Left bundle branch block
| Left bundle branch block | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ECG characteristics of a typical LBBB showing wide QRS complexes with abnormal morphology in leads V1 and V6. | |
| Specialty | Cardiology, Emergency Medicine |
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a conduction abnormality in the heart that can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG).[1] In this condition, activation of the left ventricle of the heart is delayed, which causes the left ventricle to contract later than the right ventricle.
Causes
Among the causes of LBBB are:[2]
- Aortic stenosis
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Extensive coronary artery disease
- Primary disease of the cardiac electrical conduction system
- Long standing hypertension leading to aortic root dilatation and subsequent aortic regurgitation
- Lyme disease
Mechanisms
Slow or absent conduction through the left bundle branch means that it takes longer than normal for the left ventricle to fully depolarise.[3] This can be due to a damaged bundle branch that is completely unable to conduct, but may represent intact conduction that is slower than normal. LBBB may be fixed, present at all times, but may be intermittent for example occurring only during rapid heart rates. This may be due to the bundle having a longer refractory period than usual. [3]
Diagnosis
LBBB is diagnosed on a 12-lead ECG. In adults, it is seen as wide QRS complexes lasting ≥120ms with characteristic QRS shapes in the precordial leads, although narrower complexes are seen in children.[4] In lead V1, the QRS complex is often entirely negative (QS morphology), although a small initial R wave may be seen (rS morphology). In the lateral leads (I, aVL, V5-V6) the QRS complexes are usually predominantly positive with a slow upstroke last >60ms to the R-wave peak.[4] Notching may be seen in these leads but this is not universal. The small Q-waves that are usually seen in the lateral leads are absent in LBBB.[4] T-waves usually point in the opposite direction to the terminal portion of the preceding QRS - positive QRS complexes have negative T-waves while negative QRS complexes have positive T-waves. The ST segments typically slur into the T-wave and often appear elevated in leads with negative QRS complexes.[3] The axis may be normal but may be deviated to the left or right.[4]
There are also partial blocks of the left bundle branch: "left anterior fascicular block" (LAFB)[5] and a "left posterior fascicular block" (LPFB).[6] This refers to the block after the bifurcation of the left bundle branch.
Diagnostic consequences
The presence of LBBB results in that electrocardiography (ECG) cannot be used to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy or Q wave infarction, because LBBB in itself results in widened QRS complex, and changes in the ST segment consistent with ischemia or injury.[7]
Treatment
- Patients with LBBB require complete cardiac evaluation, and those with LBBB and syncope or near-syncope may require a pacemaker.
- Some patients with LBBB, a markedly prolonged QRS (usually > 150 ms), and systolic heart failure may benefit from a biventricular pacemaker, which allows for better synchrony of heart contractions.[8]
See also
References
- ^ "Conduction Blocks 2006 KCUMB". Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- ^ "Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
- ^ a b c Foster, D. Bruce (2007). Twelve-lead electrocardiography : theory and interpretation. D. Bruce Foster (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-610-0. OCLC 184955043.
- ^ a b c d Surawicz, Borys; Childers, Rory; Deal, Barbara J.; Gettes, Leonard S.; Bailey, James J.; Gorgels, Anton; Hancock, E. William; Josephson, Mark; Kligfield, Paul; Kors, Jan A.; Macfarlane, Peter (2009-03-17). "AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 53 (11): 976–981. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.013. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 19281930.
- ^ "more detailed information about left anterior fascicular block". GPnotebook.
- ^ "more detailed information about left posterior fascicular block". GPnotebook.
- ^ Emily Groepper; Nasar Nallamothu; Wilfred Lam; Frank Aguirre; Kristi Bergman; Patricia Good; Patricia Wright (May 13, 2014). "Electrocardiography > Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)". Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ Stevenson WG, Hernaddez AF, Carson PE, et al. Indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy: 2011 update from the Heart Failure Society of America guideline committee. J Card Fail 2012; 18:94-106.