Helena (daughter of Alypius)
| Helena | |
|---|---|
| Augusta | |
| Empress of the Byzantine Empire | |
| Tenure | 976?–before 1025 |
| Born | 960s? |
| Died | c. 989? definitely before 1025 |
| Spouse | Constantine VIII |
| Issue | Eudokia Zoe Porphyrogenita Theodora Porphyrogenita |
| Father | Alypius |
Helena Alypia (Greek: Ελένη Αλυπία, Eleni Alypia; 960s? – c. 989?) was a Byzantine empress consort as the wife of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VIII.
Life
Very little is known about her, as she is only briefly mentioned in the Chronographia of Michael Psellos, followed by the works of John Skylitzes and Zonaras.[1] Psellos writes of her only that:
- "Constantine while still a young man, had married a lady called Helena. She was a daughter of the renowned Alypius, then the leading man in the city and member of a noble family held in high repute. This lady, who was not only beautiful but also virtuous, bore him three daughters before she died."[2]
Apart from this reference in Psellos, her father Alypius (Αλυπίος) is otherwise unknown.[3] The marriage probably took place ca. 976, and Helena died at some unknown point, apparently long before her husband became sole emperor in 1025.[1] The historian Gunther G. Wolf theorized that she died ca. 989, possibly during the birth of her third daughter.[1]
Their three daughters were:[1]
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- Eudokia (Ευδοκία). Eldest daughter. According to the Chronographia "in childhood she had been attacked by some infectious illness, and her looks had been marred ever since".[4] She later became a nun.
- Zoe Porphyrogenita. Empress regnant 1042–1050.
- Theodora Porphyrogenita. Empress regnant in spring 1042 (sharing with Zoe) and sole empress regnant 1055–56.
At the time of their marriage, Constantine VIII was the co-ruler of his older brother Basil II. Basil reigned as senior Byzantine Emperor from 976 to 1025 but never married, which would make Helena the only Augusta during his reign.
Possible descendants
Ronald Wells, a modern genealogist, has suggested that Eudokia did not remain a nun for life. He has theorised an identification of Eudokia with the otherwise unnamed wife of Andronikos Doukas, a Paphlagonian nobleman who may have served as governor of the theme of Moesia. This theory would make Helena a maternal grandmother of Constantine X and Caesar John Doukas.[5]
Wells has further suggested two daughters of the above proposed union. The first suggested daughter is Maria, the wife of Ivan Vladislav. Christian Settipani has however posited a more robustly argued descent of Maria from Boris II of Bulgaria.[6] The second daughter is "Sophia", an alleged wife of Manuel Erotikos Komnenos.[7] Manuel was the father of Isaac I Komnenos and John Komnenos, the latter being the father of Alexios I Komnenos.
The claim, which provides no references or argumentation, apparently serves as a way to trace the ancestry of the Doukas and Komnenos families to the Macedonian dynasty. There is however no proof for any such relationship of Eudokia in primary sources or contemporary sigillography[8] and modern historical and prosopographical authorities remain equally silent on the matter,[9][10] making the asserted descent appear entirely unlikely.
References
- ^ a b c d PmbZ, Helene (#22578).
- ^ Michael Psellos, "Chronographia", Book 2, chapter 4
- ^ PmbZ, Alypios (#20265).
- ^ Michael Psellos, "Chronographia", Book 2, chapter 5
- ^ "130-9". Archived from the original on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Settipani 2006, pp.282-283
- ^ "140-9". Archived from the original on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Prosopography of the Byzantine World, Eudokia (101) - vide: http://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/pbw2011/entity/person/107052 Archived 2017-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Settipani 2006, p.158 (Doukas), p. 308 (Macedonian Dynasty).
- ^ Cheynet 1996, p.275 (Ducas).
Sources
- Cheynet, Jean-Claude, Pouvoir et Contestations a Byzance (963-1210), Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1996.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
- Settipani, Christian, Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle, Paris: De Boccard, 2006.