Tremont Stakes
| Listed Stakes race | |
| Location | Belmont Park Elmont, New York, United States |
|---|---|
| Inaugurated | 1887 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred - Flat racing |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 5½ furlongs |
| Surface | Dirt |
| Track | left-handed |
| Qualification | Two-year-olds |
| Weight | Assigned |
| Purse | US$150,000 (2019) |
The Tremont Stakes is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race run annually for two-year-olds over the distance of 5½ furlongs on the dirt in early June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. The event carries a purse of US$150,000.
History
First held in 1887, it is named for the horse Tremont, who, according to the New York Racing Association, was acclaimed by 19th Century horse racing historians as the best two-year-old ever bred in the United States.[1] It was first run at the Gravesend Race Track at Coney Island in Brooklyn until 1910 when racing was no longer viable after the New York State Legislature passed the Hart-Agnew Law which outlawed all racetrack betting. Although the law was repealed in time to resume racing in 1913, the Gravesend Racetrack never reopened. The Tremont Stakes was restarted in 1914.
The race was not run in 1911-1913, 1933-1935 and 2009-2013.
It is the first stakes race on the Belmont Park stakes schedule for two-year-old colts.[2]
In 1975, E. Rodriguez Tizol brought his colt Bold Forbes from the El Comandante racetrack in Puerto Rico to compete against top horses at the big tracks in New York. He made his first start in the Tremont Stakes and won easily won by five lengths while setting a new stakes record of 1:09 2/5 for six furlongs that still stands through 2018. In his first full season in the United States, Bold Forbes would be voted the 1976 Eclipse Award as the American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse.[3] [4]
Grade
Although the Tremont Stake is currently ungraded, after the grading of races came into effect in 1973 it earned Grade III status for 1981-1996 and 1999-2003. In earlier years it was a very important New York race for two-year-olds and was won by some of the great names in Thoroughbred racing such as U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees Man o' War, Sarazen, Buckpasser, Foolish Pleasure, and Alydar.
The race was usually held in early June.
Due to the troubled economy in 2008, the Tremont was canceled by the NYRA as they adjusted races to meet the new Grade I standard purse of $300,000. It was reinstated in 2014 in mid June at the same distance. In 2015, the date for the race was moved to the Friday before the Belmont Stakes as part of the Belmont Racing Festival.[5]
Venue
The Tremont Stakes has also been run at the following tracks
- Gravesend Race Track - 1887 to 1910
- Aqueduct Racetrack - 1914 to 1955, 1960 to 1974
- Jamaica Race Course - 1956, 1958, 1976
Race distances
- 5 furlongs : 1936-1939
- 5½ furlongs : 1940, 1973, 1989-2008, 2014-present
- 5¾ furlongs : 1901-1910
- 6 furlongs : 1887- 1900, 1914-1932, 1974-1988
Records
Speed record:
- 5 furlongs : Gannet, 0:58.60 (1939)
- 5½ furlongs : More Than Ready, 1:02.56 (1999)
- 5¾ furlongs : Fayette, 1:09.60 (1908)
- 6 furlongs : Bold Forbes, 1:09.40 (1975)
Most wins by a jockey:
- 6 - John Velazquez (1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2014, 2016)
Most wins by a trainer:
- 5 - James E. Fitzsimmons (1927, 1932, 1948, 1952, 1953)
- 5 - Todd Pletcher (1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2016)
Most wins by an owner:
- 5 - Wheatley Stable (1927, 1952, 1953, 1964, 1966)
Winners
- Tremont Stakes history and chart at the NYRA: [6]
| Year |
Winner |
Jockey |
Trainer |
Owner |
Dist. (Furlongs) |
Time |
Win$ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Fore Left | Mario Gutierrez | Doug O'Neill | Reddam Racing | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.44 | $87,000 | ||
| 2018 | Our Braintrust | Javier Castellano | Cathal A. Lynch | Cathal A. Lynch/Stanton J. Smith Jr. | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.41 | $90,000 | ||
