Lists of metalloids

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This is a list of 194 sources that each list metalloids: elements classified as metalloids. The sources are listed in chronological order. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous definition of metalloid (or its occasional alias, 'semi-metal'). Individual lists share common ground, with variations occurring at the margins. The elements most often regarded as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 1] Wikipedia generally categorises these six as metalloids, with the addition of astatine. Other sources may subtract from this list or add a varying number of other elements.

Overview

Elements recognized as metalloids
  13 14 15 16 17
2 B
Boron 		C
Carbon 		N
Nitrogen 		O
Oxygen 		F
Fluorine
3 Al
Aluminium 		Si
Silicon 		P
Phosphorus 		S
Sulfur 		Cl
Chlorine
4 Ga
Gallium 		Ge
Germanium 		As
Arsenic 		Se
Selenium 		Br
Bromine
5 In
Indium 		Sn
Tin 		Sb
Antimony 		Te
Tellurium 		I
Iodine
6 Tl
Thallium 		Pb
Lead 		Bi
Bismuth 		Po
Polonium 		At
Astatine
 
  Commonly recognized (86–99%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
  Irregularly recognized (40–49%): Po, At
  Less commonly recognized (24%): Se
  Rarely recognized (8–10%): C, Al
  (All other elements cited in less than 6% of sources)
  Arbitrary metal-nonmetal dividing line: between Be and B, Al and Si, Ge and As, Sb and Te, Po and At

Recognition status, as metalloids, of some elements in the p-block of the periodic table. Percentages are median appearance frequencies in the lists of metalloids.[n 2] The staircase-shaped line is a typical example of the arbitrary metal–nonmetal dividing line found on some periodic tables.

Element Citations Frequency
  in n = 194
publications 		194 = 100%
 
Arsenic As 191.5 99%
Tellurium Te 190.5 98%
Germanium Ge 184.5 95%
Silicon Si 183.5 95%
Antimony Sb 169.5 87%
Boron B 166 86%
Polonium Po 93.5 48%
Astatine At 78 40%
Selenium Se 46 24%
Aluminium Al 18 9.3%
Carbon C 16.5 8.5%
Bismuth Bi 11.5 5.9%
Phosphorus P 10 5.2%
Beryllium Be 7.5 3.9%
Tin Sn 5.5 2.8%
Sulfur S 3 1.5%
Livermorium Lv 3 1.5%
Iodine I 2.5 1.3%
Flerovium Fl 1 0.5%
Gallium Ga 1 0.5%
Hydrogen H 1 0.5%
Lead Pb 1 0.5%
Moscovium Mc 1 0.5%
Tennessine Ts 1 0.5%

Chronological list

This table show which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). The 'citations' rows show how many and what percentage of the authorities consider each element to be a metalloid, with qualified citations counted as one-half. Template:Periodic table (list of metalloid lists) There is an average of 7.15 elements per metalloid list.

Appearance frequency clusters

Clusters of elements and their appearance in the sources

Elements cited in the listed sources (as of August 2011; n = 194) have appearance frequencies that occur in clusters of comparable values. The diamonds in the graph mark the mean appearance frequency of each cluster. Cluster 1 (93%) = B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te; cluster 2 (44%) = Po, At; cluster 3 (24%) = Se; cluster 4 (9%) = C, Al; cluster 5 (5%) = Be, P, Bi; cluster 6 (3%) = Sn; and cluster 7 (1%) = H, Ga, S, I, Pb, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts. The resulting geometric trend line has the formula y = 199.47e−0.7423x and an R2 value of 0.9962.[n 3]

Elements regarded as metalloids

The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 4] The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal.[n 5] One or more of carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin or bismuth, these being periodic table neighbours of the elements commonly classified as metalloids, are sometimes recognised as metalloids.[n 6] Selenium, in particular, is commonly designated as a metalloid in environmental chemistry[n 7] on account of similarities in its aquatic chemistry with that of arsenic and antimony.[n 8] There are fewer references to beryllium, in spite of its periodic table position adjoining the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Isolated references in the literature can also be found to the categorisation of other elements as metalloids. These elements include: hydrogen, nitrogen,[n 9] sulfur,[n 10] zinc,[n 11] gallium,[n 12] iodine,[n 13] lead,[n 14] and radon[n 15] (citations are for references other than those listed above).

Notes

  1. ^ Lack of a rigorous definition:
    • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–527, doi:10.1021/ed059p526
    • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
  2. ^ For a related commentary see also: Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, doi:10.1021/ed3008457
  3. ^ The R2 value is a measure of how close a formula fits a set of data points. Values fall between 0.0 and 1.0, with those near 1.0 indicating a good fit.
  4. ^ Elements commonly classified as metalloids:
    • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–7 (526), doi:10.1021/ed059p526
    • Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–3 (2783), doi:10.1021ja992866e: Mann et al. refer to these elements as 'the recognized metalloids'.
    • Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN 1439041318
  5. ^ Polonium and astatine:
  6. ^ Carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin, bismuth:
    • Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston, pp. 7–8
    • Cobb HM 2012, Dictionary of Metals, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p. 145, ISBN 9781615039784
    • Walker CH 2012, Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 163, ISBN 9781420062588
    • Whiten K, Davis R, Peck L & Stanley G 2014, Chemistry, 10th ed., Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 134, ISBN 9781133610663
  7. ^ Selenium as a metalloid in environmental chemistry:
    • Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM (eds) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July – 1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, p. 284, ISBN 1880611708
    • Weiner ER 2013, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 181, ISBN 9781439853320
  8. ^ Similarities in the aquatic chemistry of selenium, arsenic, and antimony:
    • US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington, p. 1
    • De Zuane J 1997, Handbook of drinking water quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 93, ISBN 047128789X
    • Uden PC 2005, 'Speciation of selenium,' in R Cornelis, J Caruso, H Crews & K Heumann (eds), Handbook of elemental speciation II: Species in the environment, food, medicine and occupational health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65 (347–8), ISBN 0470855983
    • Dev N 2008, 'Modelling selenium fate and transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands' PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 2–3, ISBN 054986542X
  9. ^ Nitrogen: Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
  10. ^ Sulfur:
    • Chalmers B 1959, Physical metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 72
    • US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 26
  11. ^ Zinc: Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, MacMillan, New York, p. 613
  12. ^ Gallium: Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 282, ISBN 0123526515
  13. ^ Iodine:
    • Friend JN 1953, Man and the chemical elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p. 68
    • Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
  14. ^ Lead: Murray JF 1928, 'Cable-sheath corrosion', Electrical World, vol. 92, Dec 29, pp. 1295–7 (1295)
  15. ^ Radon:
    • Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The encyclopedia of chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,p. 950
    • Stein L 1985, 'New evidence that radon is a metalloid element: ion-exchange reactions of cationic radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–2, doi:10.1039/C39850001631
    • Stein L 1987, 'Chemical properties of radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its decay products: Occurrence, properties, and health effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51 (240, 247–8), ISBN 0841210152

References

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