Hinghwa Romanized
Hinghwa Romanized Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ | |
---|---|
![]() Bible in Hinghwa (Xinghua) Romanized (Genesis), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society. | |
Script type | (modified) |
Creator | William N. Brewster |
Time period | 1890 — 1950 |
Languages | Putian dialect of the Pu-Xian Min language |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Transliteration of Chinese |
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Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
Hinghwa Romanized, also known as Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) or Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (平話字), is a Latin alphabet of the Putian dialect of Pu-Xian Chinese. It was invented by William N. Brewster (蒲魯士), an American Methodist pioneer missionary in Hinghwa (modern Putian) in 1890.
Writing system
Alphabet
Hinghwa Romanized has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | unaspirated | p 巴 (b) | t 打 (d) | k 家 (g) | ʔ 烏 | |
aspirated | pʰ 彭 (p) | tʰ 他 (t) | kʰ 卡 (k) | |||
Nasals | m 麻 (m) | n 拿 (n) | ŋ 雅 (ng) | |||
Fricatives | voiceless | ɬ 沙 (s) | h 下 (h) | |||
voiced | ||||||
Affricates | unaspirated | ts 渣 (c) | ||||
aspirated | tsʰ 査 (ch) | |||||
Approximant | l 拉 (l) |
Finals
Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
no glide | a 鴉 (a) | au 拗 (au) | aŋ 王 (ang) | aʔ 壓 (ah) |
ɒ 奥 (o̤) | ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) | ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h) | ||
o 科 (eo) | ɔu 烏 (o) | oŋ 温 (eong) | oʔ 熨 (eoh) | |
e 裔 (a̤) | ai 愛 (ai) | ɛŋ 煙 (eng) | ɛʔ 黑 (eh) | |
œ 改 (e̤) | œŋ 換 (e̤ng) | œʔ 郁 (e̤h) | ||
ŋ 伓 (ng) | ||||
/-i-/ | i 衣 (i) | iu 油 (iu) | iŋ 引 (ing) | iʔ 益 (ih) |
ia 夜 (ia) | iau 要 (a̤u) | iaŋ 鹽 (iang) | iaʔ 葉 (iah) | |
/-u-/ | u 夫 (u) | ui 位 (ui) | uŋ 黄 (ng) | |
ua 画 (ua) | ue 歪 (oi) | uaŋ 碗 (uang) | uaʔ 活 (uah) | |
/-y-/ | y 余 (ṳ) | yŋ 恩 (ṳng) | yʔ 役 (ṳh) | |
yɒ 安 (io̤ⁿ) | yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) | yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h) |
Tone
Tone | Ing-báⁿ 陰平 | Ing-siō̤ng 陰上 | Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去 | Ing-ci̍h 陰入 | Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平 | Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去 | Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入 |
Hinghwa Romanized | none (a) | ˆ (â) | ˈ (a̍) | none (ah) | ́ (á) | ¯ (ā) | ˈ (a̍h) |
Putian | ˥˧˧ (533) | ˦˥˧ (453) | ˦˨ (42) | ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21) | ˩˧ (13) | ˩ (11) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
Xianyou | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ˨˦ (24) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
Example text
Tai̍-che̤ ū Dō̤, Dō̤ gah Siō̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi, Dō̤ cuh sī Siō̤ng-Da̤̍. Ca̤̍ Dō̤ ta̍i-che̤ gah Sio̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi. Māng-beo̍h sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē; hang pī cho̤̍, beo̍ seo̍h-ā̤uⁿ ng-sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē.
太初有道,道佮上帝同在,道就是上帝。這道太初佮上帝同在。萬物是借著伊造兮,含被造兮,無一樣呣是借著伊造兮。
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (John 1:1-3 KJV)
Compared with Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Foochow Romanized
IPA | Hinghwa Romanized | Foochow Romanized |
pʰ | p | p |
tʰ | t | t |
kʰ | k | k |
p | b | b |
t | d | d |
k | g | g |
tsʰ | ch | ch |
ts | c | c |
Tone | 陰平 Ing-báⁿ | 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng | 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ | 陰入 Ing-ci̍h | 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ | 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ | 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h |
Hinghwa Romanized | a | â | a̍ | ah | á | ā | a̍h |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ah | â | ā | a̍h |
References
- 刘福铸:兴化话罗马字研究
- 高德矞:兴化话与罗马字