| 2017 | He Hate Me | Ricardo Santana Jr. | Horacio DePaz | Sagamore Farm Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.47 | $90,000 | ||
| 2016 | Silver Mission | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Twin Creeks Racing Stables LLC | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.78 | $120,000 | ||
| 2015 | Cocked and Loaded | Irad Ortiz Jr. | Larry Rivelli | Richard Ravin/Patricia's Hope LLC | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.17 | $150,000 | ||
| 2014 | Bessie's Boy | John Velazquez | Wesley A. Ward | Ice Wine Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.89 | $60,000 | ||
| 2009 | - 2013 | Race not held | |||||||
| 2008 | Dagnabit | Cornelio Velasquez | Richard E. Dutrow Jr. | Lansdon Robbins III/Thomas Hansen | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.68 | $64,380 | ||
| 2007 | Readys Image | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | James T. Scatuorchio | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:02.86 | $66,360 | ||
| 2006 | Out of Gwedda | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Pegasus Dream Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.66 | $63,720 | ||
| 2005 | Henny Hughes | Gary Stevens | Patrick L. Biancone | Gulf Coast Farms/Martin L. Cherry | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.67 | $64,620 | ||
| 2004 | Gold Joy | Michael Luzzi | Tim Salzman | Ken Taylor & John Salzman Sr. | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.80 | $62,940 | ||
| 2003 | Heckle | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Dogwood Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.60 | $66,120 | ||
| 2002 | Zavata | Jerry D. Bailey | Patrick L. Biancone | Michael B. Tabor | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:02.60 | $63,960 | ||
| 2001 | Buster's Daydream | John Velazquez | Timothy Tullock | S J Bee Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.80 | $63,780 | ||
| 2000 | City Zip | José A. Santos | Linda L. Rice | Thompson & Bowling | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.80 | $64,320 | ||
| 1999 | More Than Ready | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | James T. Scatuorchio | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:02.56 | $65,040 | ||
| 1998 | Tactical Cat | Jerry D. Bailey | D. Wayne Lukas | Overbrook Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.33 | $50,400 | ||
| 1997 | Time Limit | Joe Bravo | D. Wayne Lukas | Overbrook Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.65 | $32,100 | ||
| 1996 | Kelly Kip | Jean-Luc Samyn | H. Allen Jerkens | Hobeau Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.60 | $33,210 | ||
| 1995 | Rosie Ogreta | José A. Santos | Linda L. Rice | RFT Roses Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:07.32 | $32,400 | ||
| 1994 | De Niro | Eddie Maple | H. Allen Jerkens | Peter M. Brant | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.05 | $63,240 | ||
| 1993 | Distinct Reality | Jerry D. Bailey | Stanley M. Hough | Beatrice Oxenberg | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.76 | $67,470 | ||
| 1992 | England Expects | Jerry D. Bailey | MacKenzie Miller | Rokeby Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.20 | $69,900 | ||
| 1991 | Salt Lake | Randy Romero | D. Wayne Lukas | Mabee Family Trust | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.16 | $68,190 | ||
| 1990 | Hansel | Randy Romero | Frank L. Brothers | Lazy Lane Farms | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.40 | $67,650 | ||
| 1989 | Eternal Flight | Randy Romero | Leroy Jolley | Nedlaw Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.00 | $53,640 | ||
| 1988 | Mr. Sea Sanders | Jorge Velasquez | Patrick B. Byrne | Petelaine Stable | 6 F | 1:11.40 | $53,730 | ||
| 1987 | Morgan's Levee | Robbie Davis | George R. Arnold II | Loblolly Stable | 6 F | 1:11.40 | $42,600 | ||
| 1986 | Gulch | Angel Cordero Jr. | Leroy Jolley | Peter M. Brant | 6 F | 1:10.40 | $40,620 | ||
