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Ericameria nauseosa

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Ericameria nauseosa
Ericameria nauseosa in Oregon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Tribe:
Astereae
Genus:
Ericameria
Species:
E. nauseosa
Binomial name
Ericameria nauseosa
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Chondrophora nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) Britton
  • Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall. ex Pursh) Britton
  • Chrysocoma nauseosa]] Pall.
  • Chrysothamnus frigidus Greene
  • Bigelowia nauseosa M.E.Jones
  • Chrysothamnus collinus Greene
  • Chrysothamnus concolor (A.Nelson) Rydb.
  • Chrysothamnus pallidus A.Nelson
  • Aster edwardii Kuntze
  • Bigelowia juncea Greene
  • Chrysothamnus junceus (Greene) Greene
  • Chrysothamnus plattensis (Greene) Greene
  • Machaeranthera scabrella (Greene) Shinners, syn of var. ammophila
  • Aster binominatus Kuntze, syn of var. bigelovii
  • Bigelowia bigelovii (A.Gray) A.Gray, syn of var. bigelovii
  • Chrysothamnus bigelovii (A.Gray) Greene, syn of var. bigelovii
  • Chrysothamnus glareosus (M.E.Jones) Rydb., syn of var. bigelovii
  • Chrysothamnus moquianus Greene, syn of var. bigelovii
  • Linosyris bigelovii A.Gray, syn of var. bigelovii
  • Bigelowia ceruminosa (Durand & Hilg.) A.Gray, syn of var. ceruminosa
  • Chrysothamnus ceruminosus (Durand & Hilg.) Greene, syn of var. ceruminosa
  • Linosyris ceruminosus Durand & Hilg., syn of var. ceruminosa
  • Chrysothamnus angustus Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus confinis Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus consimilis Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus falcatus Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus patens Rydb. syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus pinifolius Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Chrysothamnus tortuosus Greene, syn of var. consimilis
  • Bigelowia graveolens (Nutt.) A.Gray, syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysocoma graveolens Nutt., syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysothamnus dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt., syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysothamnus graveolens (Nutt.) Greene, syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysothamnus laetevirens Greene, syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysothamnus virens Greene, syn of var. graveolens
  • Linosyris graveolens (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray, syn of var. graveolens
  • Chrysothamnus gnaphalodes (Greene) Greene, syn of var. hololeuca
  • Chrysothamnus appendiculatus (Eastw.) A.Heller, syn of var. latisquamea
  • Chrysothamnus arizonicus (Greene) Greene, syn of var. latisquamea
  • Chrysothamnus latisquameus (A.Gray) Greene, syn of var. leiosperma
  • Aster leiospermus (A.Gray) Kuntze, syn of var. leiosperma
  • Bigelowia leiosperma A.Gray, syn of var. leiosperma
  • Chrysothamnus leiospermus (A.Gray) Greene, syn of var. leiosperma
  • Aster mohavensis (Greene) Kuntze, syn of var. mohavensis
  • Bigelowia mohavensis Greene, syn of var. mohavensis
  • Bigelowia mohavensis Greene ex A.Gray, syn of var. mohavensis
  • Chrysothamnus mohavensis (Greene) Greene, syn of var. mohavensis
  • Bigelowia glareosa M.E.Jones, syn of var. psilocarpa
  • Chrysothamnus salicifolius Rydb., syn of var. salicifolia
  • Chrysothamnus californicus Greene, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus formosus Greene, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus macounii Greene, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus occidentalis (Greene) Greene, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus orthophyllus Greene, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus A.Nelson, syn of var. speciosa
  • Chrysothamnus speciosus Nutt., syn of var. speciosa
  • Bigelowia turbinata M.E.Jones, syn of var. turbinata
  • Chrysothamnus turbinatus (M.E.Jones) Rydb., syn of var. turbinata
volunteer rabbitbrush in the landscaping of the post office in Crestone, Colorado
Flower heads, each with five individual flowers. Most of the flower heads in the cluster of heads were removed for this image.

Ericameria nauseosa (formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus), commonly known as Chamisa, rubber rabbitbrush, and gray rabbitbrush, is a North American shrub in the sunflower family (Aster). It grows in the arid regions of western Canada, western United States (from the western Great Plains to the Pacific) and northern Mexico.[2]

Two subspecies have been described, nauseosa (the gray form with 14 varieties) and consimilis (the green form with 8 varieties).[3]

Rubber rabbitbrush was moved from the genus Chrysothamnus to the genus Ericameria in a 1993 paper.[3] The findings of a 2003 phylogenetic investigation of Ericameria were consistent with the move of the rubber rabbitbrush from Chrysothamnus to Ericameria.[4] The second edition of the Jepson plant manual[5] and the USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network[6] have adopted the name Ericameria nauseosa.

