National Social Party". Al-Benaa newspaper. 2015.
  35. ^ Fattouh, Issa (2017). "Abdul Qader Al-Ayyash Researcher and historian". Almarifa Magazine. 646: 153–159.
  36. ^ Morshed, Faisal (2016). "Druze Unitarians and the Syrian Revolution". Sasapost. Archived from the original on 2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
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