| 1985 | Sovereign Don | Jorge Velasquez | D. Wayne Lukas | Eugene V. Klein | 6 F | 1:13.60 | $42,355 | ||
| 1984 | Beat Me Daddy | Eddie Maple | Robert L. Wheeler | Napton Hill Farm | 6 F | 1:12.20 | $40,140 | ||
| 1983 | Track Barron | Jean Cruguet | Leroy Jolley | Peter M. Brant | 6 F | 1:10.40 | $33,840 | ||
| 1982 | Laus' Cause | Jorge Tejeira | Reynaldo H. Nobles | Robert E. Brennan | 6 F | 1:10.20 | $32,760 | ||
| 1981 | Regal Stone | Jorge Velasquez | Jose A. Martin | Flying Zee Stable | 6 F | 1:10.40 | $34,740 | ||
| 1980 | Golden Derby | Darrel McHargue | Smiley Adams | Frederick Lehmann | 6 F | 1:11.40 | $33,720 | ||
| 1979 | Speedup | Angel Cordero Jr. | Edward I. Kelly Sr. | Brookfield Farm | 6 F | 1:11.80 | $25,950 | ||
| 1978 | Tim The Tiger | Angel Cordero Jr. | John M. Veitch | Calumet Farm | 6 F | 1:10.00 | $22,485 | ||
| 1977 | Alydar | Eddie Maple | John M. Veitch | Calumet Farm | 6 F | 1:10.00 | $21,975 | ||
| 1976 | Turn of Coin | Angel Cordero Jr. | William O. Hicks | William O. Hicks | 6 F | 1:12.40 | $22,590 | ||
| 1975 | Bold Forbes | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Laz Barrera | E. Rodriguez Tizol | 6 F | 1:09.40 | $16,170 | ||
| 1974 | Foolish Pleasure | Chuck Baltazar | Leroy Jolley | John L. Greer | 6 F | 1:10.80 | $17,280 | ||
| 1973 | Raise A Cup | Chuck Baltazar | Reggie Cornell | Calumet Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.60 | $16,800 | ||
| 1972 | Linda's Chief | Braulio Baeza | Alfred Scotti | Neil Hellman | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.60 | $16,545 | ||
| 1971 | Chauffeur | Eddie Belmonte | Frank "Pancho" Martin | Sigmund Sommer | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.40 | $25,200 | ||
| 1970 | Raise Your Glass (DH) | Jorge Velasquez | MacKenzie Miller | Cragwood Stables | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $15,597 | ||
| 1970 | Tamtent (DH) | Eddie Belmonte | Angel Penna Sr. | Gedney Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $15,597 | ||
| 1969 | Very High | Fernando Toro | Harold H. Goodwin | William P. Minnotte | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.20 | $22,603 | ||
| 1968 | Buck Run | Heliodoro Gustines | John M. Gaver Sr. | Greentree Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.20 | $22,051 | ||
| 1967 | Wise Exchange | Ron Turcotte | Hirsch Jacobs | Isidor Bieber | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.40 | $22,961 | ||
| 1966 | Successor | Braulio Baeza | Edward A. Neloy | Wheatley Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.20 | $23,952 | ||
| 1965 | Buckpasser | Braulio Baeza | William C. Winfrey | Ogden Phipps | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:03.80 | $22,344 | ||
| 1964 | Bold Lad | Manuel Ycaza | Edward A. Neloy | Wheatley Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.20 | $24,473 | ||
| 1963 | Chieftain | Bill Hartack | Frank Y. Whiteley Jr. | Powhatan Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.40 | $23,005 | ||
| 1962 | Bonjour | Manuel Ycaza | Hirsch Jacobs | Patrice Jacobs | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.00 | $24,488 | ||
| 1961 | Clover Leaf | Robert Ussery | James P. Conway | Mrs. J. W. Galbreath | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $24,488 | ||
| 1960 | Hail To Reason | Robert Ussery | Hirsch Jacobs | Patrice Jacobs | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $24,295 | ||
| 1959 | Vital Force | Bill Hartack | Wilma Kennedy | Tinkham Veale II | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.20 | $23,092 | ||
| 1958 | Restless Wind | Eddie Arcaro | Horatio Luro | Llangollen Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.40 | $14,830 | ||
| 1957 | Jewel's Reward | Walter Blum | Ivan H. Parke | Maine Chance Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:04.80 | $16,050 | ||
| 1956 | King Hairan | Eddie Arcaro | Leonard H. Hunt | Leo Edwards | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $14,950 | ||
| 1955 | Getthere Jack | Hedley Woodhouse | John J. Weipert Jr. | Lily-Ann Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.20 | $8,450 | ||
