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Panicum decompositum

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Panicum decompositum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Panicum
Species:
P. decompositum
Binomial name
Panicum decompositum

Panicum decompositum, known by the common names native millet, native panic, Australian millet, papa grass, and umbrella grass, is a species of perennial grass native to the inland of Australia. It occurs in every mainland state.[1] The seeds can be cultivated to produce flour typically used in Aboriginal bushfood.[2] The species is also considered to have relatively high palatability by livestock, making it suitable for grazing pastures.[1]

Description

Open panicle structure of Panicum decompositum seed-heads.

Native millet is specifically a C4 tussock forming perennial with glabrous blue-green blade-like leaves with a pale line running down the middle on the front of the leaves and a protruding spine, known as the keel, at the back of the leaves. The grass can grow up to 145cm tall with seed heads that can grow up to approximately 40cm in length.

Native millet is hermaphroditic, which means it contains both the male and female reproductive organs in the same flower. The seed head has an open panicle structure which consists of multiple small branches loosely clustered together. At the end of each small branch is a spikelet that would flower and mature into seeds.[1] The species flowers in summer and autumn (approximately from December to May in Australia) and the main method of pollination is via wind.[3]

Native millet, along with other grasses, grow fibrous roots which retains the surrounding soil and prevent erosion.[4] The fibrous roots also increase the overall biomass in the soil which provides an environment for microorganisms. which promotes the filtration of chemical compounds in water runoff such as fertilisers or pesticides.[4]

Seed dispersal

The main mode of seed dispersal for native panic is wind. As the seeds mature and dry out, the spikelets can easily break off with adequate wind and get blown away.[4] The dried spikelets, and dried, dead stalks can easily form clusters and become a fire hazard.[1] This issue is usually managed with backburning, a practice often used to reduce the fuel available to bushfires during the drier seasons.[5]

Ecology

Dried seed-heads of native millet collect around fences which can become a fire-hazard.[1][5]
Native millet typically grows in sandy and clay laden soil.[1]

Native millet can tolerate a wide variety of soils but prefers wetter soils with high clay and sand content, also known as alluvial soil. Native millet is widely spread, growing evenly on pastures rather than forming dominant stands or single bushes. The species is resistant to both drought and flooding conditions.[1] Native millet has been shown to be able to withstand prolonged periods of flooding with minimal effects on normal plant characteristics with the exception of slowed seedling growth.[6] The species is sensitive to frost and often hays-off or stops producing seeds prematurely during the winter months. Native millet can quickly repopulate during spring.[1]

Uses

Bushfood

Native millet is a staple food of outback Aboriginal people, who hand-harvest the seed to make bush bread. The seeds, harvested in large quanties, by stacking and burning and then collecting the fallen seeds, possibly on a drop blanket made out of animal skin.[7] The seeds can be collected dry, combined with other native seeds such as wattle seeds and spinifex (Triodia) grass seeds to produce flour. The seed heads usually contain adequate moisture to produce a dough when grounded dry, otherwise, a small amount of water can be added to form a thick and sticky paste. The dough can be consumed raw or formed into a loaf or a bun and cooked on hot coal to produce damper bread, also known as bush bread, seed cake, or soda bread. Bush bread is often carried on group travels as a source of energy.[2] Native millet, as well as other native grasses such as kangaroo grass, are being incorporated into modern baking in some small Australian bakeries as a wheat or rye flour alternative.[8]

Agriculture

Farmers also highly prize the grass as pasture for stock. Native millet has moderate to high grazing value with 2.2–10.6% crude protein and considered relatively palatable by livestock. Due to its resistance to flooding, the grass is can produce high volumes of feed in floodplains after heavy rains or floods during the summer months.[1] Native millet can withstand high livestock volumes but is best managed with rotational grazing with at most 40% pasture utilisation, that is, the percentage of pasture consumed at any one time.[1] Overgrowth of feed can lead to decay at the base of the pastures which can decrease palatability.[9] The growth of native millet on sandy soils usually indicates a light grazing pressure or a lower volume of livestock. However, the growth of native millet on clay-laden soil can indicate heavy grazing as a result of overstocking.[1] The germination rate of native millet has been found to increase from the exposure to plant-derived smoke. This indicates possible benefits from backburning or sowing smoke-treated native millet seeds for setting up pastures either for livestock or seed cultivation.[10]

Toxicity

Some species of the genus Panicum such as Panicum dichotomiflorum are known to cause hepatogenous photosensitisation[11] in ruminant livestock such as sheep.[12][13] This occurs when the build up of phylloerythrin, a photosentising agent, in the gut reaches the skin and cause a phototoxic reaction which can lead to burning, blisters, or lesions of the skin.[13] P. decompositum has been suspected to be poisonous in association with similar photosensitisation causing species, however, no specific cases were confirmed.[14][15][12]

Distribution

There are two variations of native millet. P. decompositum var. decompositum is native and only occurs in the state of Victoria, while P. decompositum var. tenuis occurs in all other mainland states, in particular, the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales. Very few sightings have been reported for the state of South Australia and neither variations are found in Tasmania.[16]

Native millet is amongst the intermediate species of alluvial Mitchell grassland of the Kimberly region of Western Australia. Mitchell grasslands are known for their black soil due to the high clay and silt content.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Native millet". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b Wroth, David; Gallery, Japingka; Aug 2020, Updated. "Damper Seed - Aboriginal Art Stories - Japingka Gallery". Japingka Aboriginal Art Gallery. Retrieved 21 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Native Millet". www.herbiguide.com.au. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Saving soil - A landholder's guide to preventing and repairing soil erosion". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Fire Management". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  6. ^ Geurts, C. J.; Fox, J. E. D.; Luong, T. M.; Cox, M. C. (2005). "Flood tolerance of Panicum decompositum: Effects in seedling biomass". Tropical Grasslands. 39: 160–170.
  7. ^ Cumpston, Zen; Fletcher, Michael & Head, Lesley (2022). First Knowledges Plants: Past, Present and Future. Port Melbourne: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-1-760-76187-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Mitchell, Georgina (6 October 2018). "Bakers rise to use of native grains as kangaroo grass hops into recipes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  9. ^ Morgan, Jim; PhD (21 July 2012). "Advantages of Rotational Grazing". Premier1Supplies Sheep Guide. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  10. ^ Read, Tamara R.; Bellairs, Sean M. (1999). "Smoke affects the Germination of Native Grasses of New South Wales". Australian Journal of Botany. 47 (4): 563. doi:10.1071/bt97124. ISSN 0067-1924.
  11. ^ "Photosensitization in Animals - Integumentary System".
  12. ^ a b Sillman, Sarah J.; Lee, Stephen T.; Claborn, Jeff; Boruch, Jennifer; Harris, Seth P. (19 December 2018). "Fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) toxicosis in three juvenile goats". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 31 (1): 90–93. doi:10.1177/1040638718820083. ISSN 1040-6387. PMC 6505770. PMID 30565513.
  13. ^ a b "Photosensitization in Animals - Integumentary System". Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Economic Attributes of Australian Grasses | AusGrass2". ausgrass2.myspecies.info. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Native Millet". www.herbiguide.com.au. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Flora of Victoria". vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Mitchell grass alluvial plain pastures in the Kimberley, Western Australia". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 20 November 2020.


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