Spondias
| Spondias | |
|---|---|
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| Fruiting Spondias mombin | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Spondiadoideae |
| Genus: | Spondias L. |
| Type species | |
| Spondias mombin | |
| Species | |
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See Selected species | |
| Synonyms | |
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Allospondias (Pierre) Stapf | |
Spondias is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. The genus consists of 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the Neotropics and about 10 are native to tropical Asia. They are commonly named hog plums, Spanish plums, libas in Bikol and in some cases golden apples for their brightly colored fruit which resemble an apple or small plum at a casual glance. They are only distantly related to apple and plum trees, however. A more unequivocal common name is mombins.
A theory regarding the name of the city of Bangkok, Thailand is that the name is derived from Thai: -มะกอกน้ำ; RTGS: makok nam 'water olive', the Thai name for the fruit of Spondias dulcis.[2] In Cambodia, Spondias pinnata is called /pɷːn siː pʰlaɛ/ (ពោនស៊ីផ្លែ) or /məkaʔ prẹj/ (ម្កាក់ព្រៃ),[3] and Spondias dulcis simply /məkaʔ/ (ម្កាក់). Spondias pinnata is called Pulicha kaai in the Tamil language, which means "sour fruit." It is also called "Amate Kaai" in the Kannada language, Ambade in Tulu and Konkani. In Sri Lanka it is called Amberella. In Bangladesh it is known as Aamra (আমড়া) and when served with seasonings it is a very popular street food.
Description
They are deciduous or semi-evergreen trees growing to 25 m tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, pinnate, rarely bipinnate or simple. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small mango (in the related genus Mangifera), 4–10 cm long, ripening yellow or orange. It has a single seed.
The Malesian species of Spondias were revised by Ding Hou in 1978.[4] The most recently recognized species, Spondias testudinis, was described in 1998.[5]
As food
About 10 species of Spondias bear edible fruits and have been domesticated for fruit production. These fruits are also consumed by herbivorous mammals such as deer.
In the Western Ghats of Karnataka flower buds and tender fruits are used in pickle preparation. In Thai cuisine both the fruits and the tender leaves are eaten. In Odisha its called ambada, the fruit is used as a souring agent in curries.
Selected species
As of July 2020[update], Plants of the World online has 19 accepted species:[6]
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Selected synonyms include:
- Spondias cytherea Sonn. — synonym of Spondias dulcis
- Spondias haplophylla Airy Shaw & Forman — synonym of Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.
- Spondias indica (Wight & Arn.) Airy Shaw & Forman — synonym of Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn.
- Spondias lakonensis Pierre — synonym of Allospondias lakonensis (Pierre) Stapf
References
- ^ "Spondias L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ "ชั้นและตำบลที่ตั้งวัด" Archived 2011-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, watarun.org, accessed March 29, 2011.
- ^ LETI, Mathieu, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing, Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Paris: Privat, 2013, p. 63.
- ^ Flora Malesiana series 1, 8(3):395-577.
- ^ John D. Mitchell and Douglas C. Daly. 1998. "The "tortoise's cajá" - a new species of Spondias (Anacardiaceae) from southwestern Amazonia" Brittonia 50( ):447-451.
- ^ Kew Science Plants of the World Online, retrieved 14 July 2020
External links
Media related to Spondias at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Spondias at Wikispecies
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