| 1954 | Right Down | James D. Nichols | Sidney Jacobs | Sidney Jacobs | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.80 | $9,925 | ||
| 1953 | Quick Lunch | Nick Wall | James E. Fitzsimmons | Wheatley Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.60 | $10,300 | ||
| 1952 | Hilarious | Eric Guerin | James E. Fitzsimmons | Wheatley Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.40 | $9,975 | ||
| 1951 | Pintor | Hedley Woodhouse | Dion K. Kerr Jr. | Montpelier Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.40 | $8,450 | ||
| 1950 | Battlefield | Eddie Arcaro | Winbert F. Mulholland | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $9,625 | ||
| 1949 | Fox Time | Eric Guerin | James W. Healy | Vera S. Bragg | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:07.80 | $9,000 | ||
| 1948 | The Admiral | Robert Permane | James E. Fitzsimmons | Ogden Phipps | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $17,250 | ||
| 1947 | Inseparable | Job Dean Jessop | Preston M. Burch | Brookmeade Stable | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $17,125 | ||
| 1946 | Jet Pilot | Eric Guerin | Tom Smith | Maine Chance Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:06.80 | $9,375 | ||
| 1945 | Degage | Conn McCreary | Sherrill W. Ward | Russell A. Firestone | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.00 | $7,370 | ||
| 1944 | Burg-El-Arab | Ted Atkinson | Sylvester E. Veitch | C. V. Whitney | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.80 | $7,755 | ||
| 1943 | Lucky Draw | Conn McCreary | Winbert F. Mulholland | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.80 | $5,150 | ||
| 1942 | Supermont | John Gilbert | Richard E. Handlen | Foxcatcher Farm | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.80 | $6,400 | ||
| 1941 | Requested | Alfred Robertson | J. H. "Blackie" McCoole | Ben F. Whitaker | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.40 | $6,200 | ||
| 1940 | Chicuelo | Ralph Eccard | Hugh Dufford | Elizabeth Arden | 5 1⁄2 F | 1:05.40 | $4,500 | ||
| 1939 | Gannet | Ronnie Nash | Jack Howard | Ben F. Whitaker | 5 F | 0:58.60 | $4,125 | ||
| 1938 | Maeline | Jack Westrope | George E. Phillips | Maemere Farm | 5 F | 0:59.00 | $4,250 | ||
| 1937 | Perpetuate | James Stout | George M. Odom | Robert L. Gerry Sr. | 5 F | 0:59.00 | $4,750 | ||
| 1936 | Airflame | Sam Renick | Joseph H. Stotler | Alfred G. Vanderbilt II | 5 F | 0:59.80 | $4,650 | ||
| 1933 | - 1935 | Race not held | |||||||
| 1932 | Balios | Hank Mills | James E. Fitzsimmons | Henry C. Phipps | 6 F | 1:13.00 | $8,050 | ||
| 1931 | Economic | Frank Catrone | Clarence Buxton | Jerome H. Louchheim | 6 F | 1:13.60 | $11,150 | ||
| 1930 | Polydorus | Laverne Fator | Bennett W. Creech | William R. Coe | 6 F | 1:14.00 | $12,300 | ||
| 1929 | Sarazen | Willie Garner | Max Hirsch | Fair Stable | 6 F | 1:14.80 | $13,550 | ||
| 1928 | Jack High | Linus McAtee | A. Jack Joyner | George D. Widener Jr. | 6 F | 1:13.00 | $12,050 | ||
| 1927 | Diavolo | Earl Sande | James E. Fitzsimmons | Wheatley Stable | 6 F | 1:12.20 | $11,200 | ||
| 1926 | Draconia | John Maiben | Henry McDaniel | Gifford A. Cochran | 6 F | 1:12.80 | $11,300 | ||
| 1925 | Flight of Time | John Maiben | Thomas J. Healey | Walter J. Salmon Sr. | 6 F | 1:13.00 | $7,600 | ||
| 1924 | Young Martin | Earl Sande | William S. Walker | John E. Madden | 6 F | 1:13.80 | $7,600 | ||
| 1923 | Transmute | Linus McAtee | James G. Rowe Sr. | Harry P. Whitney | 6 F | 1:12.60 | $7,600 | ||
| 1922 | Martingale | Clarence Kummer | William M. Garth | Joshua S. Cosden | 6 F | 1:12.40 | $7,600 | ||
| 1921 | Olympus | Clarence Kummer | James G. Rowe Sr. | Harry P. Whitney | 6 F | 1:13.60 | $7,600 | ||
| 1920 | Inchcape | Albert Johnson | Fred Burlew | John H. Rosseter | 6 F | 1:12.00 | $5,400 | ||
| 1919 | Man o' War | Johnny Loftus | Louis Feustel | Glen Riddle Farm | 6 F | 1:13.00 | $4,800 | ||
| 1918 | Lord Brighton | Lawrence Lyke | George M. Odom | Brighton Stable | 6 F | 1:12.80 | $5,800 | ||