Description

Growth pattern

Ericameria nauseosa is a 2' to 8' perennial shrub.[7] The shrub reproduces from seeds and root sprouts.[8]

Inflorescence

It blooms from August to October.[9] It produces pungent-smelling, golden-yellow flowers. Flower heads are made up of 5 small, yellow, tubular disk flowers, and occur in umbrella-shaped terminal clusters.[10][8]

Stems and leaves

Leaves, depending on the subspecies, are long and narrow to spatula-shaped. Both the flexible (rubbery) stems and the leaves are greenish-gray with a soft felt-like covering.[8]

Subspecies and varieties

Recognized infraspecific taxa from The Plant List[1] with distribution information from Flora of North America[8] and Tropicos[11]

Cultivation

Rabbitbrush, Ericameria nauseosa, has gained popularity as an ornamental xeriscaping shrub in areas where water conservation is important. It thrives in a wide range of coarse, alkaline soils that are common to desert environments. Pruning the shrub back to several inches in early spring, before new growth begins, may help improve the shrub's ornamental value.[13]

Forage

Along with associated species, like big sage and western wheat grass, rubber rabbitbrush is a significant source of food for browsing wildlife (including game animals and rabbits)[14] on winter ranges.[15] Dense stands of this species often grow on poorly managed rangelands, in disturbed areas along roadways and on abandoned agricultural property.[15]

Uses

The Zuni people use the blossoms bigelovii variety of the nauseosa subspecies to make a yellow dye.[16] They use the stems to make baskets.[17]

Possible commercial uses

Rubber rabbitbrush was considered as a source of rubber as early as 1904.[18] Several studies have been conducted on the possible use of rubber rabbitbrush as a source of rubber including ones during World Wars I and II, and 1987.[19] Currently the University of Nevada is conducting research on possible of uses of rubber rabbitbrush for biomaterial and bioenergy uses.[20] One possible commercial use of rubber rabbitbrush would be as a source for hypoallergenic rubber for use in products designed for people with latex allergies.[21]

Radioactivity

Specimens growing in Bayo Canyon, near Los Alamos, New Mexico, exhibit a concentration of radioactive strontium-90 300,000 times higher than a normal plant. Their roots reach into a closed nuclear waste treatment area, mistaking strontium for calcium due to its similar chemical properties. The radioactive shrubs are "indistinguishable from other shrubs without a Geiger counter."[22]

  • Rabbitbrush native to the area near the post office in Crestone, Colorado
    Rabbitbrush native to the area near the post office in Crestone, Colorado
  • Blooms of the decorative rabbitbrush used at the Crestone post office.
    Blooms of the decorative rabbitbrush used at the Crestone post office.
  • Rubber rabbitbrush in Utah
    Rubber rabbitbrush in Utah

References

  1. ^ a b The Plant List, Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L.Nesom & G.I.Baird
  2. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  3. ^ a b Completion of Ericameria (Asteraceae: Astereae): diminution of Chrysothamnus 1993 Phytologia 75: 74–93, G. L. Nesom, G.I. Baird.
  4. ^ Molecular phylogeny of Ericameria (Asteraceae, Astereae) based on nuclear ribosomal 3' ETS and ITS sequence data TAXON 52 · May 2003: 209–228, Roland P. Roberts, Lowell E. Urbatsch
  5. ^ "The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California (2nd Edition), Ericameria nauseosa". University of California, Berkeley. 2010-10-21.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Ericameria nauseosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ Mojave Desert Wildflowers, Pam MacKay, 2nd Ed. p 198
  8. ^ a b c d Flora of North America, Rabbitbrush, Ericameria nauseosa (Pallas ex Pursh) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird
  9. ^ WildflowerSearch.com: Ericameria nauseosa.
  10. ^ Malaby, Sarah. "Rubber Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird)". US Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
  11. ^ Tropicos, Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & G.I. Baird
  12. ^ Anderson, Loran Crittendon 2006. Sida 22(2): 868–872 diagnosis in Latin, description and commentary in English, color photo on page 869
  13. ^ Wendy Mee et al. Waterwise, Native Plants for Intermountain Landscapes. Utah State University Press, 2003 Archived 2007-09-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 442. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  15. ^ a b Utah State University Extension Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30, p.80
  17. ^ Stevenson p.81
  18. ^ Hall, Harvey (2010-11-06). A rubber plant survey of western North America, Volume 7, page 186. University of California.
  19. ^ Resin and Rubber Content in Chrysothmnus 1987 Dale Hegerhorst, Darrell W. Weber E. Durant McArthur The Southwestern Naturalist 32(4):475–482
  20. ^ "Rabbit Brush: A New High Value Rubber Crop for Nevada". United States Department of Agriculture. 2010-11-06.
  21. ^ "Nevada Dividends Impact Report Rabbit Brush Potential for Domestic Rubber Production". University of Nevada, Reno. 2010-11-06.
  22. ^ Masco, Joseph. The Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico. Princeton University Press, 2006.
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