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Scorzonera

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For the vegetable black salsify, see Scorzonera hispanica.

Scorzonera
Scorzonera purpurea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Subfamily:
Cichorioideae
Tribe:
Cichorieae[1]
Genus:
Scorzonera

Synonyms[1]
Scorzonera humilis

Scorzonera is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family.[2][3]

They are distributed in Europe, Asia,[3] and Africa.[4] Its center of diversity is in the Mediterranean.[5] Well-known species include the edible black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica). Scorzonera tau-saghyz is a source of natural rubber.[6][7][8]

Scorzonera is recorded as a food plant for the larva of the Nutmeg, a species of moth.

Species

The genus contains the following species.[1][9]

Etymology

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scorzonera.

One possible origin of the genus name is the French scorzonère ("viper’s grass").[3]

Secondary metabolites

Some Scorzonera species contain lactones, including the sesquiterpene lactones known as guaianolides.[11] Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin.[12] Other secondary metabolites reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids, coumarins, lignans, stilbenoids, and triterpenoids.[13] One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from Scorzonera humilis. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after Tyrol in the eastern Alps, where the plant was collected.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  2. ^ Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0881922752.
  3. ^ a b c Scorzonera. Flora of North America.
  4. ^ a b Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.
  5. ^ Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.
  6. ^ Buranov, A. U. and B. J. Elmuradov. (2010). Extraction and characterization of latex and natural rubber from rubber-bearing plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(2), 734-43.
  7. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 198 鸦葱属 ya cong shu Scorzonera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.
  8. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Scorzonera includes photos and distribution maps
  9. ^ "The Plant List". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  10. ^ Parolly, G. and N. Kilian. (2003). Scorzonera karabelensis (Compositae), a new species from SW Anatolia, with a key to the subscapigerous Scorzonera species in Turkey.[permanent dead link] Willdenowia 33 327-35.
  11. ^ Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.
  12. ^ "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 38 (5): 935–57. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications. 5 (5): 725–27. 2010. doi:10.1177/1934578X1000500510. ISSN 1934-578X. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta (Zürich; Switzerland). 83 (11): 2920–25. 2000. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2920::AID-HLCA2920>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 0018-019X. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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