| 1917 | Gold Tassel | A. Collins | William S. Walker | John E. Madden | 6 F | 1:12.40 | $5,250 | ||
| 1916 | Ticket | James Butwell | A. J. Goldsborough | Andrew Miller | 6 F | 1:13.40 | $3,900 | ||
| 1915 | Tea Caddy | Clarence Turner | Samuel C. Hildreth | August Belmont Jr. | 6 F | 1:15.00 | $2,325 | ||
| 1914 | Ed Crump | James Butwell | John F. Schorr | John W. Schorr | 6 F | 1:15.20 | $1,925 | ||
| 1913 | Race not held | ||||||||
| 1912 | No races held due to the Hart–Agnew Law. | ||||||||
| 1911 | |||||||||
| 1910 | Footprint | Eddie Dugan | John Whalen | August Belmont Jr. | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:11.20 | $6,480 | ||
| 1909 | Waldo | David L. Nicol | Raleigh Colston | Charles L. Harrison | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:11.60 | $1,925 | ||
| 1908 | Fayette | Walter Miller | John E. Madden | John E. Madden | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:09.60 | $12,500 | ||
| 1907 | King James | Herman Radtke | John E. Madden | John E. Madden | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:13.40 | $13,200 | ||
| 1906 | Water Pearl | Joe Jones | A. Jack Joyner | Sydney Paget | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:12.00 | $10,200 | ||
| 1905 | Bohemian | Lucien Lyne | James G. Rowe Sr. | James R. Keene | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:10.60 | $9,500 | ||
| 1904 | Merry Lark | Jack H. Martin | Thomas Welsh | William B. Leeds | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:10.80 | $9,800 | ||
| 1903 | Magistrate | John Bullman | John J. Hyland | August Belmont Jr. | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:13.80 | $7,300 | ||
| 1902 | Artvis | Samuel Doggett | Green B. Morris | Green B. Morris | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:12.00 | $9,910 | ||
| 1901 | Whiskey King | George M. Odom | Charles Davis | The Pepper Stable | 5 3⁄4 F | 1:10.80 | $7,750 | ||
| 1900 | Blues | Danny Maher | Thomas Welsh | C. Fleishchmann's Sons | 6 F | 1:15.80 | $7,750 | ||
| 1899 | Maribert | Danny Maher | Thomas Welsh | C. Fleishchmann's Sons | 6 F | 1:15.00 | $12,645 | ||
| 1898 | Jean Bereaud | Tod Sloan | Samuel C. Hildreth | Sidney Paget | 6 F | 1:15.00 | $8,895 | ||
| 1897 | Handball | Willie Simms | Frank McCabe | Philip J. Dwyer | 6 F | 1:15.25 | $7,750 | ||
| 1896 | Don de Oro | Henry F. Griffin | John J. Hyland | Blemton Stable | 6 F | 1:15.00 | $8,525 | ||
| 1895 | Handspring | Samuel Doggett | Frank McCabe | Philip J. Dwyer | 6 F | 1:15.00 | $7,800 | ||
| 1894 | Gotham | Edward H. Garrison | John Campbell | Jacob Ruppert Jr. | 6 F | 1:15.75 | $5,640 | ||
| 1893 | Dobbins | John Lamley | Hardy Campbell Jr. | Richard Croker | 6 F | 1:16.50 | $5,620 | ||
| 1892 | Don Alonzo | Samuel Doggett | Matthew M. Allen | Frank A. Ehret | 6 F | 1:17.50 | $5,740 | ||
| 1891 | Spinalong | Fred Littlefield | R. Wyndham Walden | J. A. & A. H. Morris | 6 F | 1:18.25 | $7,280 | ||
| 1890 | Chatham | Edward H. Garrison | R. Wyndham Walden | J. A. & A. H. Morris | 6 F | 1:15.75 | $6,400 | ||
| 1889 | Padishah | Edward H. Garrison | James G. Rowe Sr. | August Belmont Sr. | 6 F | 1:16.00 | $6,620 | ||
| 1888 | Oregon | Jim McLaughlin | Frank McCabe | Dwyer Brothers Stable | 6 F | 1:22.75 | $4,560 | ||
| 1887 | Guarantee | William Fitzpatrick | Matthew Byrnes | J. B. A. Haggin | 6 F | 1:15.25 | $2,605 | ||
- In 1970 there was a Dead heat for the win.
References
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Belmont Park - Stakes Schedule | New York Racing Association - Belmont". www.nyra.com. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ New York Times July 24, 1975 article titled "Bold Forbes Sets Record In U.S. Bow" Retrieved August 17, 2018
- ^ Daily Racing Form past Eclipse Award winners Retrieved August 17, 2018
- ^ "Belmont Park opens Wednesday, April 29; $10 million Belmont Stakes Racing Festival set for June 4-6 - Headlines - News | New York Racing Association - Aqueduct". www.nyra.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ [1]