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Marine reserves of New Zealand

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Goat Island Marine Reserve

New Zealand has over three dozen marine reserves spread around the North, the South Island, and neighbouring islands, and on outlying island groups. They are governed by the Marine Reserves Act 1971 and administered by the Department of Conservation with assistance from the Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand Customs and the New Zealand Defence Forces.[1]

History

The Marine Reserves Act was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1971. In 2000 the Department of Conservation started a review of the Act resulting in a draft Marine Reserves Bill that was introduced into Parliament in June 2002, but has not yet been voted on.[2]

The first marine reserve to be created was the Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve.[3] The Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve was established next, although with only a partial ban on fishing; a full ban was implemented in 1998. The first two marine reserves in Fiordland were established at the request of New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen in 1993.[4] An additional eight reserves were established in Fiordland on the recommendation of the Guardians of Fiordland in 2005.[5] The Whangarei Harbour Marine Reserve was established in 2006 with the active support of the students and faculty of nearby Kamo High School.[4][6]

Effects

The abundance of fish within the reserves creates spillover, or larval export, that boosts catches in neighbouring areas.[4] In general, the reserves tend to attract a lot of recreational divers and fishermen. The divers are attracted to the abundant fish, coral, etc. inside the reserves. The fishermen are attracted to the areas just outside the reserves – where spillover creates an abundance of large game fish not found in other areas.

The Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve, in particular, receives more than 200,000 visitors per year. It is a popular spot for snorkelers and scuba-divers, due to the abundance and diversity of fish now living within the reserve after over 30 years of protection.[1] Species that can be found in the reserve include Australasian snapper and New Zealand sea urchin (kina).[4]

List of reserves

List of marine reserves in New Zealand
Name Area (ha)[7] Date created
Akaroa Marine Reserve 512 2014
Auckland Islands - Motu Maha Marine Reserve 498,000 2003
Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve (Goat Island) 547 1975
Hautai Marine Reserve[8] 853 2014
Hawea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve 411 2005
Hikurangi Marine Reserve[9] 10,416 2014
Horoirangi Marine Reserve 904 2005
Kahukura (Gold Arm) Marine Reserve 464 2005
Kahurangi Marine Reserve[10] 8,419 2014
Kapiti Marine Reserve 2,167 1992
Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve 748,000 1990
Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm) Marine Reserve 433 2005
Long Bay-Okura Marine Reserve 980 1995
Long Island-Kokomohua Marine Reserve 619 1993
Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm) Marine Reserve 2,007 2005
Motu Manawa-Pollen Island Marine Reserve 501 1995
Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands Marine Reserve[11][12] 104,626 2014
Moutere Ihupuku / Campbell Island Marine Reserve[11][12] 290,000 2014
Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island Marine Reserve[11][12] 217,287 2014
Parininihi Marine Reserve 1,844 2006
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve 690 1993
Pohatu Marine Reserve (Flea Bay) 215 1999
Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve 1,890 1981
Punakaiki Marine Reserve[13] 3,520 2014
Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve 613 2005
Tapuae Marine Reserve 1,404 2008
Taputeranga Marine Reserve 855 2008
Taumoana (Five Finger Peninsula) Marine Reserve 1,466 2005
Tauparikākā Marine Reserve[14] 17 2014
Tāwharanui Marine Reserve[15] 394 2011
Te Angiangi Marine Reserve 446 1997
Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Marine Reserve 93 1993
Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound) Marine Reserve 449 2005
Te Matuku Marine Reserve 690 2005
Te Paepae o Aotea (Volkner Rocks) Marine Reserve 1,267 2006
Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve 3,672 2005
Te Tapuwae o Rongokako Marine Reserve 2,452 1999
Tonga Island Marine Reserve 1,835 1993
Tuhua (Mayor Island) Marine Reserve 1,060 1992
Ulva Island - Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve 1,075 2004
Waiau Glacier Coast Marine Reserve[16] 4,557 2014
Westhaven (Te Tai Tapu) Marine Reserve 536 1994
Whanganui-A-Hei (Cathedral Cove) Marine Reserve 840 1993
Whangarei Harbour Marine Reserve 237 2006

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Enderby, Jenny & Tony (2006). A guide to New Zealand's marine reserves. NZ: New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86966-114-4.
  2. ^ "Review of the Marine Reserves Act 1971". Department of Conservation. May 2001. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  3. ^ Department of Conservation – Marine reserves A–Z
  4. ^ a b c d Warne, Kennedy. Blue Haven: New Zealand marine reserves are a model for the world National Geographic Magazine April 2007.
  5. ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). "Hawea (Clio Rocks): Fiordland marine reserves". Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  6. ^ Lynch, Brigid (19 October 2006). "Marine reserve created by young enthusiasm". New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  7. ^ "Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service (recorded areas of all marine reserves established in New Zealand)". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Hautai Marine Reserve: West Coast places to visit". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Hikurangi Marine Reserve: Places to go in Marlborough". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  10. ^ "Kahurangi Marine Reserve: West Coast places to visit". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  11. ^ a b c "Subantarctic Islands Marine Reserves Bill 2011 (2013 No 310-2)". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  12. ^ a b c "Subantarctic Islands Marine Reserves Bill". New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Punakaiki Marine Reserve: West Coast places to visit". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  14. ^ "Tauparikākā Marine Reserve: West Coast places to visit". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  15. ^ "Tāwharanui Marine Reserve: Places to go in Auckland". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  16. ^ "Waiau Glacier Coast Marine Reserve: West Coast places to visit". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
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